机械合金化法制备AgCr触头材料及其性能研究
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摘要
电触头主要负责接通、断开电路及负载电流的任务,由于它的特殊作用,电接触材料的性能直接影响电子产品的可靠性、稳定性、精度和使用寿命。在闭合和断开的过程中触头受到电侵蚀是导致其不能正常工作的主要原因。因此开展抗电侵蚀性能强的电接触材料的研究有重要的意义。
本文主要研究机械合金化法制备AgCr触头材料及其性能。首先,分析球磨转速和球磨时间对球磨粉末物相、晶粒大小、微观应变和粉末形貌的影响,主要是用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对粉末进行物相及形貌分析。其次,研究球磨转速、球磨时间、球料比和烧结温度等工艺参数对AgCr合金材料的密度、硬度、导电性、金相结构的影响,总结出制备性能优异的AgCr合金材料的工艺。最后,通过对电路电流及通断比的变化、触头接触电阻的变化和接触表面形貌及成分的分析研究,可综合分析触头材料的电接触性能。通过比较AgCr触头、铜基覆银触头、AgSnO2触头在电流作用下的接触性能,检验AgCr触头是否具有较强的抗电侵蚀能力。
研究结果表明：当球磨转速达到一定值,球磨到一定时间,Cr相能部分固溶到Ag相中。适当的球磨工艺参数和烧结温度可以制备出性能相对优异的AgCr合金,其制备的AgCr(Cr含量12 wt%),密度为9.62 g／cm3,硬度为122.3 HV,导电率4.03μΩ·cm,同时烧结体金相结构表明该工艺参数下制备的触头材料组织分散较均匀,无明显团聚现象,具有很好的开发和应用前景。
AgCr触头电接触性能分析表明：分别在相同测试条件下,发现AgCr触头电性能要优于铜基覆银触头；而与AgSnO2触头相比,AgCr对称触头材料转移量更大,但是AgSnO2触头接触表面有裂纹生成,并且闭合分断电流达10万次后,AgCr对称触头保持接触电阻低而稳定,同时电路通断比没变化。总体评价：AgCr触头具有较好的电接触性能。
Electrical contact is responsible to connect and break the circuit and carry current. Because of its special role, performance of electrical contact materials directly impacts on the reliability, stability, accuracy and service life of electronic products. In the process of connecting and breaking the circuit, electrical contactor comes under electrical erosion, so that it can't normal work. Thereby, study on electrical contact materials which have the strong anti-electrical erosion has important significance.
This paper studies preparation and properties of AgCr contact material, which is prepared by mechanical alloying. Firstly, it researches effect of milling technology on phase, grain size, micro-strain and morphology of AgCr powder by X-ray diffraction and SEM, which includes milling speed and the ratio between the weight of balls and materiel. Secondly, though studying milling technology and sintering temperature impact on density, hardness, conductivity and optical structure of AgCr alloy material, we have gained the best technological parameters with which AgCr alloy material is produced by mechanical alloying. Lastly, though exploring electrical properties of AgSnO2 contactor, silver covering copper-base contactor and AgCr contactor under the DC by analysis of circuital current, contact resistance, SEM micrographs and elemental analysis of contact surface, we can examine whether the AgCr contactor has strong capacity of anti-electric erosion.
The results show that Cr phase can be partial solid solution to the Ag phase after a certain time of milling when the milling speed reaches a certain value. AgCr alloy material with superior performance is prepared under the appropriate milling technique and proper sintering temperature. AgCr alloy material which includes Cr content 12 wt% has density of 9.62 g/cm3, hardness of 122.3 HV and conductivity of 4.03μΩ·cm.and its micro structure structure simultaneously showed that the organization distributes more evenly and reunion is not obvious. So this material has good development and application.
Comparative analysis of the electrical contact performance indicates that AgCr contact material is superior to silver covering copper-base material with respect to anti-electric erosion. Also it shows that AgCr contactor is more amount of material transfer than the AgSnO2 contactor, but contact surface of AgSnO2 material exist cracks, also steady contact resistance of AgCr contact material and ratio of connecting and breaking of circuit have no change. In summary, AgCr contact material has the good electrical contact performance.
本文主要研究机械合金化法制备AgCr触头材料及其性能。首先,分析球磨转速和球磨时间对球磨粉末物相、晶粒大小、微观应变和粉末形貌的影响,主要是用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对粉末进行物相及形貌分析。其次,研究球磨转速、球磨时间、球料比和烧结温度等工艺参数对AgCr合金材料的密度、硬度、导电性、金相结构的影响,总结出制备性能优异的AgCr合金材料的工艺。最后,通过对电路电流及通断比的变化、触头接触电阻的变化和接触表面形貌及成分的分析研究,可综合分析触头材料的电接触性能。通过比较AgCr触头、铜基覆银触头、AgSnO2触头在电流作用下的接触性能,检验AgCr触头是否具有较强的抗电侵蚀能力。
研究结果表明：当球磨转速达到一定值,球磨到一定时间,Cr相能部分固溶到Ag相中。适当的球磨工艺参数和烧结温度可以制备出性能相对优异的AgCr合金,其制备的AgCr(Cr含量12 wt%),密度为9.62 g／cm3,硬度为122.3 HV,导电率4.03μΩ·cm,同时烧结体金相结构表明该工艺参数下制备的触头材料组织分散较均匀,无明显团聚现象,具有很好的开发和应用前景。
AgCr触头电接触性能分析表明：分别在相同测试条件下,发现AgCr触头电性能要优于铜基覆银触头；而与AgSnO2触头相比,AgCr对称触头材料转移量更大,但是AgSnO2触头接触表面有裂纹生成,并且闭合分断电流达10万次后,AgCr对称触头保持接触电阻低而稳定,同时电路通断比没变化。总体评价：AgCr触头具有较好的电接触性能。
Electrical contact is responsible to connect and break the circuit and carry current. Because of its special role, performance of electrical contact materials directly impacts on the reliability, stability, accuracy and service life of electronic products. In the process of connecting and breaking the circuit, electrical contactor comes under electrical erosion, so that it can't normal work. Thereby, study on electrical contact materials which have the strong anti-electrical erosion has important significance.
This paper studies preparation and properties of AgCr contact material, which is prepared by mechanical alloying. Firstly, it researches effect of milling technology on phase, grain size, micro-strain and morphology of AgCr powder by X-ray diffraction and SEM, which includes milling speed and the ratio between the weight of balls and materiel. Secondly, though studying milling technology and sintering temperature impact on density, hardness, conductivity and optical structure of AgCr alloy material, we have gained the best technological parameters with which AgCr alloy material is produced by mechanical alloying. Lastly, though exploring electrical properties of AgSnO2 contactor, silver covering copper-base contactor and AgCr contactor under the DC by analysis of circuital current, contact resistance, SEM micrographs and elemental analysis of contact surface, we can examine whether the AgCr contactor has strong capacity of anti-electric erosion.
The results show that Cr phase can be partial solid solution to the Ag phase after a certain time of milling when the milling speed reaches a certain value. AgCr alloy material with superior performance is prepared under the appropriate milling technique and proper sintering temperature. AgCr alloy material which includes Cr content 12 wt% has density of 9.62 g/cm3, hardness of 122.3 HV and conductivity of 4.03μΩ·cm.and its micro structure structure simultaneously showed that the organization distributes more evenly and reunion is not obvious. So this material has good development and application.
Comparative analysis of the electrical contact performance indicates that AgCr contact material is superior to silver covering copper-base material with respect to anti-electric erosion. Also it shows that AgCr contactor is more amount of material transfer than the AgSnO2 contactor, but contact surface of AgSnO2 material exist cracks, also steady contact resistance of AgCr contact material and ratio of connecting and breaking of circuit have no change. In summary, AgCr contact material has the good electrical contact performance.
引文
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[9]徐安莲,刘守平,周上棋等.机械合金化的研究进展[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(11)：84～87.
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[25]郭自鹏.Ag基梯度材料的制备及物理性质[D].西安交通大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[26]堵永国,张为军.常用触点材料的物理性能[J].电工材料,2002,(01)：35～39.
[27]L Doublet, N BenJemaa, F Hauner, D Jeannot. Make Arc Erosion and Welding Tendency under 42 VDC in Automotive Area[C]. Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts,2003:158-162.
[28]王海龙,吴玉程,王德宝等.机械合金化Cu2Cr粉末的制备及性质研究[J].材料热处理学报,2009,30(03)：29～31.
[29]Y Niu, J X Song, F Gesmundo, and G Farne. High-Temperature Oxidation of Two-Phase Nan-crystalline AgCr Alloys in 1atm O2[J]. Oxidation of Metals,2001,03(04):391-305.
[30]黄培云.粉末冶金原理[M].冶金工业出版社,2004.
[31]邱小勇.银氧化锡复合材料的制备[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[32]果世驹.粉末烧结理论[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1998.
[33]张国庆,邓德国,祁更新等.机械合金化对银基陶瓷颗粒复合材料的作用.贵金属,2000,21(2)：1-6.
[34]B S Murty, S Ranganathan. Novel material synthesis by mechanical alloying [J]. Int Mater Rev,1998,(43):101-141.
[35]李良锋,邱泰,杨建等.机械合金化制备Ag-Cu28合金过程的研究[J].粉末冶金技术,2009,27(01)：25-28.
[36]W Grunberger, L H M Sehultz, Development of high-strength and high conductivity conductor materials for Pulsed high-field magnets at Dresden[J], Physic B,2001,294-295: 643-647.
[37]郑福前,谢明,刘建良等.Ag-10Ni合金的机械合金化[J].贵属,1998,19(4)：1-3.
[38]荣命哲,冯建兴,杨武.低压电器电触头材料的电弧侵蚀[J].低压电器,1998,(01)：13～16.
[39]P M Weaver, K Pechrach, J W McBride. The Energetic of Flow and Contact Erosion During Short Circuit Arcing[C]. IEEE TRANSACTIO ON COMPONENTS AND PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES,2004,27(01):51-57.
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[2]邵文柱,崔玉胜,杨德庄.电接触材料的发展与现状[J].电工合金,1999,01：1-25.
[3]L Doublet, N BenJemaa. Electrical Arc Phenomena and Its Interaction on Contact Material at 42 Volts DC for Automotive Applications [C]//Proceedings of the 50 th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts and the 22nd International Conference on Electrical Contacts, USA,2004:8-14.
[4]Z K Chen, G Witter. Electrical Contacts for Automotive Applications:A Review [J]. IEICE Transactions on Electronics,2004, E87-C (8):1248-1254.
[5]简德湘.高能球磨法制备AgSnO2电接触材料的研究[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[6]史久熙.粉末冶金电触头材料[J].电工材料,1990,(01)：22～28.
[7]张万胜.电触头材料国外基本情况[J].电工合金,1995,(01)：5～20.
[8]朱心昆,林秋实,陈铁力等.机械合金化的研究及进程[J].粉末冶金技术,1997,17(04)：291～296.
[9]徐安莲,刘守平,周上棋等.机械合金化的研究进展[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(11)：84～87.
[10]陈君平,施雨湘,张凡等.高能球磨中的机械合金化机理[J].机械,2001,31(3)：51～54.
[11]杨君友,吴建生,曾振鹏.机械合金化过程中粉末的形变及其能量转化[J],金属学报,1998,34(10)：1061～1067.
[12]S H Zhang, X L He and T Ko. Non-equilibrium segregation of solutes to grain boundary, J Mater Sci.1994,29:2663.
[13]Z K Chen, K Sawa. Effect of Arc Behavior on Material Transfer:A Review[C]. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology-Part A,1998, 21(2):310-322.
[14]Z K Chen, M Hiroaki, K Sawa. Contact Erosion Patterns of Pd Material in DC Breaking Arcs[C]. IEEE. Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology-Part A,1994,17(1):61-69,
[15]Z K Chen, K Sawa. Particle sputtering and deposition mechanism for material transfer in breaking arcs [J]. J.Appl.Phys.1994,76(6):3326-3331.
[16]L Doublet, N Ben Jemaa, F Hauner, D Jeannot. Make Arc Erosion and Welding Tendency under 42 VDC in Automotive Area[C]. Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts,2003:158-162.
[17]J Makimoto, M Hasegawa, K Sawa.A Study on Evaluation with Weibull Distribution Function of Contact Conditions operated in Inert Gas Atmospheres[C]. Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts,2002:184-188.
[18]李海军,孙秀霞.继电器触头的电蚀机理研究[J].电子元器件与可靠性,2005,(03)：29～32.
[19]郭迎春,耿永红,陈松,张昆华等.电触点直流电侵蚀研究[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,36(03)：264～268.
[20]C Leung, E Streicher, D Fitzgerald. Microstructure effect on resignation and welding properties of copper-tungsten electric contact[C]. Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts,2003:132-138.
[21]陈力,谢明,宁德魁等.直流条件下AgRENi触头材料的抗熔焊特性[J].贵金属,2008,29(03)：06-10.
[22]刘向军.开光电器触头熔焊机理分析[J].低压电器,2006,09：11～14.
[23]张冠生.电器理论基础[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1997.
[24]P Winger, R Bevington, G Horn. The effect of graphite additions on the performance of silver-nickel contacts [J]. IEEE Trans. CHMT14,1991(3):95-100.
[25]郭自鹏.Ag基梯度材料的制备及物理性质[D].西安交通大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[26]堵永国,张为军.常用触点材料的物理性能[J].电工材料,2002,(01)：35～39.
[27]L Doublet, N BenJemaa, F Hauner, D Jeannot. Make Arc Erosion and Welding Tendency under 42 VDC in Automotive Area[C]. Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts,2003:158-162.
[28]王海龙,吴玉程,王德宝等.机械合金化Cu2Cr粉末的制备及性质研究[J].材料热处理学报,2009,30(03)：29～31.
[29]Y Niu, J X Song, F Gesmundo, and G Farne. High-Temperature Oxidation of Two-Phase Nan-crystalline AgCr Alloys in 1atm O2[J]. Oxidation of Metals,2001,03(04):391-305.
[30]黄培云.粉末冶金原理[M].冶金工业出版社,2004.
[31]邱小勇.银氧化锡复合材料的制备[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[32]果世驹.粉末烧结理论[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1998.
[33]张国庆,邓德国,祁更新等.机械合金化对银基陶瓷颗粒复合材料的作用.贵金属,2000,21(2)：1-6.
[34]B S Murty, S Ranganathan. Novel material synthesis by mechanical alloying [J]. Int Mater Rev,1998,(43):101-141.
[35]李良锋,邱泰,杨建等.机械合金化制备Ag-Cu28合金过程的研究[J].粉末冶金技术,2009,27(01)：25-28.
[36]W Grunberger, L H M Sehultz, Development of high-strength and high conductivity conductor materials for Pulsed high-field magnets at Dresden[J], Physic B,2001,294-295: 643-647.
[37]郑福前,谢明,刘建良等.Ag-10Ni合金的机械合金化[J].贵属,1998,19(4)：1-3.
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