基于健康监测的平行钢丝斜拉索疲劳可靠性评定
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摘要
斜拉索作为斜拉桥主要的受力构件,由于长期承受交变载荷并常暴露于跨河跨海的自然环境中,易遭受腐蚀损伤和疲劳累积损伤,严重威胁着斜拉桥服役安全。结构健康监测技术是保障大型桥梁服役安全的有效手段之一,引起了国内外众多研究者的兴趣,基于健康监测技术的桥梁损伤识别、模型修正、安全评定等内容逐步成为研究的重点。本文充分利用健康监测技术获得的斜拉索服役信息,着重研究了基于健康监测的斜拉索疲劳性能退化关系和疲劳可靠性评定等。主要内容如下:
首先,对疲劳分析方法进行了研究,选择通过雨流计数法对智能拉索获得的斜拉索荷载效应-时程数据进行分类,建立基于Miner线性累积损伤理论的等效疲劳荷载效应处理方法。
然后,研究斜拉索腐蚀的机理和评定方法及断丝监测手段等,并建立了相关的抗力退化模型。腐蚀钢丝及腐蚀斜拉索疲劳寿命均服从Weibull分布,结合腐蚀拉索试验和统计结果合理建立腐蚀斜拉索S-N曲线退化模型,成为疲劳寿命分析的基础。定义广义的断丝监测精确率,断丝数量符合成功概率为断丝率的二项分布;根据断丝监测随机性的具体特征,由共轭分布办法确定先验分布,并对监测精确率、断丝数量、断丝时间序列进行了Bayes更新。由此得到了包含断丝监测信息的断丝数的分布函数,分析了函数中断丝监测精确率及斜拉索内钢丝数量的对后验结果的影响。
最后,本章推导出基于健康监测的平行钢丝斜拉索疲劳寿命Weibull分布的具体形式,由此可以计算斜拉索服役期的失效概率及可靠指标。对某斜拉索的疲劳寿命评定的算例表明,随着拉索服役年限的增加,抗疲劳性能不断衰退;在疲劳荷载、腐蚀共同作用下,拉索的可靠指标下降速度很快,疲劳极限状态对斜拉索及斜拉桥的安全起控制作用。
Stay cable, an important load-bearing element of cable-stayed bridges, is easy to be injured by corrosion and external loads. This is a great threaten to the on-work stay cable bridges. The health monitoring of these bridges is an effective way to make sure the safety of them and the researching focuses of this method now are load and damage identification, performance assessment and so on. In this paper, researches on the performance degradation relationship and reliability assessment of the stay cables with data from real-time monitoring are introduced. The main contents are as follows:
First, research on fatigue analyzing is carried out. By classifying the load effect datum from smart cable using rain-flow counting method, an equivalent method to deal with fatigue loads based on Miner linear cumulative damage theory is established.
Then, corrosion mechanism, assessing method and way to monitor the broken cables are researched and various degradation models are obtained. It is found that corroded cables and their average fatigue lives follow Weibull distribution. S-N curve degradating model is set up from considering fatigue experiments of corrosion cables and statistic datum. These two points are the basis for fatigue analyzing. With the definition of the accuracy of rupture detection, the amount of broken cables follows Binomial distribution with probability of ruptured wires as success probability. According to the main characters of the broken cables’monitoring, the prior distribution isdetermined bye conjugate distribution and the monitoring accuracy, amount of broken cables, rupture time series of wires are refreshed with Bayes method. By doing this, amount distribution function with monitoring information of the broken cables is given and analyzed.
In the last part, this paper releases Weibull distribution function of parallel wire stay cable fatigue life, based on health monitoring, which can be used to calculate the probability of failure in service period and the reliability index. It is showed by a certain example that with the service life of the cables getting longer, their anti-fatigue performance is decaying. Because of the interaction of external loads and corrosion, the reliability index decays very quickly. And fatigue limit-state will take control of the safety of the cables and bridges.
首先,对疲劳分析方法进行了研究,选择通过雨流计数法对智能拉索获得的斜拉索荷载效应-时程数据进行分类,建立基于Miner线性累积损伤理论的等效疲劳荷载效应处理方法。
然后,研究斜拉索腐蚀的机理和评定方法及断丝监测手段等,并建立了相关的抗力退化模型。腐蚀钢丝及腐蚀斜拉索疲劳寿命均服从Weibull分布,结合腐蚀拉索试验和统计结果合理建立腐蚀斜拉索S-N曲线退化模型,成为疲劳寿命分析的基础。定义广义的断丝监测精确率,断丝数量符合成功概率为断丝率的二项分布;根据断丝监测随机性的具体特征,由共轭分布办法确定先验分布,并对监测精确率、断丝数量、断丝时间序列进行了Bayes更新。由此得到了包含断丝监测信息的断丝数的分布函数,分析了函数中断丝监测精确率及斜拉索内钢丝数量的对后验结果的影响。
最后,本章推导出基于健康监测的平行钢丝斜拉索疲劳寿命Weibull分布的具体形式,由此可以计算斜拉索服役期的失效概率及可靠指标。对某斜拉索的疲劳寿命评定的算例表明,随着拉索服役年限的增加,抗疲劳性能不断衰退;在疲劳荷载、腐蚀共同作用下,拉索的可靠指标下降速度很快,疲劳极限状态对斜拉索及斜拉桥的安全起控制作用。
Stay cable, an important load-bearing element of cable-stayed bridges, is easy to be injured by corrosion and external loads. This is a great threaten to the on-work stay cable bridges. The health monitoring of these bridges is an effective way to make sure the safety of them and the researching focuses of this method now are load and damage identification, performance assessment and so on. In this paper, researches on the performance degradation relationship and reliability assessment of the stay cables with data from real-time monitoring are introduced. The main contents are as follows:
First, research on fatigue analyzing is carried out. By classifying the load effect datum from smart cable using rain-flow counting method, an equivalent method to deal with fatigue loads based on Miner linear cumulative damage theory is established.
Then, corrosion mechanism, assessing method and way to monitor the broken cables are researched and various degradation models are obtained. It is found that corroded cables and their average fatigue lives follow Weibull distribution. S-N curve degradating model is set up from considering fatigue experiments of corrosion cables and statistic datum. These two points are the basis for fatigue analyzing. With the definition of the accuracy of rupture detection, the amount of broken cables follows Binomial distribution with probability of ruptured wires as success probability. According to the main characters of the broken cables’monitoring, the prior distribution isdetermined bye conjugate distribution and the monitoring accuracy, amount of broken cables, rupture time series of wires are refreshed with Bayes method. By doing this, amount distribution function with monitoring information of the broken cables is given and analyzed.
In the last part, this paper releases Weibull distribution function of parallel wire stay cable fatigue life, based on health monitoring, which can be used to calculate the probability of failure in service period and the reliability index. It is showed by a certain example that with the service life of the cables getting longer, their anti-fatigue performance is decaying. Because of the interaction of external loads and corrosion, the reliability index decays very quickly. And fatigue limit-state will take control of the safety of the cables and bridges.
引文
1陈明宪.我国大跨经斜拉桥的建设与展望.公路. 2002(10): 58-62
2王文涛.斜拉桥换索工程.第二版.人民交通出版. 2006
3范立础.桥梁工程安全性与耐久性——展望设计理念进展.上海公路. 2004,91(1): 1~7
4范立础,陈肇元,董石麟.大型建筑工程风险评价与保险研究.中国工程院咨询项目申请书. 2003
5邬晓光,徐祖恩.大型桥梁健康监测动态及发展趋势.长安大学学报. 2003, (1)
6李惠,欧进萍.斜拉桥结构健康监测系统的设计与实现(I):系统设计.土木工程学报. 2006, 39(4): 39~44
7 Mazurek D F, DeWorf J T.Experimental study of bridge monitoring teehnique. Journal of Struct Engrg. Volume 116. ASCE. 1990.(9)
8喻言.结构健康监测的无线传感器及其网络系统.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2006
9 K.Y.Wong, C.K.Lau, AR.Flint, Planning and Implementation of The Structural Health Monitoring System for Cable-Supported Bridges In Hong Kong. SPIE, 2000,3995:266~275
10袁万城,崔飞,张启伟.桥梁健康监测与状态评估的研究现状与发展.同济大学学报. 1999,27(2): 184~188
11程育仁,王家石,李鸿发,朱爱春.Φ5mm碳素钢丝的疲劳性能.铁道学报学报. 1999,3(11): 36~43
12李先立,宋显辉,刘禹钦.高强镀锌钢丝疲劳可靠性研究.土木工程学报. 1995,28(2): 74~80
13 M.H.Faber, S.Engelund, R.Rackwitz. Aspects of Parallel Wire Cable Reliability. Structural Safety. 2003, 25: 201~225
14徐俊,陈惟珍,唐涛,恒丰北路桥拉索试验研究.桥梁建设. 2005(4): 16~19.
15欧进萍,周智.纤维增强塑料-光纤光栅复合筋.中国专利: CN1484456A,2004
16邓年春,欧进萍,周智,龙跃,黄日金.一种新型平行钢丝智能拉索.公路交通科技. 2007, 24(3): 82~85
17 Miner MA. Cumulative damage in fatigue. J Appl Mech 1945;12:A159–A64.
18 Y.E. Zhou. Assessment of Bridge Remaining Fatigue Life through Field Strain Measurement. Journal of Bridge Engineering. ASCE, 2006, 11(6): 737~744
19 M.A. Miner. Cumulative Damage in Fatigue. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 1945,12(3): 159~164
20徐俊,陈惟珍.石门大桥拉索病害检测与分析.钢结构. 2007,22(6):81~84
21 Keita Suzumura and Shun2ichi Nakamura, Environmental factors affecting corrosion of galvanized steel wires [J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 2004, 16(1): 1～7
22 Hopwood T,Haven J.Inspection,Prevention,and Remedy of Suspension Bridge Cable Corrosion Problems.Kentucky Trans-portation Research Program.Report UKTRP-84-15.Ken-tacky.1984
23 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY COMMITTEE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS , Electrochemical Techniques to Detector Corrosion in Concrete Structures in Nuclear Installation , NEA/CSNI/R (2002)21
24苏达根,韩大建,谭哲东,廖景娱,唐红雁,陈志雄.斜拉桥拉索钢丝腐蚀失效研究.华南理工大学学报(自然科学版). 1996,24(8): 108~112
25曹照平,王设良.智能材料结构系统在土木工程中的应用.重庆建筑大学学报. 2001,23(1):108-113.
26沈功田,戴光,刘时风.中国声发射检测技术进展——学会成立25周年纪念[J].无损检测. 2003,25(6): 302-307.
27 Pollock A A, Smith B. Stress-Wave Emission moni-toring of a military bridge [J]. Non– DestructiveTesting. 1972,5(6): 348-353.
28 Rizzo P, Scalea F.L. Acoustic emission monitoring of CFRP cables for cable- stayed bridges[J]. SPIE,2001(4337): 129-138
29陈传尧.疲劳与断裂.华中科技大学出版社. 2002
30王荣.金属材料的腐蚀疲劳.西北工业大学出版社. 2001
31 Guers F, Rackwitz R. Time-variant reliability of structural systems subject to fatigue. Proc ICASP 5, Vancouver, May 1987;vol. I:497–505.
32曾春华,邹十践.疲劳分析方法与应用.国防工业出版社. 1991:19-30
33兰成明,平行钢丝斜拉索全寿命安全评定方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2009.3
34茆诗松.高等数理统计.第二版.高等教育出版社. 2006
35 Alfred Strauss , Dan M. Frangopol, Sunyong Kim. Use of monitoring extreme data for the performance prediction of structures: Bayesian updating. Engineering Structures 30 (2008) 3654~3666
36 Gumbel E.J. Statistics of Extremes. Columbia University Press, (1958) New York.
37曾超.钢桥构件按疲劳寿命服从威布尔分布的可靠度计算.西南交通大学学报.1993, 93(5): 20~23
38胡文忠,金国梓,王存. Weibull参数的估计方法.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版). 1988, 19(3): 472~477
39 A.H.-S. Ang, M.C. Cheung, T.A. Shugar, and J.D. Fernie. Reliability-Based Fatigue Analysis and Design of Floating Structures. Marine Structures. 2001,14: 25~36
40 A.H-S. Ang, W.S. Munge. Practical Reliability Basis for Structural Fatigue. Preprint 2494 for ASCE National Structural Engineering Conference. New Oricans, La., 1975.
41 Dan M. Frangopol, Alfred Strauss, Sunyong Kim. Use of monitoring extreme data for the performance prediction of structures:General approach. Engineering Structures 30 (2008) 3644_3653
42 M.G. Stewart, A.C. Estes, and D.M. Frangopol. Bridge Deck Replacement for Minimum Expected Cost under Multiple Reliability Constraints. Journal of Structural Engineering. ASCE, 2004, 130(9): 1414~1419
43 A.C. Estes, D.M. Frangopol. Updating Bridge Reliability Based on Bridge Management Systems Visual Inspection Results. Journal of Bridge Engineering. ASCE, 2003, 8(6): 374~382
2王文涛.斜拉桥换索工程.第二版.人民交通出版. 2006
3范立础.桥梁工程安全性与耐久性——展望设计理念进展.上海公路. 2004,91(1): 1~7
4范立础,陈肇元,董石麟.大型建筑工程风险评价与保险研究.中国工程院咨询项目申请书. 2003
5邬晓光,徐祖恩.大型桥梁健康监测动态及发展趋势.长安大学学报. 2003, (1)
6李惠,欧进萍.斜拉桥结构健康监测系统的设计与实现(I):系统设计.土木工程学报. 2006, 39(4): 39~44
7 Mazurek D F, DeWorf J T.Experimental study of bridge monitoring teehnique. Journal of Struct Engrg. Volume 116. ASCE. 1990.(9)
8喻言.结构健康监测的无线传感器及其网络系统.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2006
9 K.Y.Wong, C.K.Lau, AR.Flint, Planning and Implementation of The Structural Health Monitoring System for Cable-Supported Bridges In Hong Kong. SPIE, 2000,3995:266~275
10袁万城,崔飞,张启伟.桥梁健康监测与状态评估的研究现状与发展.同济大学学报. 1999,27(2): 184~188
11程育仁,王家石,李鸿发,朱爱春.Φ5mm碳素钢丝的疲劳性能.铁道学报学报. 1999,3(11): 36~43
12李先立,宋显辉,刘禹钦.高强镀锌钢丝疲劳可靠性研究.土木工程学报. 1995,28(2): 74~80
13 M.H.Faber, S.Engelund, R.Rackwitz. Aspects of Parallel Wire Cable Reliability. Structural Safety. 2003, 25: 201~225
14徐俊,陈惟珍,唐涛,恒丰北路桥拉索试验研究.桥梁建设. 2005(4): 16~19.
15欧进萍,周智.纤维增强塑料-光纤光栅复合筋.中国专利: CN1484456A,2004
16邓年春,欧进萍,周智,龙跃,黄日金.一种新型平行钢丝智能拉索.公路交通科技. 2007, 24(3): 82~85
17 Miner MA. Cumulative damage in fatigue. J Appl Mech 1945;12:A159–A64.
18 Y.E. Zhou. Assessment of Bridge Remaining Fatigue Life through Field Strain Measurement. Journal of Bridge Engineering. ASCE, 2006, 11(6): 737~744
19 M.A. Miner. Cumulative Damage in Fatigue. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 1945,12(3): 159~164
20徐俊,陈惟珍.石门大桥拉索病害检测与分析.钢结构. 2007,22(6):81~84
21 Keita Suzumura and Shun2ichi Nakamura, Environmental factors affecting corrosion of galvanized steel wires [J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 2004, 16(1): 1～7
22 Hopwood T,Haven J.Inspection,Prevention,and Remedy of Suspension Bridge Cable Corrosion Problems.Kentucky Trans-portation Research Program.Report UKTRP-84-15.Ken-tacky.1984
23 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY COMMITTEE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS , Electrochemical Techniques to Detector Corrosion in Concrete Structures in Nuclear Installation , NEA/CSNI/R (2002)21
24苏达根,韩大建,谭哲东,廖景娱,唐红雁,陈志雄.斜拉桥拉索钢丝腐蚀失效研究.华南理工大学学报(自然科学版). 1996,24(8): 108~112
25曹照平,王设良.智能材料结构系统在土木工程中的应用.重庆建筑大学学报. 2001,23(1):108-113.
26沈功田,戴光,刘时风.中国声发射检测技术进展——学会成立25周年纪念[J].无损检测. 2003,25(6): 302-307.
27 Pollock A A, Smith B. Stress-Wave Emission moni-toring of a military bridge [J]. Non– DestructiveTesting. 1972,5(6): 348-353.
28 Rizzo P, Scalea F.L. Acoustic emission monitoring of CFRP cables for cable- stayed bridges[J]. SPIE,2001(4337): 129-138
29陈传尧.疲劳与断裂.华中科技大学出版社. 2002
30王荣.金属材料的腐蚀疲劳.西北工业大学出版社. 2001
31 Guers F, Rackwitz R. Time-variant reliability of structural systems subject to fatigue. Proc ICASP 5, Vancouver, May 1987;vol. I:497–505.
32曾春华,邹十践.疲劳分析方法与应用.国防工业出版社. 1991:19-30
33兰成明,平行钢丝斜拉索全寿命安全评定方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2009.3
34茆诗松.高等数理统计.第二版.高等教育出版社. 2006
35 Alfred Strauss , Dan M. Frangopol, Sunyong Kim. Use of monitoring extreme data for the performance prediction of structures: Bayesian updating. Engineering Structures 30 (2008) 3654~3666
36 Gumbel E.J. Statistics of Extremes. Columbia University Press, (1958) New York.
37曾超.钢桥构件按疲劳寿命服从威布尔分布的可靠度计算.西南交通大学学报.1993, 93(5): 20~23
38胡文忠,金国梓,王存. Weibull参数的估计方法.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版). 1988, 19(3): 472~477
39 A.H.-S. Ang, M.C. Cheung, T.A. Shugar, and J.D. Fernie. Reliability-Based Fatigue Analysis and Design of Floating Structures. Marine Structures. 2001,14: 25~36
40 A.H-S. Ang, W.S. Munge. Practical Reliability Basis for Structural Fatigue. Preprint 2494 for ASCE National Structural Engineering Conference. New Oricans, La., 1975.
41 Dan M. Frangopol, Alfred Strauss, Sunyong Kim. Use of monitoring extreme data for the performance prediction of structures:General approach. Engineering Structures 30 (2008) 3644_3653
42 M.G. Stewart, A.C. Estes, and D.M. Frangopol. Bridge Deck Replacement for Minimum Expected Cost under Multiple Reliability Constraints. Journal of Structural Engineering. ASCE, 2004, 130(9): 1414~1419
43 A.C. Estes, D.M. Frangopol. Updating Bridge Reliability Based on Bridge Management Systems Visual Inspection Results. Journal of Bridge Engineering. ASCE, 2003, 8(6): 374~382
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