温室栽培条件对土壤硝态氮行为影响研究
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摘要
温室中的土壤受温室中特殊的环境因素影响,与大田土壤有着不同的理化性质。其中土壤硝态氮容易累积,易导致严重的次生盐渍化现象。氮是植物必需的矿质养分,容易被植物吸收,但也容易被水淋溶进入地下水,导致水体污染,对人畜可能造成危害。本试验研究温度、湿度、氮肥等温室栽培条件对土壤中水、氮运移特性以及水分、氮肥对温室作物氮吸收的影响。
通过土柱模拟试验,研究蒸发条件下土壤水分和温度对温室土壤硝态氮运移的影响,为温室水肥及环境管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)土壤剖面水分随着蒸发时间的延长向上蒸发,水分含量随着深度的减小而减少,在土壤剖面100mm以上水分梯度变化大,在100mm以下变化不大。在蒸发开始的前3天内,土壤表层水分含量的减少较显著,而在后两天,水分含量的减少幅度明显减缓。随着温度升高、初始含水量高,土壤表层水分含量减少快。(2)随着蒸发时间的延长,土壤NO_3~--N逐渐向表层迁移,土壤NO_3~--N含量表聚现象明显,在表层0mm处的土壤NO_3~--N含量最高,在100mm以上,NO_3~--N含量向表层增加,而在100mm至下边界,剖面含盐量基本在初始值左右波动。土壤剖面NO_3~--N含量的向上迁移是由于土壤水分向上运动所致,和土壤剖面含水量呈显著的负相关。(3)在温室管理中,应该选择合理的灌溉方式及灌水量,控制适宜的温度,且在栽培中控制施肥量,以有效避免土壤中NO_3~--N过量及表聚。
采用番茄为供试作物,利用温室盐渍化土壤,在模拟田间条件下研究不同土壤水分以及不同的施肥处理对番茄氮素吸收的影响,以探讨土壤水、氮耦合作用对温室作物氮吸收影响的作用机理。研究结果表明:(1)本实验中,含水量为90%FC、施氮量为150mg/kg的处理最有利于植株的生长发育,同时植株体内硝酸还原酶活性高,硝态氮含量低。含水量为60%FC、施氮量为300mg/kg的处理,植株的长势最差,植株生物量及根长指标均较其他处理差,同时植株体内硝酸还原酶活性低,硝态氮含量高。(2)水分含量低和施氮量高的处理,土壤残留NO_3~--N及NH_4~+-N含量高,且土壤酸化及次生盐碱化严重,盐分向地表积累情况严重,发生盐害。土壤中的NO_3~--N含量及NH_4~+-N含量均随着距离根系的距离的增加而增加,这是由于根系吸收养分导致。土壤全磷含量差异不显著,这与磷素在土壤中的移动性较差有关。土壤钾素丰富,钾的移动速率慢,容易被土壤固定,在土壤上层速效钾含量都超过了350mg/kg。(3)在温室栽培中,保持足够的灌水量有利于植株生长及生物量的积累,可降低植株体内硝态氮含量,并减少作物收获后土壤中残留的氮含量;过高施氮量,对于温室盐渍化土壤中作物生长发育产生抑制作用,使植物体内硝酸还原酶活性降低,体内的硝态氮累积量增加,作物收获后土壤中残留的氮含量也随之增加;受到低水分含量和高含氮量的双重胁迫时,植株的生长及生物量严重受到影响。在温室盐渍化土壤中进行作物生产,足量灌溉更有利于作物对氮的吸收利用,并促进作物的生长发育,应适当控制氮肥的应用,有效提高氮肥的利用率。
The particular environmental factors in greenhouse make soil having different physical and chemical features in greenhouse with those in open field soil. The greenhouse conditions leads to easy accumulation of nitrate in soil there by causing soil secondary salinization seriously. Nitrogen is unhealthful to people and animals, although it's a kind of indispensable mine nutrients to plant. What's more, nitrate is prone to be absorbed by plant and exuviated by water, result in water pollution. This test mainly study the transportation features of soil water and nitrate in greenhouse soil under distinct temperature、moisture and nitrogen fertilizer conditions as well as the nitrogen absorption effects of greenhouse plants due to disparate water and nitrogen fertilizer conditions.
Through soil-column simulating experiment, the effects study of nitrate's transportation in greenhouse soil by soil water and temperature under evaporation condition provides water-fertilizer in greenhouse and environmental management with theoretical gist. The test results indicate: (1) The water content of soil section under 100mm has no obvious change while that above 100mm decreases gradually as close to the surface bit by bit. During first three days after evaporation began, the water content of surface layer decreases apparently, however, the decreasing extent becomes less in a large scale during two days afterward. Moreover, under conditions of high temperature or a great amount of initial water, the water content of surface soil will decrease quickly. (2)The soil nitrate content, which reaches the maximum at 0mm soil layer and increases from the 100mm soil layer to the soil surface gradually but nearly no change between 100mm layer and low-boundary, presents distinct phenomenon of surface gathering. The nitrate content of soil section transfers in upward direction attributing to the upward movement of soil water and the water content of soil section has palpable negative correlation with the nitrate content. (3) In greenhouse management, reasonable irrigation manner and capacity、feasible temperature and fertilization can reduce the excessive of the nitrate content of soil.
Taking tomatoes as the crops for experiment, utilizing greenhouse salinized soil, the effects on nitrogen absorption of tomatoes by different soil water and disparate fertilization approaches were studied under simulated fields' environment condition, in order to explore and discuss the coupling action mechanism, from soil water and nitrogen, of the effects on the nitrogen absorption of greenhouse crops. The study results indicate: (1) Under the condition of this experimental level, the plants that were subjected to the treatment of 90%FC water and 150mg/kg nitrogen's fertilization grew better reflected by the high index of plants' biomass and roots' length, high activeness of nitrate reductase activity as well as little nitrate content. The plants that were subjected to the treatment of 60%FC water and 300mg/kg nitrogen's fertilization grew worse reflected by the low index of plants' biomass and roots' length, low activeness of nitrate reductase activity as well as more nitrate content. (2) The remaining nitrate and ammonium nitrogen contents in soil increases along with water decreasing and nitrogenous fertilizer's adding. The phenomenon of soil acidification and the secondary salinization of soil are serious. There is a serious situation of salinity's accumulation toward surface of ground causing the detriment of salinity. For absorbing nutrient by roots, the amount of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen increase along with the increase of distance to roots. The discrepancy of the contents of all-phosphors is not prominent due to their inconvenient movement in soil. Potassium in soil is abundant with over 350mg/kg's content of available K in upper layer soil. (3)Keeping providing adequate volume of water is convenient for plants' growth and biomass' accumulation and lessen the content of nitrate content in plants; On the other hand, a great amount of nitrogenous fertilizer will cause serious soil salinization and hamper the growth of plants and accumulation of biomass, furthermore, results in increasing amount of nitrate content in plants; The growth and biomass of plants were subjected to influence of due-pressing from both of the water content and high amount of nitrogen.
通过土柱模拟试验,研究蒸发条件下土壤水分和温度对温室土壤硝态氮运移的影响,为温室水肥及环境管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)土壤剖面水分随着蒸发时间的延长向上蒸发,水分含量随着深度的减小而减少,在土壤剖面100mm以上水分梯度变化大,在100mm以下变化不大。在蒸发开始的前3天内,土壤表层水分含量的减少较显著,而在后两天,水分含量的减少幅度明显减缓。随着温度升高、初始含水量高,土壤表层水分含量减少快。(2)随着蒸发时间的延长,土壤NO_3~--N逐渐向表层迁移,土壤NO_3~--N含量表聚现象明显,在表层0mm处的土壤NO_3~--N含量最高,在100mm以上,NO_3~--N含量向表层增加,而在100mm至下边界,剖面含盐量基本在初始值左右波动。土壤剖面NO_3~--N含量的向上迁移是由于土壤水分向上运动所致,和土壤剖面含水量呈显著的负相关。(3)在温室管理中,应该选择合理的灌溉方式及灌水量,控制适宜的温度,且在栽培中控制施肥量,以有效避免土壤中NO_3~--N过量及表聚。
采用番茄为供试作物,利用温室盐渍化土壤,在模拟田间条件下研究不同土壤水分以及不同的施肥处理对番茄氮素吸收的影响,以探讨土壤水、氮耦合作用对温室作物氮吸收影响的作用机理。研究结果表明:(1)本实验中,含水量为90%FC、施氮量为150mg/kg的处理最有利于植株的生长发育,同时植株体内硝酸还原酶活性高,硝态氮含量低。含水量为60%FC、施氮量为300mg/kg的处理,植株的长势最差,植株生物量及根长指标均较其他处理差,同时植株体内硝酸还原酶活性低,硝态氮含量高。(2)水分含量低和施氮量高的处理,土壤残留NO_3~--N及NH_4~+-N含量高,且土壤酸化及次生盐碱化严重,盐分向地表积累情况严重,发生盐害。土壤中的NO_3~--N含量及NH_4~+-N含量均随着距离根系的距离的增加而增加,这是由于根系吸收养分导致。土壤全磷含量差异不显著,这与磷素在土壤中的移动性较差有关。土壤钾素丰富,钾的移动速率慢,容易被土壤固定,在土壤上层速效钾含量都超过了350mg/kg。(3)在温室栽培中,保持足够的灌水量有利于植株生长及生物量的积累,可降低植株体内硝态氮含量,并减少作物收获后土壤中残留的氮含量;过高施氮量,对于温室盐渍化土壤中作物生长发育产生抑制作用,使植物体内硝酸还原酶活性降低,体内的硝态氮累积量增加,作物收获后土壤中残留的氮含量也随之增加;受到低水分含量和高含氮量的双重胁迫时,植株的生长及生物量严重受到影响。在温室盐渍化土壤中进行作物生产,足量灌溉更有利于作物对氮的吸收利用,并促进作物的生长发育,应适当控制氮肥的应用,有效提高氮肥的利用率。
The particular environmental factors in greenhouse make soil having different physical and chemical features in greenhouse with those in open field soil. The greenhouse conditions leads to easy accumulation of nitrate in soil there by causing soil secondary salinization seriously. Nitrogen is unhealthful to people and animals, although it's a kind of indispensable mine nutrients to plant. What's more, nitrate is prone to be absorbed by plant and exuviated by water, result in water pollution. This test mainly study the transportation features of soil water and nitrate in greenhouse soil under distinct temperature、moisture and nitrogen fertilizer conditions as well as the nitrogen absorption effects of greenhouse plants due to disparate water and nitrogen fertilizer conditions.
Through soil-column simulating experiment, the effects study of nitrate's transportation in greenhouse soil by soil water and temperature under evaporation condition provides water-fertilizer in greenhouse and environmental management with theoretical gist. The test results indicate: (1) The water content of soil section under 100mm has no obvious change while that above 100mm decreases gradually as close to the surface bit by bit. During first three days after evaporation began, the water content of surface layer decreases apparently, however, the decreasing extent becomes less in a large scale during two days afterward. Moreover, under conditions of high temperature or a great amount of initial water, the water content of surface soil will decrease quickly. (2)The soil nitrate content, which reaches the maximum at 0mm soil layer and increases from the 100mm soil layer to the soil surface gradually but nearly no change between 100mm layer and low-boundary, presents distinct phenomenon of surface gathering. The nitrate content of soil section transfers in upward direction attributing to the upward movement of soil water and the water content of soil section has palpable negative correlation with the nitrate content. (3) In greenhouse management, reasonable irrigation manner and capacity、feasible temperature and fertilization can reduce the excessive of the nitrate content of soil.
Taking tomatoes as the crops for experiment, utilizing greenhouse salinized soil, the effects on nitrogen absorption of tomatoes by different soil water and disparate fertilization approaches were studied under simulated fields' environment condition, in order to explore and discuss the coupling action mechanism, from soil water and nitrogen, of the effects on the nitrogen absorption of greenhouse crops. The study results indicate: (1) Under the condition of this experimental level, the plants that were subjected to the treatment of 90%FC water and 150mg/kg nitrogen's fertilization grew better reflected by the high index of plants' biomass and roots' length, high activeness of nitrate reductase activity as well as little nitrate content. The plants that were subjected to the treatment of 60%FC water and 300mg/kg nitrogen's fertilization grew worse reflected by the low index of plants' biomass and roots' length, low activeness of nitrate reductase activity as well as more nitrate content. (2) The remaining nitrate and ammonium nitrogen contents in soil increases along with water decreasing and nitrogenous fertilizer's adding. The phenomenon of soil acidification and the secondary salinization of soil are serious. There is a serious situation of salinity's accumulation toward surface of ground causing the detriment of salinity. For absorbing nutrient by roots, the amount of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen increase along with the increase of distance to roots. The discrepancy of the contents of all-phosphors is not prominent due to their inconvenient movement in soil. Potassium in soil is abundant with over 350mg/kg's content of available K in upper layer soil. (3)Keeping providing adequate volume of water is convenient for plants' growth and biomass' accumulation and lessen the content of nitrate content in plants; On the other hand, a great amount of nitrogenous fertilizer will cause serious soil salinization and hamper the growth of plants and accumulation of biomass, furthermore, results in increasing amount of nitrate content in plants; The growth and biomass of plants were subjected to influence of due-pressing from both of the water content and high amount of nitrogen.
引文
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