西北地区日光温室土质墙体厚度优化及其保温性研究
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摘要
西北地区光热资源丰富、土地资源广阔、能耗等热量资源充足等为发展设施农业提供诸多有利条件,使日光温室得到快速发展。当前,西北地区95%以上日光温室的维护结构为土墙。经济条件相对滞后使在今后十几年甚至几十年温室建造中,成本低廉的土质墙体日光温室依然是农户温室建造中的主流。由于大量研究工作集中于墙体材料选择及组合方式上,对于土质墙体最佳厚度研究较少,至今尚未制定出关于西北地区运用面积最大日光温室土质墙体的厚度标准。为此,优化西北不同地区日光温室土质墙体厚度,研究其保温性和传热机理,对西北地区日光温室标准化建设以及指导温室建造有重要的现实意义。
本论文选择西北地区新疆维吾尔族自治区塔城市、陕西省杨凌区、甘肃省白银市和宁夏回族自治区银川市等四省区应用面积最广土质墙体厚度不同节能日光温室进行环境温度测试,通过环境温度和墙体传热保温性能比较分析确定各地区日光温室墙体的最佳厚度。在确定当地最佳厚度后,再以杨凌地区为代表进行日光温室土质墙体内部节点温度动态变化规律和热量得失方面的分析研究。研究结果表明:
1.日光温室墙体越厚储热保温效果越好,当达到当地的最佳厚度时,再通过增加墙体厚度来增加保温效果不明显。西北地区四省区各观测点的日光温室土质墙体最佳厚度分别为陕西杨凌地区1.0 m,甘肃白银地区1.3 m,宁银川地区1.5 m,新疆塔城地区1.4 m。
2.对于杨凌地区1.0 m厚墙体,墙体内距内外表面越近温度变化越剧烈,根据室内外气温周期性变化作用对墙体内部温度的影响,墙体可以分为随室内气温变化的内层,厚度为50 cm,中间15 cm厚稳定层,和随室外气温周期性变化的厚度为35 cm外层。随着室温低—高—低周期性变化,墙体内部与室温的等温点相应的进行着外移—内移—外移的周期性变化,移动最大距离距内表面50 cm。50 cm厚墙体内层是对温室环境贡献最大储热和放热层。
3.晴天墙体内表面放热量小于吸热量,占24.52%,外表面放热量大于吸热量,吸热占放热的60.12%,总吸热量是放热量的51.07%,阴天墙体内外表面吸热量均小于放热量,吸热量分别占放热量的43.51%,74.86%,总吸热量是放热量的69.51%,30.49%的放热量来源于墙体温度降低,内能转化。内表面的吸热和放热对维持室内温度起着关键性作用。同时,墙体外表面的吸热时段较长,约8 h,对阻止热量的向外散失有一定的作用。
Sorlar greenhouse was developed rapidly because there were lots of advantages such as abundant light-heat resources, wide land resources and energy-heat resources, which were beneficial to develop facility agriculture in Northwest China. Nowadays, earth-wall was used as cladding structure of greenhouse especially in Northwest China and accounted for more than 95%. It was supposed to be the mainstream for farmers to build greenhouse with low-cost earth-wall because of relative backward economy in the future decade years. More work had been concentrated in selecting wall-materials and its integration mode, less research was done on the optimum earth-wall thickness of the greenhouse, therefore, there has not been standard in this field until now. To find out the optimum earth-wall thickness, research on its thermal-insulation performance and heat-transfer mechanism, which were significant to establish a standard for greenhouse and guide building greenhouse in Northwest China.
The experiment tested the surrounding temperature of earth-wall greenhouse with different thickness but wide application, which located in the Tacheng city of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, Yangling of Shaanxi province, Baiyin of Gansu province and Yinchuan city of Ningxia hui autonomous. The optimum thickness of the greenhouse in each region was determined by comparative analysis, and then took Yangling region as an example to study dynamic changes of temperature and heat gain-loss internal the greenhouse. The results showed as follows:
(1) It showed that the greenhouse had better thermal insulation performance with thicker earth-wall, and when the thickness reached the optimum of the region, there was no significance for the performance reinforcement by adding the wall thickness. The optimum earth-wall thickness of the greenhouse were 1.0 m in Yangling region, 1.3 m in Baiyin region, 1.5 m in Yinchuan region and 1.4 m in Tacheng region.
(2) The study in Yangling region showed that, the nearer from the wall surface, the more violently the temperature fluctuated internal the greenhouse. Based on the influence of the inner and outer temperature cyclical change to the internal temperature of wall, it was divided into three parts, internal layer, middle layer, external layer. The internal layer temperature varyed with the interior air temperature, which thickness was 50 cm, The steady middle layer was 15 cm, and the external layer was 35 cm, which temperature varyed with the outer air temperature.As the greenhouse temperature showed low-high-low periodic change, isothermal points in the wall and greenhouse correspondingly showed outward-inward-outward periodic change, and the maximum distance from the inner wall surface was 50 cm. The inner layer of the wall contributed most to the thermal storage and release of the greenhouse.
(3) In clear days, released thermal energy of the wall inner surface was less than absorpted thermal energy, the released thermal energy of the wall inner surface occupied 24.5% of absorpted thermal energy. It was opposite for the outer surface of the wall, the released energy accounted for 60.12% of the absorpted energy. And the total released energy was 51.07% of the total absorpted energy. The absorpted energy were more than the released energy both inner and outer surface in overcast day, absorpted thermal energy of the wall inner surface occupy 43.51%, 74.86% of released thermal energy respectively, and the total absorpted energy was 69.50% of the total released energy, 30.49% of the released energy came from the temperature decrease or inner energy transferring of the wall. It played a role of thermal insulation by inner wall absorpted and released thermal. The endothermic period of the outer surface was longer than that of inner surface, and effectively prevented inner layer energy flowing out, it was about 8 hours.
本论文选择西北地区新疆维吾尔族自治区塔城市、陕西省杨凌区、甘肃省白银市和宁夏回族自治区银川市等四省区应用面积最广土质墙体厚度不同节能日光温室进行环境温度测试,通过环境温度和墙体传热保温性能比较分析确定各地区日光温室墙体的最佳厚度。在确定当地最佳厚度后,再以杨凌地区为代表进行日光温室土质墙体内部节点温度动态变化规律和热量得失方面的分析研究。研究结果表明:
1.日光温室墙体越厚储热保温效果越好,当达到当地的最佳厚度时,再通过增加墙体厚度来增加保温效果不明显。西北地区四省区各观测点的日光温室土质墙体最佳厚度分别为陕西杨凌地区1.0 m,甘肃白银地区1.3 m,宁银川地区1.5 m,新疆塔城地区1.4 m。
2.对于杨凌地区1.0 m厚墙体,墙体内距内外表面越近温度变化越剧烈,根据室内外气温周期性变化作用对墙体内部温度的影响,墙体可以分为随室内气温变化的内层,厚度为50 cm,中间15 cm厚稳定层,和随室外气温周期性变化的厚度为35 cm外层。随着室温低—高—低周期性变化,墙体内部与室温的等温点相应的进行着外移—内移—外移的周期性变化,移动最大距离距内表面50 cm。50 cm厚墙体内层是对温室环境贡献最大储热和放热层。
3.晴天墙体内表面放热量小于吸热量,占24.52%,外表面放热量大于吸热量,吸热占放热的60.12%,总吸热量是放热量的51.07%,阴天墙体内外表面吸热量均小于放热量,吸热量分别占放热量的43.51%,74.86%,总吸热量是放热量的69.51%,30.49%的放热量来源于墙体温度降低,内能转化。内表面的吸热和放热对维持室内温度起着关键性作用。同时,墙体外表面的吸热时段较长,约8 h,对阻止热量的向外散失有一定的作用。
Sorlar greenhouse was developed rapidly because there were lots of advantages such as abundant light-heat resources, wide land resources and energy-heat resources, which were beneficial to develop facility agriculture in Northwest China. Nowadays, earth-wall was used as cladding structure of greenhouse especially in Northwest China and accounted for more than 95%. It was supposed to be the mainstream for farmers to build greenhouse with low-cost earth-wall because of relative backward economy in the future decade years. More work had been concentrated in selecting wall-materials and its integration mode, less research was done on the optimum earth-wall thickness of the greenhouse, therefore, there has not been standard in this field until now. To find out the optimum earth-wall thickness, research on its thermal-insulation performance and heat-transfer mechanism, which were significant to establish a standard for greenhouse and guide building greenhouse in Northwest China.
The experiment tested the surrounding temperature of earth-wall greenhouse with different thickness but wide application, which located in the Tacheng city of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, Yangling of Shaanxi province, Baiyin of Gansu province and Yinchuan city of Ningxia hui autonomous. The optimum thickness of the greenhouse in each region was determined by comparative analysis, and then took Yangling region as an example to study dynamic changes of temperature and heat gain-loss internal the greenhouse. The results showed as follows:
(1) It showed that the greenhouse had better thermal insulation performance with thicker earth-wall, and when the thickness reached the optimum of the region, there was no significance for the performance reinforcement by adding the wall thickness. The optimum earth-wall thickness of the greenhouse were 1.0 m in Yangling region, 1.3 m in Baiyin region, 1.5 m in Yinchuan region and 1.4 m in Tacheng region.
(2) The study in Yangling region showed that, the nearer from the wall surface, the more violently the temperature fluctuated internal the greenhouse. Based on the influence of the inner and outer temperature cyclical change to the internal temperature of wall, it was divided into three parts, internal layer, middle layer, external layer. The internal layer temperature varyed with the interior air temperature, which thickness was 50 cm, The steady middle layer was 15 cm, and the external layer was 35 cm, which temperature varyed with the outer air temperature.As the greenhouse temperature showed low-high-low periodic change, isothermal points in the wall and greenhouse correspondingly showed outward-inward-outward periodic change, and the maximum distance from the inner wall surface was 50 cm. The inner layer of the wall contributed most to the thermal storage and release of the greenhouse.
(3) In clear days, released thermal energy of the wall inner surface was less than absorpted thermal energy, the released thermal energy of the wall inner surface occupied 24.5% of absorpted thermal energy. It was opposite for the outer surface of the wall, the released energy accounted for 60.12% of the absorpted energy. And the total released energy was 51.07% of the total absorpted energy. The absorpted energy were more than the released energy both inner and outer surface in overcast day, absorpted thermal energy of the wall inner surface occupy 43.51%, 74.86% of released thermal energy respectively, and the total absorpted energy was 69.50% of the total released energy, 30.49% of the released energy came from the temperature decrease or inner energy transferring of the wall. It played a role of thermal insulation by inner wall absorpted and released thermal. The endothermic period of the outer surface was longer than that of inner surface, and effectively prevented inner layer energy flowing out, it was about 8 hours.
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