玉米膜孔灌农田水氮分布特性和耗水规律试验研究
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摘要
随着节水农业发展的需求和由于施用氮肥而引起的地下水环境污染问题的日益突出,研究膜孔灌玉米的耗水规律和农田氮素的分布特性具有十分重要的科学价值和生产实践意义。目前,国内学者主要针对膜孔灌入渗特性、田面水流运动特性、灌水技术要素和灌溉质量评价等进行了一系列研究工作,而这些研究均未涉及膜孔灌的农田氮素分布及作物耗水规律问题。本论文在查阅和总结国内外膜孔灌和土壤氮素运移等相关文献资料的基础上,结合国家自然科学基金项目“膜孔灌农田氮素运移特性与灌溉质量评价方法研究”,采用室外小区试验和理论研究相结合、以试验为主的技术路线,研究了玉米膜孔灌农田水氮分布特性和耗水规律,主要研究成果如下:
(1)对膜孔灌不同灌溉制度的农田土壤水氮分布特性进行了试验研究。结果表明:不同灌溉制度的农田土壤水氮在0～60cm土层季节性动态变化较大,土壤硝态氮在膜孔中心垂直剖面各生育期均存在一个集中分布区,距膜孔中心水平距离越远,分布区浓度峰越小。土壤垂直剖面硝态氮季节性含量受灌水次数、灌水定额的影响,在近施肥点影响较大,远施肥点影响较小。灌水次数越多、灌水定额越大,土壤表层硝态氮季节性减小的越快,硝态氮减小的土层越深,深层80～100cm硝态氮累积量越大,灌水定额对其的影响较灌水次数的影响大。本文试验条件下,在玉米生育期中以灌水4次、灌水定额为524.7m~3/hm~2为最佳。
(2)研究了膜孔灌农田土壤水氮分布与氮素转化特性。结果表明:膜孔灌具有很好的保墒特性,通过覆膜减缓了传统畦灌土壤表层含水率随季节的突变现象,较畦灌节水20.0%左右。膜孔灌消除了畦灌因土壤强烈蒸发对尿素水解及铵态氮硝化的影响,膜孔灌尿素水解速度均匀平缓,本文试验条件下农田土壤中尿素的水解和铵态氮的硝化在20天基本完成。膜孔灌土壤硝态氮主要分布在膜孔附近,膜孔中心垂直剖面土壤硝态氮分布比较均匀,土壤硝态氮含量呈先增加后减小的分布形状;而畦灌的分布则比较集中,在近施肥点垂直剖面土壤硝态氮含量较高,远施肥点很小。本文试验条件下,膜孔灌较畦灌相比,80～100cm深层硝态氮淋溶损失减小27.0%。
(3)研究了玉米膜孔灌耗水规律和水分生产效率。结果表明:膜孔灌玉米生育期中,灌水定额越大、灌水次数越多,玉米生育期耗水量越大。耗水量受灌水次数的影响大小主要体现在增加灌水次数的时间上,受灌水定额的影响作用较灌水次数的大;在一定的灌溉定额和灌水次数条件下,玉米生育期耗水量和耗水强度均与灌水量和灌水次数之间符合线性函数关系;揭示了玉米生育期累积耗水量和耗水强度与生育期天数之间分别满足对数函数和一元二次函数关系;膜孔灌玉米产量、土壤水分生产效率与耗水量之间均满足一元二次函数关系。本文试验条件下,膜孔灌较畦灌相比,水分生产效率提高23.3%,增产15.9%。
(4)研究了玉米膜孔灌的灌溉制度。结果表明:灌水次数和灌水定额对玉米生物指标的影响为在灌水次数较少、灌水定额较小时影响显著,苗期增加灌水对玉米株高和径粗的影响很大,使玉米的抗倒伏能力减小。玉米进入抽穗期生殖生长基本停止,收获后玉米株高、叶面积与抽穗期基本相同;建立了抽穗期玉米株高与同期累积耗水量之间的一元二次函数关系;通过理论分析计算,得到本文试验条件下玉米的高效用水灌溉定额为2111.97m~3/hm~2真,通过试验从节水和高产两方面综合考虑,得到玉米最佳灌溉制度为:灌溉定额为2098.95m~3/hm~2,灌水4次,分别于拔节期灌水2次,抽穗期灌水1次,灌浆期灌水1次,灌水定额为524.7m~3/hm~2。
It has an important scientific value and productive meanning to studying the maize water consumption law and the distribution of water-nitrigen in farmland under film hole irrigation as the development of water-saving agriculture and the obvious problem of groundwater contamination. At present, home researchers have done a series of research on film hole irrigation, including infiltration characteristics, water movement characteristics on field surface, technic factors of irrigation and irrigation quality evaluation, but these studies did not deal with the distribution characteristics of field nitrogen and crop water consumption law. This thesis based on the related literature of film hole irrigation and nitrogen transport from the home and abroad, combined with the National Natural Science Fundation of China "Study on nitrogen transport characteristics and appraisal method on irrigation quality under film hole irrigation in fertilization farmland", this paper use the technical route included both outdoor experiment and theoretical analysis, and mainly on the experiment, study the water-nitrogen distribution characteristics and water consumption law under film hole irrigation in maize field. The main research results are as follow:
(1) Study on the distribution characteristics of farmland water-nitrogen of different irrigation schedule. The results shown that the water and nitrogen seasonal changes obliviously in 0～60cm soil layers, and in each growing period, the nitrate nitrogen has a concentrated distribution area in soil profile, and the concentration peak reduced with the increasing of horizontal distance away from film hole center. The effects of irrigation frequency and irrigation quota to soil profile nitrate nitrogen more obvious in near fertilization point than further. The greater of irrigation quota and irrigation frequency, the faster of nitrate nitrogen seasonal reduced and deeper the reduced depth, and the nitrate nitrogen cumulative amount larger in 80～100cm depth, the irrigation quota has a largger effect than irrigation frequency. Irrigation four times, irrigation quota 524.7m~3/hm~2 is the best irrigation treament in maize growing period.
(2) Study on the water-nitrogen distribution and nitrogen transformation characteristics under film hole irrigation. Film hole irrigation has a very good characteristics of moisture preservation, slow down the soil moisture sharply change phenomenon of border irrigation by film-covered, and saving water about 20.0%. The film hole irrigation eliminate the effect of intensive evaporation of border irrigation to nitrogen transformation, urea transformation rate even and gentle, and completed in 20 days after fertilization. In film hole irrigation, the nitrate nitrogen mainly distribution near the film hole and relative uniformity in vertical soil profile. In border irrigation, the nitrate nitrogen distribution concentrated in vertical soil profile near fertilization point. Compared with border irrigaion, nitrate nitrogen leaching amount reduced 27.0% in film hole irrigation.
(3) Study on water consumption law and water productive efficiency of maize under film hole irrigation. The water consumption amount increases with the irrigation quota and irrigation frequency, and the effect of irrigation frequency to water consumption amount mainly depend on the irrigation time, and it has a little effect compared with irrigation quota; In certain irrigation quota and frequency, the water consumption amount and water consumption intensity all have a linear functional relationship with irrigation amount and frequency; The cumulative water consumption amount and water consumption intensity separately has a logarithmic and quadratic function relationship with maize growing days; The maize yield and water productive efficiency has a quadratic function relationship with water consumption amount. Compared with border irrigaion, productive efficiency of water promote 23.3%, increasing yield 15.9% in film hole irrigation.
(4) Study on maize irrigation schedule under film hole irrigation manner. The effect of irrigation quota and frequency to maize biological index has an obvious influence in low irrigation quota and few irrigation frequencies. Increasing irrigation in seeding period has a big influence to maize height and stem diameter, decreasing the resistance lodging ability. The maize height has a quadratic function with cumulative water consumption in earing period; By calculation, obtain the irrigation quota (2111.973m~3/hm~2) in high water use efficiency; By experiment obtain the optimal irrigation schedule: total irrigation quota, 2098.95 m~3/hm~2, irrigation frequency, four times, irrigation two times in jointing period, one time in earing period, one time in filling period, and irrigation quota, 524.7m~3/hm~2 .
(1)对膜孔灌不同灌溉制度的农田土壤水氮分布特性进行了试验研究。结果表明:不同灌溉制度的农田土壤水氮在0～60cm土层季节性动态变化较大,土壤硝态氮在膜孔中心垂直剖面各生育期均存在一个集中分布区,距膜孔中心水平距离越远,分布区浓度峰越小。土壤垂直剖面硝态氮季节性含量受灌水次数、灌水定额的影响,在近施肥点影响较大,远施肥点影响较小。灌水次数越多、灌水定额越大,土壤表层硝态氮季节性减小的越快,硝态氮减小的土层越深,深层80～100cm硝态氮累积量越大,灌水定额对其的影响较灌水次数的影响大。本文试验条件下,在玉米生育期中以灌水4次、灌水定额为524.7m~3/hm~2为最佳。
(2)研究了膜孔灌农田土壤水氮分布与氮素转化特性。结果表明:膜孔灌具有很好的保墒特性,通过覆膜减缓了传统畦灌土壤表层含水率随季节的突变现象,较畦灌节水20.0%左右。膜孔灌消除了畦灌因土壤强烈蒸发对尿素水解及铵态氮硝化的影响,膜孔灌尿素水解速度均匀平缓,本文试验条件下农田土壤中尿素的水解和铵态氮的硝化在20天基本完成。膜孔灌土壤硝态氮主要分布在膜孔附近,膜孔中心垂直剖面土壤硝态氮分布比较均匀,土壤硝态氮含量呈先增加后减小的分布形状;而畦灌的分布则比较集中,在近施肥点垂直剖面土壤硝态氮含量较高,远施肥点很小。本文试验条件下,膜孔灌较畦灌相比,80～100cm深层硝态氮淋溶损失减小27.0%。
(3)研究了玉米膜孔灌耗水规律和水分生产效率。结果表明:膜孔灌玉米生育期中,灌水定额越大、灌水次数越多,玉米生育期耗水量越大。耗水量受灌水次数的影响大小主要体现在增加灌水次数的时间上,受灌水定额的影响作用较灌水次数的大;在一定的灌溉定额和灌水次数条件下,玉米生育期耗水量和耗水强度均与灌水量和灌水次数之间符合线性函数关系;揭示了玉米生育期累积耗水量和耗水强度与生育期天数之间分别满足对数函数和一元二次函数关系;膜孔灌玉米产量、土壤水分生产效率与耗水量之间均满足一元二次函数关系。本文试验条件下,膜孔灌较畦灌相比,水分生产效率提高23.3%,增产15.9%。
(4)研究了玉米膜孔灌的灌溉制度。结果表明:灌水次数和灌水定额对玉米生物指标的影响为在灌水次数较少、灌水定额较小时影响显著,苗期增加灌水对玉米株高和径粗的影响很大,使玉米的抗倒伏能力减小。玉米进入抽穗期生殖生长基本停止,收获后玉米株高、叶面积与抽穗期基本相同;建立了抽穗期玉米株高与同期累积耗水量之间的一元二次函数关系;通过理论分析计算,得到本文试验条件下玉米的高效用水灌溉定额为2111.97m~3/hm~2真,通过试验从节水和高产两方面综合考虑,得到玉米最佳灌溉制度为:灌溉定额为2098.95m~3/hm~2,灌水4次,分别于拔节期灌水2次,抽穗期灌水1次,灌浆期灌水1次,灌水定额为524.7m~3/hm~2。
It has an important scientific value and productive meanning to studying the maize water consumption law and the distribution of water-nitrigen in farmland under film hole irrigation as the development of water-saving agriculture and the obvious problem of groundwater contamination. At present, home researchers have done a series of research on film hole irrigation, including infiltration characteristics, water movement characteristics on field surface, technic factors of irrigation and irrigation quality evaluation, but these studies did not deal with the distribution characteristics of field nitrogen and crop water consumption law. This thesis based on the related literature of film hole irrigation and nitrogen transport from the home and abroad, combined with the National Natural Science Fundation of China "Study on nitrogen transport characteristics and appraisal method on irrigation quality under film hole irrigation in fertilization farmland", this paper use the technical route included both outdoor experiment and theoretical analysis, and mainly on the experiment, study the water-nitrogen distribution characteristics and water consumption law under film hole irrigation in maize field. The main research results are as follow:
(1) Study on the distribution characteristics of farmland water-nitrogen of different irrigation schedule. The results shown that the water and nitrogen seasonal changes obliviously in 0～60cm soil layers, and in each growing period, the nitrate nitrogen has a concentrated distribution area in soil profile, and the concentration peak reduced with the increasing of horizontal distance away from film hole center. The effects of irrigation frequency and irrigation quota to soil profile nitrate nitrogen more obvious in near fertilization point than further. The greater of irrigation quota and irrigation frequency, the faster of nitrate nitrogen seasonal reduced and deeper the reduced depth, and the nitrate nitrogen cumulative amount larger in 80～100cm depth, the irrigation quota has a largger effect than irrigation frequency. Irrigation four times, irrigation quota 524.7m~3/hm~2 is the best irrigation treament in maize growing period.
(2) Study on the water-nitrogen distribution and nitrogen transformation characteristics under film hole irrigation. Film hole irrigation has a very good characteristics of moisture preservation, slow down the soil moisture sharply change phenomenon of border irrigation by film-covered, and saving water about 20.0%. The film hole irrigation eliminate the effect of intensive evaporation of border irrigation to nitrogen transformation, urea transformation rate even and gentle, and completed in 20 days after fertilization. In film hole irrigation, the nitrate nitrogen mainly distribution near the film hole and relative uniformity in vertical soil profile. In border irrigation, the nitrate nitrogen distribution concentrated in vertical soil profile near fertilization point. Compared with border irrigaion, nitrate nitrogen leaching amount reduced 27.0% in film hole irrigation.
(3) Study on water consumption law and water productive efficiency of maize under film hole irrigation. The water consumption amount increases with the irrigation quota and irrigation frequency, and the effect of irrigation frequency to water consumption amount mainly depend on the irrigation time, and it has a little effect compared with irrigation quota; In certain irrigation quota and frequency, the water consumption amount and water consumption intensity all have a linear functional relationship with irrigation amount and frequency; The cumulative water consumption amount and water consumption intensity separately has a logarithmic and quadratic function relationship with maize growing days; The maize yield and water productive efficiency has a quadratic function relationship with water consumption amount. Compared with border irrigaion, productive efficiency of water promote 23.3%, increasing yield 15.9% in film hole irrigation.
(4) Study on maize irrigation schedule under film hole irrigation manner. The effect of irrigation quota and frequency to maize biological index has an obvious influence in low irrigation quota and few irrigation frequencies. Increasing irrigation in seeding period has a big influence to maize height and stem diameter, decreasing the resistance lodging ability. The maize height has a quadratic function with cumulative water consumption in earing period; By calculation, obtain the irrigation quota (2111.973m~3/hm~2) in high water use efficiency; By experiment obtain the optimal irrigation schedule: total irrigation quota, 2098.95 m~3/hm~2, irrigation frequency, four times, irrigation two times in jointing period, one time in earing period, one time in filling period, and irrigation quota, 524.7m~3/hm~2 .
引文
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