可燃气体火灾成灾机制与危险性控制技术研究
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摘要
石油化工行业的可燃气体火灾,是各类火灾中危害较严重的一种,同时也是消防领域的世界性的难题之一,这类火灾经常造成重大的人员和财产损失,因而针对这类可燃气体的火灾、爆炸事故发生机理进行研究,对发展灾害预防控制技术,预防和控制此类火灾、爆炸事故的发生,减少伤亡事故,具有重大意义。
本论文据此选择液化石油气作为重点研究对象。具体研究结论为:
(1)从液化石油气火灾爆炸事故机制分析与研究入手,构建了可燃气体火灾成灾机制与危险性控制研究的模式,给出了相应的模式结构图、应用步骤、方法学基础和安全性研究的方式;针对应用实例的具体情况,依据所构建的研究模式,提出了某液化石油气储配站的储罐区的火灾成灾机制与危险性控制研究模式,在熟悉储罐区情况后首先进行火灾成灾机制研究,内容包括辨识三类危险源、事故树分析、UVCE和BLEVE事故后果分析、ICI Mond火灾、爆炸、毒性指数法(以下简称ICI Mond法)安全评价,其次进行危险性控制研究,接下来进行安全性研究,最后给出研究结论。
(2)依据建立的液化石油气火灾成灾机制研究模式所给出的研究方法,开展了:
①基于三类危险源理论,对应用实例储罐区的危险源进行了辨识,结果为:第一类危险源是液化石油气,第二类危险源是液化石油气达到可燃浓度和存在点火源,第三类危险源是管理缺陷。
②利用事故树分析法,以“LPG储罐爆炸”为顶上事件建立了事故树,求出了LPG储罐爆炸的事故模式以及控制事故不发生的途径,并且通过分析基本事件的结构重要度,进一步确定了各基本事件对顶上事件的影响程度。
③开展了液化石油气储罐区火灾、爆炸事故后果严重程度的定性、定量评价研究:对LPG储罐区发生自由蒸气云爆炸(UVCE)和沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸(BLEVE)进行了事故后果分析。结果显示,LPG储罐发生UVCE、BLEVE事故,可以在相当大的范围内造成人员伤亡和财产损失,尤其是BLEVE的后果是最严重的,要特别注意防范;采用ICIMond法对液化石油气储罐区发生火灾、爆炸事故的危险性进行了定量安全评价,对储罐区采取安全措施前后的火灾、爆炸、中毒等危险进行了预测。
(3)将液化石油气储罐区发生火灾、爆炸事故的危险源辨识结果与事故模式及控制事故不发生的途径相结合,基于本质安全化的理论,提出了控制液化石油气火灾爆炸事故的措施和建议:①从防止人失误发生、使人失误无害化和控制后果三方面提出控制人失误的措施;②储罐及设备设施控制措施主要是采用本质安全设计、选用符合规定和使用要求的优质原材料及设备、保证储罐及设备设施运行状态良好、控制点火源(明火、电火花、静电火花、撞击火花、高温热体、雷电火花和射频电);③环境控制措施主要是改善和创造安全、舒适的工作环境,达到减少人失误的目的;④管理控制措施主要是建立健全安全制度、狠抓安全教育与培训、抓好安全检查工作等。同时,针对储罐区极易发生的泄漏和火灾事故,提出了防止事故扩大或引起二次事故的相应的应急技术措施,力争把事故的损失限制在尽可能小的范围内。
(4)安全性研究:利用设计的危险性控制措施有效性检查表检验了控制措施,检查的结果是危险性控制措施是有针对性并且有效的。从采取危险性控制措施前后安全评价的结果对比来看,采取危险性控制措施后,火灾负荷、爆炸指标、气体爆炸指标、综合危险性指数等均比之前下降了很多,也进一步证明了采取危险性控制措施是有效的。结论是该储罐区危险性控制措施可以达到预期效果。
In petrochemical industry,fire accident by flammable gas is more serious dangerous among all kind of fire accident,at the same time,this kind of fire is a difficult problem in fire control region in the world.Research aimed at fire and explosive accident caused by flammable gas in petrochemical is very important.It can help of developing disaster control system,preventing and controlling this kind of fire accident and reducing casualty.Based of the reasons above LPG(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is selected to be studied.Conclusions of this article are:
(1) LPG fire accident mechanisms and risk control mode is established;corresponding mode framework,methodology base and security analysis is given by this paper based on LPG fire and explosion accident mechanisms research.According to case and the research method,fire accident mechanisms and hazard control mode of a LPG storage and distribute station is given.Approaches are:three kind of hazard identification;FTA;aftereffect analysis of UVCE and BLEVE;ICI Mond fire,explosive,toxicity index assessment;hazard control research;Security research and conclusions.
(2) Based on the method given by the research of LPG fire mechanisms:
①According to the three kind of hazard theory,hazard is identified in a LPG storage zone.The main danger substance is LPG which is the 1st class hazard;LPG reaches to a flammable concentration is the 2nd class hazard;management bug is the 3rd class hazard.
②LPG tank explosion as the root of fault tree analysis,by FTA,not-to-happen approach is finding out.Furthermore,according to analyzing the structural importance factors of basic events,we know how dose basic events affect root of fault tree.
③Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of the fire and explosion accident of LPG storage zone are researched.Main accident possibility occurs in LPG storage zone-UVCE and BLEVE accident consequence analysis.The result shows that UVCE and BLEVE accident will cause casualties and property losses over a considerable extent. Especially BLEVE is more serious.Quantitative analysis of LPG storage zone fire and explosion accident is made by ICI Mond fire,explosive,toxicity index assessment.Before and after safety precautions,prognostication of fire and explosion in LPG storage zone is given.
(3) Combining result of hazard identification and not-to-happen approach,based of inherent safety theory,this article gives fire and explosion control measure and suggestion on Man-Machine-Environment and management aspects.
①Human fault control measure is established to preventing human fault,making fault harmless and controlling result.
②Storage tank and facility control measure is mainly essence safty design;selecting high quality raw materialsraw materials;maintain tank and facility functioning well;ignition sources control.The main ignition sources are naked light,electric spark,static spark,strike spark,high temperature object,thunder spark and radio frequency electric.
③Environment control measure is mainly improving and creating safety and comfortable working Environment to preventing human fault.
④Management control measure is mainly establishing safety system;strengthen safety education and train,safety check,etc.Simultaneity,corresponding emergency measure pointed to secondary accident is taken to minimize the casualty loss
(4)Security analysis:Using designed safety control measure check list,check out the risk control measure.Result shows that the risk control measure is pertinence and effective. Safety assessment contrast between before and after risk control measure shows that taking risk control measure can descend the fire charge,explosion index,gas explosion index and colligation risk index.Risk control measure is effective;the measure can achieve the anticipated result.
本论文据此选择液化石油气作为重点研究对象。具体研究结论为:
(1)从液化石油气火灾爆炸事故机制分析与研究入手,构建了可燃气体火灾成灾机制与危险性控制研究的模式,给出了相应的模式结构图、应用步骤、方法学基础和安全性研究的方式;针对应用实例的具体情况,依据所构建的研究模式,提出了某液化石油气储配站的储罐区的火灾成灾机制与危险性控制研究模式,在熟悉储罐区情况后首先进行火灾成灾机制研究,内容包括辨识三类危险源、事故树分析、UVCE和BLEVE事故后果分析、ICI Mond火灾、爆炸、毒性指数法(以下简称ICI Mond法)安全评价,其次进行危险性控制研究,接下来进行安全性研究,最后给出研究结论。
(2)依据建立的液化石油气火灾成灾机制研究模式所给出的研究方法,开展了:
①基于三类危险源理论,对应用实例储罐区的危险源进行了辨识,结果为:第一类危险源是液化石油气,第二类危险源是液化石油气达到可燃浓度和存在点火源,第三类危险源是管理缺陷。
②利用事故树分析法,以“LPG储罐爆炸”为顶上事件建立了事故树,求出了LPG储罐爆炸的事故模式以及控制事故不发生的途径,并且通过分析基本事件的结构重要度,进一步确定了各基本事件对顶上事件的影响程度。
③开展了液化石油气储罐区火灾、爆炸事故后果严重程度的定性、定量评价研究:对LPG储罐区发生自由蒸气云爆炸(UVCE)和沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸(BLEVE)进行了事故后果分析。结果显示,LPG储罐发生UVCE、BLEVE事故,可以在相当大的范围内造成人员伤亡和财产损失,尤其是BLEVE的后果是最严重的,要特别注意防范;采用ICIMond法对液化石油气储罐区发生火灾、爆炸事故的危险性进行了定量安全评价,对储罐区采取安全措施前后的火灾、爆炸、中毒等危险进行了预测。
(3)将液化石油气储罐区发生火灾、爆炸事故的危险源辨识结果与事故模式及控制事故不发生的途径相结合,基于本质安全化的理论,提出了控制液化石油气火灾爆炸事故的措施和建议:①从防止人失误发生、使人失误无害化和控制后果三方面提出控制人失误的措施;②储罐及设备设施控制措施主要是采用本质安全设计、选用符合规定和使用要求的优质原材料及设备、保证储罐及设备设施运行状态良好、控制点火源(明火、电火花、静电火花、撞击火花、高温热体、雷电火花和射频电);③环境控制措施主要是改善和创造安全、舒适的工作环境,达到减少人失误的目的;④管理控制措施主要是建立健全安全制度、狠抓安全教育与培训、抓好安全检查工作等。同时,针对储罐区极易发生的泄漏和火灾事故,提出了防止事故扩大或引起二次事故的相应的应急技术措施,力争把事故的损失限制在尽可能小的范围内。
(4)安全性研究:利用设计的危险性控制措施有效性检查表检验了控制措施,检查的结果是危险性控制措施是有针对性并且有效的。从采取危险性控制措施前后安全评价的结果对比来看,采取危险性控制措施后,火灾负荷、爆炸指标、气体爆炸指标、综合危险性指数等均比之前下降了很多,也进一步证明了采取危险性控制措施是有效的。结论是该储罐区危险性控制措施可以达到预期效果。
In petrochemical industry,fire accident by flammable gas is more serious dangerous among all kind of fire accident,at the same time,this kind of fire is a difficult problem in fire control region in the world.Research aimed at fire and explosive accident caused by flammable gas in petrochemical is very important.It can help of developing disaster control system,preventing and controlling this kind of fire accident and reducing casualty.Based of the reasons above LPG(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is selected to be studied.Conclusions of this article are:
(1) LPG fire accident mechanisms and risk control mode is established;corresponding mode framework,methodology base and security analysis is given by this paper based on LPG fire and explosion accident mechanisms research.According to case and the research method,fire accident mechanisms and hazard control mode of a LPG storage and distribute station is given.Approaches are:three kind of hazard identification;FTA;aftereffect analysis of UVCE and BLEVE;ICI Mond fire,explosive,toxicity index assessment;hazard control research;Security research and conclusions.
(2) Based on the method given by the research of LPG fire mechanisms:
①According to the three kind of hazard theory,hazard is identified in a LPG storage zone.The main danger substance is LPG which is the 1st class hazard;LPG reaches to a flammable concentration is the 2nd class hazard;management bug is the 3rd class hazard.
②LPG tank explosion as the root of fault tree analysis,by FTA,not-to-happen approach is finding out.Furthermore,according to analyzing the structural importance factors of basic events,we know how dose basic events affect root of fault tree.
③Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of the fire and explosion accident of LPG storage zone are researched.Main accident possibility occurs in LPG storage zone-UVCE and BLEVE accident consequence analysis.The result shows that UVCE and BLEVE accident will cause casualties and property losses over a considerable extent. Especially BLEVE is more serious.Quantitative analysis of LPG storage zone fire and explosion accident is made by ICI Mond fire,explosive,toxicity index assessment.Before and after safety precautions,prognostication of fire and explosion in LPG storage zone is given.
(3) Combining result of hazard identification and not-to-happen approach,based of inherent safety theory,this article gives fire and explosion control measure and suggestion on Man-Machine-Environment and management aspects.
①Human fault control measure is established to preventing human fault,making fault harmless and controlling result.
②Storage tank and facility control measure is mainly essence safty design;selecting high quality raw materialsraw materials;maintain tank and facility functioning well;ignition sources control.The main ignition sources are naked light,electric spark,static spark,strike spark,high temperature object,thunder spark and radio frequency electric.
③Environment control measure is mainly improving and creating safety and comfortable working Environment to preventing human fault.
④Management control measure is mainly establishing safety system;strengthen safety education and train,safety check,etc.Simultaneity,corresponding emergency measure pointed to secondary accident is taken to minimize the casualty loss
(4)Security analysis:Using designed safety control measure check list,check out the risk control measure.Result shows that the risk control measure is pertinence and effective. Safety assessment contrast between before and after risk control measure shows that taking risk control measure can descend the fire charge,explosion index,gas explosion index and colligation risk index.Risk control measure is effective;the measure can achieve the anticipated result.
引文
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