摘要
干物质生产、分配和产量形成过程决定了温室水果型黄瓜的经济效益。氮素是影响植物干物质生产、分配和产量形成的重要营养元素。为定量研究氮素对温室水果型黄瓜干物质生产、分配和产量形成过程的影响,本研究以雌性无限生长型品种‘戴多星'(Cucumis Sativus.‘Deltastar')为试验材料,于2005年,在上海孙桥现代化农业园区的PVC联栋温室内进行了不同定植期和不同氮素水平的试验。以冠层吸收辐热积为尺度,定量分析了氮素对叶片光合作用、干物质分配指数和采收指数动态、以及出果数、化果数、座果数和果实生长速率这些产量形成要素的影响,建立了氮素对温室水果型黄瓜干物质生产、分配和产量形成过程影响的模拟模型,并用与建模相独立的数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明,模型对温室水果型黄瓜总干重、地上部各器官干重、产量及产量形成要素的预测效果较好。
(1)氮素对温室水果型黄瓜干物质生产影响的模拟。定量分析了不同光温条件下叶片最大总光合速率和叶片氮浓度的关系,与已有的光合生产和干物质积累模型相结合,建立了氮素对温室水果型黄瓜干物质生产影响的模拟模型。结果表明,本模型能较好的预测不同施氮水平下温室水果型黄瓜的总干重,模型对黄瓜总干重的预测值与实测值之间基于1∶1直线的决定系数(R~2)为0.90,相对预测误差(RE)为12.4%。
(2)氮素对温室水果型黄瓜干物质分配和产量影响的模拟。首先以冠层吸收辐热积(TEP_(ab))为尺度,建立了各氮素处理的黄瓜地上部分配指数和地上部干物质向叶、果实、茎的分配指数以及采收指数随生育期(用冠层吸收辐热积表示)变化的函数关系,然后定量分析了氮素对分配指数和采收指数的影响。结果表明,不同施氮水平的地上部干物质分配指数差异不显著,而随着施氮水平的增加,叶分配指数增加,果实分配指数和采收指数下降。本研究确定了叶分配指数相对下降速率、果实分配指数相对增加速率和采收指数相对增加速率与盛果期叶片氮浓度(mg·g~(-1)叶干重)的定量关系。根据分配指数、采收指数动态随冠层吸收辐热积的变化以及氮素对分配指数和采收指数动态影响的定量关系,预测不同施氮水平温室水果型黄瓜地上部各器官干重和产量。
在地上部各器官干重和产量的预测中,模型对茎干重、叶干重、果实干重及黄瓜产量(鲜重)的预测值与实测值之间基于1∶1直线之间的R~2分别为0.95、0.94、0.99、0.96;RE分别为13.0%、12.3%、9.2%、16.8%。本模型能较好的预测不同氮素水平下温室水果型黄瓜地上部各器官干重和产量。
(3)氮素对产量形成过程影响的模拟。首先以冠层吸收辐热积为尺度,定量分析了氮素对温室水果型黄瓜出果数、化果数、座果数的影响。结果表明,氮素直接影响黄瓜的出果速率和化果速率,出果速率随盛果期叶片氮浓度的增加呈指数下降,而化果速率随盛果期叶片氮浓度的增加服从正弦函数曲线,并在盛果期叶片氮浓度为32mg(N)·g(DM)~(-1)时达到最小值。
然后定量分析了氮素对果实生长速率(以伸长速率表示)的影响。氮素通过影响源库关系(用植株实际叶干重/实际果实干重表示)从而影响果实的伸长速率。果实伸长速率随植株实际叶干重/实际果实干重的增加而呈指数增加,且在累积叶干重/累积果实干重=4前后增加程度不同。根据果实伸长速率和植株实际叶干重/实际果实干重的定量关系以及果实出现后累积的冠层吸收辐热积可计算出果长。
在温室水果型黄瓜产量形成过程的预测中,模型对出果数、化果数、座果数及单果果长的预测值与实测值之间基于1∶1直线之间的R~2分别为0.95、0.97、0.80、0.80;RE分别为10.6%、18.4%、16.4%、23.2%。本模型能较好的预测不同氮素水平下温室水果型黄瓜的产量形成过程。
本研究建立的模型可以根据定植日期、营养液供氮水平和温室内的太阳辐射与温度资料,动态预测上海地区温室水果型黄瓜单蔓整枝方式下的总干重、地上部分各器官干重、产量、果实出现时间、座果数和果实大小(果长)。可以为我国温室水果型黄瓜生产的氮肥优化管理提供决策支持。
Dry matter production,partitioning and yield formation determine the economic benefit of greenhouse fruit cucumber production.Nitrogen is the important nutrient affecting dry matter production,partitioning and yield formation of plants.The aim of this study is to quantitatively investigate the effects of nitrogen(N) on dry matter production,partitioning and yield formation of greenhouse cucumber.Experiments with different planting dates and levels of nitrogen application rate after anthesis for greenhouse fruit cucumber(Cucumis sativus.Deltastar) were conducted in a multi-span PVC greenhouse in Shanghai during 2005.The integrated photo-thermal index,the product of thermal effectiveness and PAR absorbed by canopy(TEP_(ab)),was used to describe the changes of partitioning index(PI) and harvest index(HI) and fruit numbers with development stages.Effects of N on leaf photosynthesis,the partitioning indices of leaf and fruit,harvest index,factors(the accumulated number of fruits,fruits aborted,fruits setted and growth rate of individual fruits) of yield formation were quantified based on experimental data.Based on these quantitative relationships,a model for predicting the effects of nitrogen(N) on dry matter production,partitioning and yield formation of greenhouse fruit cucumber was developed, and independent experimental data were used to validate the model.The results showed that the model developed in this study gives satisfactory prediction of the total dry weight,dry weight of stem,leaf and fruit and yield formation of greenhouse fruit cucumber.
(1) In the dry matter production submodel,the relationship between the maximum leaf photosynthesis rate(Pgmax) and the leaf nitrogen concentration(N_c) under different radiation and temperature conditions was quantified.Based on the quantitative relationship, a process based dry matter production simulation model was developed.Independent experimental data were used to validate the model.The results showed that the coefficient of determination(R~2) and the relative prediction error(RE) between the predicted and the measured total dry weight based on the 1:1 line were 0.90 and 12.4%,respectively.
(2) In the dry matter partitioning and yield prediction submodel,firstly,the seasonal time course(expressed as TEP_(ab)) of the partitioning indices of shoot and shoot dry matter to stem,leaf and fruit were derived using the experimental data.Then we found that N has no significant effect on the partitioning index of shoot,while leaf partitioning index increase and fruit partitioning index decrease with the increasing of nitrogen application level.The relative decreasing rate of leaf partitioning index and the relative increasing rate of fruit partitioning index after anthesis were found,respectively,to be an exponential function of leaf nitrogen concentration at middle fruit harvest stage(N_L).The seasonal time course of the harvest index,defined as the ratio of the accumulated dry weight of the harvested fruit to the accumulated total fruit dry weight,was also derived from the experimental data.The relative increasing rate of harvest index was also found to be an exponential function of N_L. Based on these quantitative relationships,a model was developed to predict the effects of nitrogen on after anthesis dry matter partitioning and yield of greenhouse cucumber. Independent experimental data were used to validate the model.The results showed the R~2 between the predicted and the measured dry weight of stem,leaf,fruit and the yield(fresh weight) based on the 1:1 line were 0.95,0.94,0.99,0.96,respectively,and RE were 13.0%, 12.3%,9.2%,16.8%,respectively.
(3) In the process of yield formation submodel,firstly,the effects of N on the accumulated number of fruits(NF),fruits aborted(NAF) and fruits setted(NSF) were quantified.The results showed that,N affects the appearance rate of fruits and the appearance rate of fruits aborted directly.The appearance rate of fruits and the appearance rate of fruits aborted were found, respectively,to be a sigmodel function and a sinusoidal function of N_L,and the appearance rate of fruits aborted was lowest when N_L equals 32 mg(N)·g(DM)~(-1).
Then the effects of N on the increasing rate of fruit length(cm/MJ·m~(-2)) were quantified.N affects the increasing rate of fruit length by changing the source-sink relationship(expressed as the ratio of the actual leaf dry weight to the actual fruit dry weight on the plant,AWLi/AWFi).The founction of the increasing rate of fruit length was found to be an exponential function of AWLi/AWFi,and the founction paranwter changed after the ratio of accumulated leaf dry weight to the accumulated fruit dry weight on the plant(WLi/WFi) less than 4.According to the quantitative founction and TEP_(ab) accumulated after fruit anthesis,fruit length can be calculated.
Based on these quantitative relationships,a model was developed to predict the effects of nitrogen on yield formation of greenhouse cucumber.The model gives satisfactory prediction of yield formation,the R~2 and RE between predicted and measured the accumulated number of fruits,fruit aborted and fruits setted and fruit length were 0.95,0.97, 0.80,0.80,respectively,and the relative prediction error(RE) were 10.6%,18.4%,16.4%, 23.2%,respectively.
Using the planting date,nitrogen application rate in nutrient solution,air temperature and radiation in greenhouse as input,the model developed in this study can predict the total dry weight,dry weight of different organs of shoot,yield,fruit appearance date,the accumulated number of fruits setted and fruit size(length) of greenhouse fruit cucumber with the main stem reserved only in Shanghai area,hence,can be used for optimization nitrogen management for greenhouse fruit cucumber production.
引文
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