论社会保障权
摘要
社会保障权是法律赋予公民在因年老、疾病、伤残、生育、失业等原因丧失劳动能力或发生暂时困难情况下从国家和社会获得物质帮助,以满足其基本生活需要的一项宪法基本权利。它既是一系列国际人权法文件确认和保障的一项重要的社会基本权利,也是大多数国家宪法规定的公民基本权利。
社会保障权的本质是保障公民的生存权,并促进其发展。为此,我国政府在公民社会保障权的实现方面,作出了不懈的努力,并取得了巨大的成就。但同时我国现阶段实现公民社会保障权还存在着一些不足,因此,通过社会保障体制改革不断改善社会保障权状况,让越来越多的人享有社会保障权势在必行。
社会保障权最终要通过法治得以保障和实现,这就要求进一步建立和健全社会保障权及其实现机制。鉴于目前我国社会保障权的法律保障不力的状态,应从立法、执法、司法等法运行过程来探讨如何保障社会保障权在实践中得到有效的救济,最终使社会保障权得以确认、保障和实现。
The right to social security of the citizens of a modern society is a fundamental right, is an independent, received a series of international human rights instruments to confirm basic human rights. It is human civilization the inevitable result of long-term development, is a member of the community to maintain their dignity and the minimum standard of living necessary. From agricultural society to industrial society and the transition from strict planned economy to market economy changes, the social security problem facing China. The market economy is relying on the market mechanism to regulate and control the economy through free competition to achieve as a means of economic development. Although the market mechanism economic efficiency can be greatly improved, but more likely to be hidden in the social risks such as poverty, unemployment, expanding the gap between rich and poor, unfair income distribution, and other phenomena could, in a part of the plight of the members of society, then causing serious social problems.
And the development of all countries experience shows that the realization of civil and established the right to social security is to achieve social stability and an important guarantee for the development, it can effectively eliminate or alleviate social risks brought about by the adverse consequences. In particularly, the right to social security by meeting members of the society’s basic needs and solve people’s worries; the public face of the burgeoning problems of the community members have at least the basic living guarantee to the extent possible, through the narrow gap between rich and poor , and be able to create a more fair and reasonable mechanism for the distribution of social wealth, and finally to every member of society is through social security and the realization of the right of access to their own should be in the socio-economic interests, and the future life of a good psychological expectations, and thus achieving social harmony and the development of a sound social basis. The establishment of a modern, and with Chinese characteristics guarantee citizens the right to social security to achieve socialist legal system has a direct bearing on social stability and all-round development of relations to the success of China’s economic reform and the country’s long-term stability. The social security of our citizens the realization of the right yet there are all sorts of issues, to be adopted to improve the social protection of the legal system to be addressed.
There are three parts as followed in the thesis:
The first part studies the concept, The right to social security is a basic constitutional right that shall be asked to offer under laws by people when people’s income cannot maintain necessary living levels or normal living standard because of old age, illness, disability, bearing, death, calamity, and unemployment, poverty, temporarily or permanently there being no competence or opportunity of work. As a right system, the right of social security is constituted by some sub-right—public relief right, social insurance right, social welfare right and excellent fondle right etc. It is a legal right, non-reciprocity, a compound right and a cluster of sub-rights. It is not only a kind of social fundamental right that a series of international human right laws confirm and secure, but also a constitutional right most country’s constitutions have confirmed. The right to social security, as a fundamental right of citizen, is a public right to the state. The state should try its best to ensure this right. The citizen’s right is a duty of the state. But according to the theory of jurisprudence, this right isn’t absolute. Different from other rights, the right of social security only can be exercised in the way of law, and cannot be abused. As a right system, the right of social security is constituted by some sub-right—public relief right, social insurance right, social welfare right and excellent fondle right etc.
The second part discusses the rights to social security in China. The essence of the right to social security is to safeguard citizen’s right to subsistence, and promote citizen’s development. Therefore, Chinese government gained the huge achievements of the right of realization for the citizen, including legal system construction, social insurance and other social securities, and the raise of social security funds from many outlets etc. Now we face the history challenge to realize the rights to social security, but, at the same time, citizen gains social security right to exist some shortage at present, mainly the citizen possess the less social security right, the citizen of city and country possesses the inequality of social security right and bigger differences, the bad function of the social security, with the low degree socialization and the government threw in not enough public finance at social security etc, these all indicate that our social security exists necessity that the system of right need reform and make the numerous peasants enjoy the right equally.
The third part studies the realization system. Legislation in social security is lagging behind, which can’t meet the practical needs or assure the rights efficiently. The legal system for social security should be well established and strengthened. China has already granted to join many international conventions of human rights that providing right to social security and they have already produced effect to China. The government has responsibility implementing the duties of the conventions faithfully. At the same time, we should make domestic legislation of right to social security items embodied in the constitution, and should first-step format the social security law system which matches the state of China and in which right to social security by constitution for foundation. The fulfillment of right to social security needs active administration of the national administrative organs. Both the system of comprehensive coordination by administrative authorities and the system of supervision over social security are to be strengthened.
Where there is no legal remedy, there is no real right to social security. The remedy of right to social security is an end guarantee that the right can be fulfilled. Among them, the judicial remedy is used mostly and is the most valid remedy path. Litigation is the last defense line for the right. On the one hand, explore the theory and principle on dealing with the dispute in social security on the base of the rights’character to improve the present legal system. On the other hand, put the constitution’s remedy for rights into effect by applying it directly in the judicature. In the present law, only the labor’s social insurance right and the minimum living standard guarantee right for urban residents can get the legal remedy, which is incomplete and limited. And we should make the system of the review of breach of constitution comes true as soon as possible in our country. It is a unique way to walk realizing really the protection of the social security right.
The right to social security is the common people’s basic needs met, members of the community equal access to basic resources and livelihood opportunities to provide guarantees to meet their basic survival and maintaining quality of life needs right. Therefore, it is the process of building a socialist harmonious society in an important civil rights. Equality and the right to social security, should be our common goal, we need to make unremitting efforts.
社会保障权的本质是保障公民的生存权,并促进其发展。为此,我国政府在公民社会保障权的实现方面,作出了不懈的努力,并取得了巨大的成就。但同时我国现阶段实现公民社会保障权还存在着一些不足,因此,通过社会保障体制改革不断改善社会保障权状况,让越来越多的人享有社会保障权势在必行。
社会保障权最终要通过法治得以保障和实现,这就要求进一步建立和健全社会保障权及其实现机制。鉴于目前我国社会保障权的法律保障不力的状态,应从立法、执法、司法等法运行过程来探讨如何保障社会保障权在实践中得到有效的救济,最终使社会保障权得以确认、保障和实现。
The right to social security of the citizens of a modern society is a fundamental right, is an independent, received a series of international human rights instruments to confirm basic human rights. It is human civilization the inevitable result of long-term development, is a member of the community to maintain their dignity and the minimum standard of living necessary. From agricultural society to industrial society and the transition from strict planned economy to market economy changes, the social security problem facing China. The market economy is relying on the market mechanism to regulate and control the economy through free competition to achieve as a means of economic development. Although the market mechanism economic efficiency can be greatly improved, but more likely to be hidden in the social risks such as poverty, unemployment, expanding the gap between rich and poor, unfair income distribution, and other phenomena could, in a part of the plight of the members of society, then causing serious social problems.
And the development of all countries experience shows that the realization of civil and established the right to social security is to achieve social stability and an important guarantee for the development, it can effectively eliminate or alleviate social risks brought about by the adverse consequences. In particularly, the right to social security by meeting members of the society’s basic needs and solve people’s worries; the public face of the burgeoning problems of the community members have at least the basic living guarantee to the extent possible, through the narrow gap between rich and poor , and be able to create a more fair and reasonable mechanism for the distribution of social wealth, and finally to every member of society is through social security and the realization of the right of access to their own should be in the socio-economic interests, and the future life of a good psychological expectations, and thus achieving social harmony and the development of a sound social basis. The establishment of a modern, and with Chinese characteristics guarantee citizens the right to social security to achieve socialist legal system has a direct bearing on social stability and all-round development of relations to the success of China’s economic reform and the country’s long-term stability. The social security of our citizens the realization of the right yet there are all sorts of issues, to be adopted to improve the social protection of the legal system to be addressed.
There are three parts as followed in the thesis:
The first part studies the concept, The right to social security is a basic constitutional right that shall be asked to offer under laws by people when people’s income cannot maintain necessary living levels or normal living standard because of old age, illness, disability, bearing, death, calamity, and unemployment, poverty, temporarily or permanently there being no competence or opportunity of work. As a right system, the right of social security is constituted by some sub-right—public relief right, social insurance right, social welfare right and excellent fondle right etc. It is a legal right, non-reciprocity, a compound right and a cluster of sub-rights. It is not only a kind of social fundamental right that a series of international human right laws confirm and secure, but also a constitutional right most country’s constitutions have confirmed. The right to social security, as a fundamental right of citizen, is a public right to the state. The state should try its best to ensure this right. The citizen’s right is a duty of the state. But according to the theory of jurisprudence, this right isn’t absolute. Different from other rights, the right of social security only can be exercised in the way of law, and cannot be abused. As a right system, the right of social security is constituted by some sub-right—public relief right, social insurance right, social welfare right and excellent fondle right etc.
The second part discusses the rights to social security in China. The essence of the right to social security is to safeguard citizen’s right to subsistence, and promote citizen’s development. Therefore, Chinese government gained the huge achievements of the right of realization for the citizen, including legal system construction, social insurance and other social securities, and the raise of social security funds from many outlets etc. Now we face the history challenge to realize the rights to social security, but, at the same time, citizen gains social security right to exist some shortage at present, mainly the citizen possess the less social security right, the citizen of city and country possesses the inequality of social security right and bigger differences, the bad function of the social security, with the low degree socialization and the government threw in not enough public finance at social security etc, these all indicate that our social security exists necessity that the system of right need reform and make the numerous peasants enjoy the right equally.
The third part studies the realization system. Legislation in social security is lagging behind, which can’t meet the practical needs or assure the rights efficiently. The legal system for social security should be well established and strengthened. China has already granted to join many international conventions of human rights that providing right to social security and they have already produced effect to China. The government has responsibility implementing the duties of the conventions faithfully. At the same time, we should make domestic legislation of right to social security items embodied in the constitution, and should first-step format the social security law system which matches the state of China and in which right to social security by constitution for foundation. The fulfillment of right to social security needs active administration of the national administrative organs. Both the system of comprehensive coordination by administrative authorities and the system of supervision over social security are to be strengthened.
Where there is no legal remedy, there is no real right to social security. The remedy of right to social security is an end guarantee that the right can be fulfilled. Among them, the judicial remedy is used mostly and is the most valid remedy path. Litigation is the last defense line for the right. On the one hand, explore the theory and principle on dealing with the dispute in social security on the base of the rights’character to improve the present legal system. On the other hand, put the constitution’s remedy for rights into effect by applying it directly in the judicature. In the present law, only the labor’s social insurance right and the minimum living standard guarantee right for urban residents can get the legal remedy, which is incomplete and limited. And we should make the system of the review of breach of constitution comes true as soon as possible in our country. It is a unique way to walk realizing really the protection of the social security right.
The right to social security is the common people’s basic needs met, members of the community equal access to basic resources and livelihood opportunities to provide guarantees to meet their basic survival and maintaining quality of life needs right. Therefore, it is the process of building a socialist harmonious society in an important civil rights. Equality and the right to social security, should be our common goal, we need to make unremitting efforts.
引文
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5.周宝妹:《论社会保障权》,载《长白学刊》2006年第1期。
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3.张姝:《浅析社会保障权的主体》,载《行政与法》2004年第12期。
4.安树昆:《论公民的社会保障权》,载《云南行政学院学报》2004年第1期。
5.周宝妹:《论社会保障权》,载《长白学刊》2006年第1期。
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11.张慧平:《论社会保障权及其现实化》,载《政治与法律》2005年第4期。
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19.陈建平:《社会保障权保障研究》,湖南大学硕士学位论文,2006年5月。
20.于海洋:《论社会保障权及其实现》,华东政法学院硕士学位论文,2007年5月。
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2. ILO, Introduction to Social security, Geneva, 1984.
3. Kitty Arambulo, Giving Meaning to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. A Continuing Struggle, Human Rights and Human Welfare, 2003.
4. De Wet, The Constitutional Enforceability of Economic and Social Rights: The Meaning of the German Constitutional Model for South Africa, 1996.
5. Charles G.Sampford and D.J.Galligan(eds.), Law, Rights and the Welfare State, London:Croom,Helm,1986.