半干旱地区垄沟集雨种植对老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus L.）生长和产量的影响
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摘要
干旱半干旱地区气候干旱,降水稀少,生态环境比较脆弱,水资源短缺是制约该地区经济发展和生态环境改善的主要因素。垄沟集雨种植是干旱半干旱地区挖掘水资源潜力、促进生态环境改善和发展集雨型的农牧业生产方式具有重要意义。本文为解决半干旱地区地下水匮缺、降水稀少,季节性分布不均对牧草生长的限制,采用垄沟集雨种植模式,垄作为径流区,沟作为种植带,使有限降雨在沟内(种植带)产生富集累加,改善种植带内土壤水分状况,提高牧草总体产量(文中的MR60指垄宽：沟宽为60cm:30cm; MR30垄宽：沟宽为30cm:30cm; CK即平作)。通过水分频域反射仪(PR2)观测降雨后种植带内水分运移情况,并结合老芒麦生长季内生长发育指标,研究结果如下：
1.垄沟集雨种植改善了种植带内0-50cm土壤水分状况,在秋季至次年非生长季提高种植带内土壤蓄水保墒能力；生长季内,种植带随着土壤深度的增加(0-50cm),土壤含水量呈现出先增加、后降低的趋势,同一土壤深度,MR60处理内含水量最高；MR30次之,CK最低。对于MR60和MR30,降雨在种植带内富集后水分发生垂向下渗和垄下侧渗,湿润锋面变宽变深。
2.垄沟集雨种植对老芒麦(Elymus sibirlcus L.)的营养生长产生积极影响。垄沟集雨种植显著提高老芒麦株高,促进老芒麦分蘖,增加了老芒麦密度。在一定程度上增加了叶片数目,叶长、叶宽均增加。08年密度变化不明显,09年进入抽穗期以前,MR60和MR30密度稳定在3500株／m2左右,CK密度稳定在2300株／m2左右,相对提高52%
3.垄沟集雨种植提高单位面积草产量(按照全面积计算),09年第一茬MR60、MR30和CK干草产量分别是4.11t/hm2、3.86t/hm2和1.37t/hm2; MR60和CK相比,产量提高约3倍；MR30和CK相比,提高约2.8倍；09年再生草MR60. MR30和CK干草产量分别是1.13t/hm2、1.01t/hm2和0.25t/hm2; MR60和CK相比,产量提高约4倍以上；MR30和CK相比,提高约3.9倍。
4.垄沟集雨种植对老芒麦的生殖生长产生重要影响。第一,垄沟集雨种植提高生殖枝密度(按照全面积计算),MR30、MR60和CK生殖枝的平均密度分别为576株／m2、411株／m2和284株／m2；第二,垄沟集雨种植提高了老芒麦每生殖枝上的小穗数,MR60、MR30和CK每生殖枝上的平均小穗数目分别是58、54和46个。第三,垄沟集雨种植提高花序中、下部小穗上的种子数,对花序上部的小穗上的种子数影响不大。在花序下部(1-10节),MR60、MR30和CK处理内大部分小穗依次有3粒、2粒、1粒种子；在花序中部(10-20节),MR60、MR30和CK处理大部分小穗内有3粒、3粒、2粒种子。在花序上部(>20节),各处理内每小穗上基本上都是1粒种子或没有。第四,垄沟集雨种植提高老芒麦种子千粒重,MR60、MR30和CK的千粒重分别为3.51g、3.09g和2.99g。第五,垄沟集雨种植提高老芒麦种子产量,MR60、MR30和CK的种子产量分别达到1.11 t/hm2,0.82 t/hm2和0.44 t/hm2; MR60和MR30与CK相比,种子产量分别提高2.5倍和1.8倍。
In arid and semi arid region, the climate was drought, the precipitation was scarce and the ecological environment was weak. Water shortage is the main factor restricting the region's economic development and ecological improvement. Ridge-furrow collecting rainwater planting is important for exploring the potential of rainwater resourse, promoting ecological environment improvement and developing agriculture and animal husbandry based on rainwater-collected in arid and semi-arid region. In order to resolve the restriction of deficient ground water, rare precipitation, and uneven distribution among growing season on forage growth and development, ridge-furrow collecting water planting system, composed of mulched ridge served as runoff collected zone and furrow served as planting zone, was utilized in semi-arid region. It gathered limited rainwater within the planting zone, improved the soil moisture and enhanced the total forage yield (MR60 refers to the width of ridge and furrow is 60cm and 30cm; MR30 refers to the width of ridge and furrow is 30cm and 30cm; CK refers to flat planting). Through examine the soil water transportation and indexes of Elymus (Elymus sibirlcus L.) growth and development, the following are the preliminary results
1. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system improved the soil moisture between soil layer of 0-50 cm. In non-growing season from autumn to next spring, it enhanced the soil water storage and retention in planting zone. In growing season, soil moisture content formerly increased and later decreased with the soil layer deepened, with the same soil layer, the soil moisture content in MR60 was higher than that in MR30, and the MR30 was higher than that in CK. The rainfall gathered in the planting zone vertically infiltrated and lateral seeped to the ridge, wetting front growed deeper and broadened.
2. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system played vital part in vegetative growth of Elymus. The system significantly enhanced lent height, promoted tillering, increased density of Elymus, the number of leave, the length and width of Elymus increased to some degree. The density between treatments in 2008 didn't vary significantly, the density of MR60 and MR30 were about 3500 tiller/m2, while that of CK was 2300 tiller/m2, the density between MR60 and MR30 were improved relatively by 52%.
3. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system improved forage yield per unit area. The yield of MR60, MR30 and CK of first cutting in 2009 were separately 4.11t/hm2,3.86t/hm2 and 1.37t/hm2. The yield of MR60 was enhanced by 3 times with CK, and that of MR30 was enhanced by 2.8 times with CK. The yield of MR60, MR30 and CK of second cutting were 1.13t/hm2,1.01t/hm2and 0.25t/hm2. The yield of MR60 was improved by 4 times with CK, and that of MR30 was improved by 3.9 times with CK.
4. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system played important role in reproductive growth of Elymus. Firstly, the system, enhanced fertile tillers density, the average fertile tillers density of MR30, MR60 and CK were 576 tiller/m2、411 tiller/m2 and 284 tiller/m2. Secondly, the system increased spikelets per fertile, the average spikelets per fertile of MR60, MR30 and CK were 58,54 and 46. Thirdly, the system enhanced the lower and middle seeds number of spikelet, and it didn't matter for the upper seed number. In the lower part of inflorescence (1-10item), the seed number of spikelet of MR60, MR30 and CK were 3,2 and 1; In the middle of inflorescence (10-20 item), the seed number of spikelet of MR60, MR30 and CK were 3,3 and 2; In the upper part of inflorescence (＞20 item), the seed number between treatments was either 1 or 0. Fourthly, the system improved thousand seed weight of Elymus, the thousand seed weight of MR60, MR30 and CK were respectively 3.51,3.09 and 2.99g. Lastly, the system enhanced seed yield of Elymus, the seed yield of MR60, MR30 and CK were separately 1.11 t/hm2,0.82 t/hm2 and 0.44 t/hm2, the seed yield of MR60 and MR30 was 2.5 and 1.8 times higher than that of CK.
1.垄沟集雨种植改善了种植带内0-50cm土壤水分状况,在秋季至次年非生长季提高种植带内土壤蓄水保墒能力；生长季内,种植带随着土壤深度的增加(0-50cm),土壤含水量呈现出先增加、后降低的趋势,同一土壤深度,MR60处理内含水量最高；MR30次之,CK最低。对于MR60和MR30,降雨在种植带内富集后水分发生垂向下渗和垄下侧渗,湿润锋面变宽变深。
2.垄沟集雨种植对老芒麦(Elymus sibirlcus L.)的营养生长产生积极影响。垄沟集雨种植显著提高老芒麦株高,促进老芒麦分蘖,增加了老芒麦密度。在一定程度上增加了叶片数目,叶长、叶宽均增加。08年密度变化不明显,09年进入抽穗期以前,MR60和MR30密度稳定在3500株／m2左右,CK密度稳定在2300株／m2左右,相对提高52%
3.垄沟集雨种植提高单位面积草产量(按照全面积计算),09年第一茬MR60、MR30和CK干草产量分别是4.11t/hm2、3.86t/hm2和1.37t/hm2; MR60和CK相比,产量提高约3倍；MR30和CK相比,提高约2.8倍；09年再生草MR60. MR30和CK干草产量分别是1.13t/hm2、1.01t/hm2和0.25t/hm2; MR60和CK相比,产量提高约4倍以上；MR30和CK相比,提高约3.9倍。
4.垄沟集雨种植对老芒麦的生殖生长产生重要影响。第一,垄沟集雨种植提高生殖枝密度(按照全面积计算),MR30、MR60和CK生殖枝的平均密度分别为576株／m2、411株／m2和284株／m2；第二,垄沟集雨种植提高了老芒麦每生殖枝上的小穗数,MR60、MR30和CK每生殖枝上的平均小穗数目分别是58、54和46个。第三,垄沟集雨种植提高花序中、下部小穗上的种子数,对花序上部的小穗上的种子数影响不大。在花序下部(1-10节),MR60、MR30和CK处理内大部分小穗依次有3粒、2粒、1粒种子；在花序中部(10-20节),MR60、MR30和CK处理大部分小穗内有3粒、3粒、2粒种子。在花序上部(>20节),各处理内每小穗上基本上都是1粒种子或没有。第四,垄沟集雨种植提高老芒麦种子千粒重,MR60、MR30和CK的千粒重分别为3.51g、3.09g和2.99g。第五,垄沟集雨种植提高老芒麦种子产量,MR60、MR30和CK的种子产量分别达到1.11 t/hm2,0.82 t/hm2和0.44 t/hm2; MR60和MR30与CK相比,种子产量分别提高2.5倍和1.8倍。
In arid and semi arid region, the climate was drought, the precipitation was scarce and the ecological environment was weak. Water shortage is the main factor restricting the region's economic development and ecological improvement. Ridge-furrow collecting rainwater planting is important for exploring the potential of rainwater resourse, promoting ecological environment improvement and developing agriculture and animal husbandry based on rainwater-collected in arid and semi-arid region. In order to resolve the restriction of deficient ground water, rare precipitation, and uneven distribution among growing season on forage growth and development, ridge-furrow collecting water planting system, composed of mulched ridge served as runoff collected zone and furrow served as planting zone, was utilized in semi-arid region. It gathered limited rainwater within the planting zone, improved the soil moisture and enhanced the total forage yield (MR60 refers to the width of ridge and furrow is 60cm and 30cm; MR30 refers to the width of ridge and furrow is 30cm and 30cm; CK refers to flat planting). Through examine the soil water transportation and indexes of Elymus (Elymus sibirlcus L.) growth and development, the following are the preliminary results
1. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system improved the soil moisture between soil layer of 0-50 cm. In non-growing season from autumn to next spring, it enhanced the soil water storage and retention in planting zone. In growing season, soil moisture content formerly increased and later decreased with the soil layer deepened, with the same soil layer, the soil moisture content in MR60 was higher than that in MR30, and the MR30 was higher than that in CK. The rainfall gathered in the planting zone vertically infiltrated and lateral seeped to the ridge, wetting front growed deeper and broadened.
2. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system played vital part in vegetative growth of Elymus. The system significantly enhanced lent height, promoted tillering, increased density of Elymus, the number of leave, the length and width of Elymus increased to some degree. The density between treatments in 2008 didn't vary significantly, the density of MR60 and MR30 were about 3500 tiller/m2, while that of CK was 2300 tiller/m2, the density between MR60 and MR30 were improved relatively by 52%.
3. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system improved forage yield per unit area. The yield of MR60, MR30 and CK of first cutting in 2009 were separately 4.11t/hm2,3.86t/hm2 and 1.37t/hm2. The yield of MR60 was enhanced by 3 times with CK, and that of MR30 was enhanced by 2.8 times with CK. The yield of MR60, MR30 and CK of second cutting were 1.13t/hm2,1.01t/hm2and 0.25t/hm2. The yield of MR60 was improved by 4 times with CK, and that of MR30 was improved by 3.9 times with CK.
4. Ridge-furrow collecting water planting system played important role in reproductive growth of Elymus. Firstly, the system, enhanced fertile tillers density, the average fertile tillers density of MR30, MR60 and CK were 576 tiller/m2、411 tiller/m2 and 284 tiller/m2. Secondly, the system increased spikelets per fertile, the average spikelets per fertile of MR60, MR30 and CK were 58,54 and 46. Thirdly, the system enhanced the lower and middle seeds number of spikelet, and it didn't matter for the upper seed number. In the lower part of inflorescence (1-10item), the seed number of spikelet of MR60, MR30 and CK were 3,2 and 1; In the middle of inflorescence (10-20 item), the seed number of spikelet of MR60, MR30 and CK were 3,3 and 2; In the upper part of inflorescence (＞20 item), the seed number between treatments was either 1 or 0. Fourthly, the system improved thousand seed weight of Elymus, the thousand seed weight of MR60, MR30 and CK were respectively 3.51,3.09 and 2.99g. Lastly, the system enhanced seed yield of Elymus, the seed yield of MR60, MR30 and CK were separately 1.11 t/hm2,0.82 t/hm2 and 0.44 t/hm2, the seed yield of MR60 and MR30 was 2.5 and 1.8 times higher than that of CK.
引文
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