磁性纳米TiO_2/SiO_2@γ-Fe_2O_3光催化剂制备及对苯酚光催化降解性能研究
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摘要
炼焦、炼油、合成氨等化工生产过程中的废水常含有苯酚类有机污染物,如果不经处理任意排放会污染地下水源,对人类造成严重危害。目前,在含酚废水的净化处理中,光催化法以其成本较低的特点使具有良好的应用前景。但该法大多采用纳米TiO2的悬浮液相体系,存在催化剂回收困难等问题。近年来,人们对以Fe3O4等磁性材料为载体的光催化剂展开了广泛的研究,但关于磁性光催化剂结构与性能关系的研究相对较少。
本文以共沉淀法制备的磁性纳米Fe3O4为核,先后以Na2SiO3和TEOS为硅源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备壳-核结构的SiO2@Fe3O4纳米颗粒,再以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,通过溶胶-凝胶法将TiO2负载于SiO2@Fe3O4上,经过300-700℃高温焙烧,制得了TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3磁性纳米光催化剂。采用XRD、TEM、VSM、BET和UV-VIS等对催化剂的结构进行了表征,考察各因素对结构的影响,并以苯酚溶液为模拟废水进行光催化性能评价,考察催化剂制备条件及光催化反应条件对苯酚降解性能的影响。
经过正交试验优化及考察各制备条件对Fe3O4结晶度的影响得出,在Fe2+和Fe3+摩尔比为5:1,溶液pH=9.0,氨水浓度为0.6mol·L-1,50℃晶化3h条件下制备的Fe3O4结构最好,其粒径约为23nm,比饱和磁化强度为83.0 emu·g-1,比表面积为54.71m2·g-1。经过SiO2包覆后制得的SiO2@Fe3O4为壳-核结构,SiO2层厚度约为9nm。磁性纳米SiO2@Fe3O4颗粒负载Ti后,经300-700℃高温焙烧,Fe3O4核均转变为γ-Fe2O3。在500℃左右焙烧条件下制备的TiO2/SiO2@y-Fe2O3粒子,TiO2主要以具有较好光催化活性的锐钛矿晶型存在,其粒径范围为37-50nm,比饱和磁化强度为9.5 emu·g-1,具有良好的超顺磁性。
通过考察TiO2负载量、SiO2含量、催化剂的浓度、苯酚溶液初始浓度及pH值、鼓泡O2等因素对苯酚降解效果的影响得出：室温条件下,当TiO2和SiO2质量分数分别为70%和11%的光催化剂降解0.2 mmol·L-1的苯酚溶液时,催化剂浓度为0.5g·L-1、溶液初始pH值为7.0左右,鼓泡O2条件下,光催化降解苯酚效果最好,其COD去除率可达70.9%。
在最佳降解苯酚条件下,第1次使用磁性纳米光催化剂降解苯酚溶液时,苯酚COD去除率达到70.9%,催化剂回收率达到97.0%。催化剂经过8次循环使用,COD去除率降低了20.1%,而回收率可达91.0%,表现出了很好的可循环使用性能,这对有机废水的光催化研究有一定的借鉴作用。另外,经过Ni2+或Cu2+掺杂改性的磁性纳米光催化剂,对苯酚的光催化降解效果也有一定影响。
The wastewater discharged by coking, oil refining, ammonia and other chemical production processes usually contain phenol organic contaminants. If it was discharged optionally without any treatment, it would cause serious harm to human health. Currently, photocatalysis technology has a good prospect in all the methods of phenol wastewater purification as it takes a lower cost. But photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol is usually tested on nanosized TiO2 suspension in aqueous solutions. So the catalysts are easy to run off and hard to recycle. In recent years, magnetic photocatalysts which were prepared using Fe3O4 magnetic materials as support were widely researched. But there were few reports about photocatalysis activity vs. structure of magnetic photocatalysts.
In this paper, the Fe3O4 magnetic nanosized particles were prepared by co-precipitation first, and then the core-shell SiO2@Fe3O4 magnetic nanosized particles were synthesized by sol-gel technique using Fe3O4 as the cores and the Na2SiO3 and TEOS as silica sources successively. In the end, the TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanosized photocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel technique using SiO2@Fe3O4 particles as supported, the tetrabutyl titanate as Ti sources, and calcined at 300-700℃. The structure of the photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, TEM, VSM, BET and UV-VIS, and the influence of some factors on the structure of photocatalyst was also studied. The photocatalysis performances of TiO2/SiO2@y-Fe2O3 were evaluated under UV irradiation using phenol solution as stimulant wastewater. The influence of the calcinations temperature of the photocatalysts, TiO2 and SiO2 conten in the photocatalysts, photocatalysts dosage, initial concentration of phenol, solution pH value and aeration on the photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol, as well as the activity of the photocatalyst recycling and recovery rate were investigated.
The best preparation condition of Fe3O4 particles was educed through orthogonal experimental design and the influence of some preparation conditions on the crystallinity of Fe3O4 particles. The condition was that the Fe2+/Fe3+molar ratio was 5:1, solution pH value was 9.0, aging temperature was 50℃, aging time was 3 h and ammonia concentration was 0.6 mol·L-1. The size of Fe3O4 particles prepared under this preparation conditions was about 23 nm, the saturation magnetization was 83.0 emu·g-1, and the surface area was 54.71 m2·g-1. The SiO2@Fe3O4 particles taken on core-shell structure, and the thickness of SiO2 layer was about 9 nm. Fe3O4 core of the TiO2/SiO2@y-Fe2O3 were transformed intoγ-Fe2O3 when they were calcined at 300-700℃. The activity phase of the TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanosized photocatalysts calcined at 500℃was the anatase TiO2 which had exhibited the best photocatalytic activity for the photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol. The size of TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 particles was about 37-50 nm, and the saturation magnetization was 9.5 emu·g-1. It had a good superparamagnetism.
The best photocatalytic oxidation degradation condition of phenol was educed through the study of the influence of TiO2 and SiO2 conten, photocatalyst dosage, initial concentration of phenol, solution pH value and aeration on the activity. The COD removal efficiency of phenol could achieve up to 70.9% when the mass fraction of TiO2 and SiO2 was 70% and 11% respectively, the initial concentration of phenol was 0.2 mmol·L-1, the concentration of photocatalysts was 0.5 g·L-1, the pH value was about 7.0, bubble oxygen, the reaction temperature was room temperature and the UV irradiation time was 180 min.
When the photocatalysts were used in the first time under the best photocatalytic oxidation degradation condition of phenol, the COD removal efficiency of phenol could achieve up to 70.9%, and the recovery rate could achieve up to 97.0%. After used eight cycles, the COD removal efficiency of the phenol was decreased by 20.1%, and however, the recovery rate could achieve up to 91.0%. It showed a good recyclable performance to photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol, which afforded us reference for the photocatalytic treatment of organic wastewater. In other respects, the TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanosized photocatalysts doped by Ni2+ or Cu2+ exhibitioned a certain influence on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol.
本文以共沉淀法制备的磁性纳米Fe3O4为核,先后以Na2SiO3和TEOS为硅源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备壳-核结构的SiO2@Fe3O4纳米颗粒,再以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,通过溶胶-凝胶法将TiO2负载于SiO2@Fe3O4上,经过300-700℃高温焙烧,制得了TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3磁性纳米光催化剂。采用XRD、TEM、VSM、BET和UV-VIS等对催化剂的结构进行了表征,考察各因素对结构的影响,并以苯酚溶液为模拟废水进行光催化性能评价,考察催化剂制备条件及光催化反应条件对苯酚降解性能的影响。
经过正交试验优化及考察各制备条件对Fe3O4结晶度的影响得出,在Fe2+和Fe3+摩尔比为5:1,溶液pH=9.0,氨水浓度为0.6mol·L-1,50℃晶化3h条件下制备的Fe3O4结构最好,其粒径约为23nm,比饱和磁化强度为83.0 emu·g-1,比表面积为54.71m2·g-1。经过SiO2包覆后制得的SiO2@Fe3O4为壳-核结构,SiO2层厚度约为9nm。磁性纳米SiO2@Fe3O4颗粒负载Ti后,经300-700℃高温焙烧,Fe3O4核均转变为γ-Fe2O3。在500℃左右焙烧条件下制备的TiO2/SiO2@y-Fe2O3粒子,TiO2主要以具有较好光催化活性的锐钛矿晶型存在,其粒径范围为37-50nm,比饱和磁化强度为9.5 emu·g-1,具有良好的超顺磁性。
通过考察TiO2负载量、SiO2含量、催化剂的浓度、苯酚溶液初始浓度及pH值、鼓泡O2等因素对苯酚降解效果的影响得出：室温条件下,当TiO2和SiO2质量分数分别为70%和11%的光催化剂降解0.2 mmol·L-1的苯酚溶液时,催化剂浓度为0.5g·L-1、溶液初始pH值为7.0左右,鼓泡O2条件下,光催化降解苯酚效果最好,其COD去除率可达70.9%。
在最佳降解苯酚条件下,第1次使用磁性纳米光催化剂降解苯酚溶液时,苯酚COD去除率达到70.9%,催化剂回收率达到97.0%。催化剂经过8次循环使用,COD去除率降低了20.1%,而回收率可达91.0%,表现出了很好的可循环使用性能,这对有机废水的光催化研究有一定的借鉴作用。另外,经过Ni2+或Cu2+掺杂改性的磁性纳米光催化剂,对苯酚的光催化降解效果也有一定影响。
The wastewater discharged by coking, oil refining, ammonia and other chemical production processes usually contain phenol organic contaminants. If it was discharged optionally without any treatment, it would cause serious harm to human health. Currently, photocatalysis technology has a good prospect in all the methods of phenol wastewater purification as it takes a lower cost. But photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol is usually tested on nanosized TiO2 suspension in aqueous solutions. So the catalysts are easy to run off and hard to recycle. In recent years, magnetic photocatalysts which were prepared using Fe3O4 magnetic materials as support were widely researched. But there were few reports about photocatalysis activity vs. structure of magnetic photocatalysts.
In this paper, the Fe3O4 magnetic nanosized particles were prepared by co-precipitation first, and then the core-shell SiO2@Fe3O4 magnetic nanosized particles were synthesized by sol-gel technique using Fe3O4 as the cores and the Na2SiO3 and TEOS as silica sources successively. In the end, the TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanosized photocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel technique using SiO2@Fe3O4 particles as supported, the tetrabutyl titanate as Ti sources, and calcined at 300-700℃. The structure of the photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, TEM, VSM, BET and UV-VIS, and the influence of some factors on the structure of photocatalyst was also studied. The photocatalysis performances of TiO2/SiO2@y-Fe2O3 were evaluated under UV irradiation using phenol solution as stimulant wastewater. The influence of the calcinations temperature of the photocatalysts, TiO2 and SiO2 conten in the photocatalysts, photocatalysts dosage, initial concentration of phenol, solution pH value and aeration on the photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol, as well as the activity of the photocatalyst recycling and recovery rate were investigated.
The best preparation condition of Fe3O4 particles was educed through orthogonal experimental design and the influence of some preparation conditions on the crystallinity of Fe3O4 particles. The condition was that the Fe2+/Fe3+molar ratio was 5:1, solution pH value was 9.0, aging temperature was 50℃, aging time was 3 h and ammonia concentration was 0.6 mol·L-1. The size of Fe3O4 particles prepared under this preparation conditions was about 23 nm, the saturation magnetization was 83.0 emu·g-1, and the surface area was 54.71 m2·g-1. The SiO2@Fe3O4 particles taken on core-shell structure, and the thickness of SiO2 layer was about 9 nm. Fe3O4 core of the TiO2/SiO2@y-Fe2O3 were transformed intoγ-Fe2O3 when they were calcined at 300-700℃. The activity phase of the TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanosized photocatalysts calcined at 500℃was the anatase TiO2 which had exhibited the best photocatalytic activity for the photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol. The size of TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 particles was about 37-50 nm, and the saturation magnetization was 9.5 emu·g-1. It had a good superparamagnetism.
The best photocatalytic oxidation degradation condition of phenol was educed through the study of the influence of TiO2 and SiO2 conten, photocatalyst dosage, initial concentration of phenol, solution pH value and aeration on the activity. The COD removal efficiency of phenol could achieve up to 70.9% when the mass fraction of TiO2 and SiO2 was 70% and 11% respectively, the initial concentration of phenol was 0.2 mmol·L-1, the concentration of photocatalysts was 0.5 g·L-1, the pH value was about 7.0, bubble oxygen, the reaction temperature was room temperature and the UV irradiation time was 180 min.
When the photocatalysts were used in the first time under the best photocatalytic oxidation degradation condition of phenol, the COD removal efficiency of phenol could achieve up to 70.9%, and the recovery rate could achieve up to 97.0%. After used eight cycles, the COD removal efficiency of the phenol was decreased by 20.1%, and however, the recovery rate could achieve up to 91.0%. It showed a good recyclable performance to photocatalytic oxidation degradation of phenol, which afforded us reference for the photocatalytic treatment of organic wastewater. In other respects, the TiO2/SiO2@γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanosized photocatalysts doped by Ni2+ or Cu2+ exhibitioned a certain influence on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol.
引文
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