西安城市化与生态效应研究
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摘要
中国是个人口大国,也是一个资源相对贫乏,科技、经济、发展相对落后的国家。因此城市化对中国对西部中心城市——西安市来说都是一个非常重要的战略,是一种发展趋势,也是工业化发展的要求。它可以将大量的农民转为市民,减小城乡收入差距,最终使城乡融合,从而在很大程度上解决三农问题;它还可以通过提高资源优化配置、提高规模经济效益,最终提高城市的可持续承载力。
伴随着城市化进程,西安市出现了一系列较为突出的生态环境问题,如何协调好城市化与生态环境之间的关系,走一条以人为本,资源节约,产业升级,效益提高,生态友好,城乡共荣的城市化道路,对西安市建设“人文西安、活力西安、和谐西安”和国际性现代化大城市至关重要。
本文从资源合理利用和环境保护的角度出发,以西安市为例,通过研究西安的城市化水平和城市化引起的生态环境效应,试图发现制约其城市化发展的内部因素以及城市化与城市化进程引发的生态问题的内在关系,协调城市化与生态环境的关系问题,并对其城市化及生态环境中出现的问题给出相应的对策与建议,以便促进西安市更好更快地发展。
通过深入科学、综合研究得出以下成果和结论:
(1)西安城市化水平
西安市近13年的综合城市化水平有了很大的提高,但2007年西安市的综合城市化水平大致相当于同期北京的77.07%,尤以经济城市化水平相差最大,仅相当于北京的54.45%。
西安区县的城市化进程中,雁塔、未央、长安、高陵城市化发展迅猛,而蓝田、周至发展缓慢,蓝田、户县在某些时段人口城市化水平甚至出现倒退。
西安市现正处在城市化中期,其工业化明显滞后于城市化发展,由于缺乏大量大规模的主导产业以及产业集群度不足,使得工业发展的后劲不足并对城市化进程的促进有限。
(2)城市化过程引起的生态环境效应
①城市化对土地利用变化的影响
城市化引起土地利用类型和面积发生变化。其中交通用地增长最快,其次是居民点及工矿用地,而耕地面积减少最快并且减少程度加剧。耕地保护成为西安市土地利用中最为严峻的问题。
城市化与城市建设规模、耕地面积、人均居住面存在一定的函数关系。城市化平均每提高1个百分点,建成区面积增加12.2km~2;城市化每提高1个百分点,耕地面积减少6543hm~2;城市化水平每提高1个百分点,城镇居民人均居住面积增加1.93m~2。
由于城市化引起土地利用/覆被变化,而导致城市的气候、土壤、水文、生态系统发生了一系列复杂的变化,加剧了城市生态环境的不安全隐患。
②城市化对水资源水环境的影响
快速城市化下,西安的用水总量、用水结构以及用水效益均发生变化。随城市化水平的不断提高,城市用水总量不断降低,每增加1%的城市化率,降低0.23×108m~3的用水量。
通过研究西安的用水结构,发现其用水总量的降低主要来自农业用水的减少。同时发现,生态用水在2000年以前一直未受到相关部门的重视。
西安城市化发展使得局部水环境恶化加剧,水生态环境退化,并加大城市的洪涝灾害的发生频率与强度的风险性。
(3)生态环境对城市化的响应
西安市的能值总利用量随城市化发展不断增加,从2000年的6.29×10~(22)sej增加到2007年的14.67×10~(22)sej。不可更新资源产品能值在总能值中的比重一直在60%左右且有增加趋势,而可更新资源能值占有的比重一直不断下降。
2007年西安市能值总利用量的宏观经济价值2.44×10~(10)$,是其同期生产总值2.34×10~(10)$(17.64×10~(10)元)的1.04倍,这表明西安市的生产总值里未计算大量的无需付费的环境能值价值。
西安能值的分项目组成中,可更新资源产品的能值在2005年达到最高值1.18×10~(22)sej,然后逐年降低;不可更新资源能值持续增加,其中水泥的能值产出最大,占不可更新资源总能值的89.67%:西安市的废物能值在不断上升,废水、固体废物的排放量在逐年上升。
西安市目前的能值自给率维持在50%左右,能源的对外依存性将越来越大;其环境负荷率逐年上升,从2000年的4.26%增长到2007年的10.46%:从2006年开始,西安市的常住人口数量超过其环境可承载人口,2007年可承载人口为579.74×104人,是其同期常住人口数量的2/3:西安市人均能值使用水平和广州市相比至少相差10年,和北京相差7-8年。
本研究在以下方面有一定的进展和创新:
(1)借鉴国内外城市化水平测度的相关研究,采用综合指标法和单指标法分别对西安市整体城市化和各区县城市化水平进行评价,试图揭示西安市城市化的真实水平。在方法论上,试图弥补单一指标法不能全面反映各地城市化水平的丰富内涵和多指标由于某些数据不可获取或者对某些重要的方面没法衡量而使评价结果缺乏科学性的缺陷。
(2)以能量为基础,以城市经济活动和自然环境资源为内容,采用能值分析法(EMA),把城市生态环境系统与城市的人类社会经济系统有机地联系和统一起来,科学评价自然资源对城市社会经济的真实贡献,促进城市化与生态环境及资源系统协同发展,良性循环;同时,通过分析环境与能源相互影响的深层原因及定量化,为建立环境能源交叉学科提供理论基础,还可以为城市环境容量与能源容量规划协调提供帮助,对相关方针的制定、未来的预测均具指导意义。
China is a populous country,is also a relative lack of resources,science and technology,the economy,the relatively under-developed countries.Therefore urbanization on China's western central cities-Xi'an is a very important strategy,a development trend,but also the requirements of industrialization.It can be a large number of farmers to the public,reduce the urban-rural income gap,and ultimately the urban and rural integration,in order to solve the three rural issues to a large extent.It can also optimize the allocation of resources by improving and improve economies of scale, and ultimately improve the city's sustainable capacity.
Along with the urbanization process,Xi'an has witnessed a series of more prominent the issue of the ecological environment.Coordinate the relationship between the ecological environmentand and Urbanization,and follow a people-oriented,conservation of natural resources,industrial upgrading,efficiency,eco-friendly,urban and rural co-prosperity of the city roads,it is essential to be a "Human Xi'an,Xi'an vitality,harmony Xian" and international modern city.
In this paper,the rational use of resources and environmental protection point of view,as an example to Xi'an,by studying the level of urbanization and eco-environmental effects,attempt to find constraints of its cities,as well as internal factors in the development of urbanization and urbanization ecological problems caused by the e process of urbanization,coordinate the relationship between the ecological environment and Urbanization,and make the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate better and faster development of Xi'an
Results are as follows,through in-depth scientific and comprehensive studying.
(1)Evaluation of the level of urbanization
The comprehensive level of urbanization in Xi'an has greatly improved nearly 13 years, however the level of urbanization integrated in Xi'an over the same period roughly equivalent to 77.07%in Beijing,its level of urbanization behand Beijing at least 9.2 years,the biggest difference, equivalent to only 54.45%in Beijing;in particular the level of economic urbanization.
Rapid urbanization development in Yanta Weiyang Chang'an and Gaoling,slowly in Zhouzhi and Lantian,even reversed in Huxian and Lantian in certain periods.
In the medium-term of urbanization,industrial development of Xi'an lack of stamina,on which delay the development of the urbanization.
(2)The eco-environmental effects caused by the process of urbanization
①the impact of land-use change on urbanization
Urbanization caused land-use changes in the type and size.One of the fastest growing site traffic,followed by residential and industrial land,and arable land and reduce the degree of reduction increased the fastest.Protection of farmland as a land use in Xi'an,the most severe task.
The function between Urbanization and urban construction,the size of arable land per capita living surface telling that,average urbanization increased by 1%increase in built area 12.2km~2; urbanization increased by 1%each,to reduce the area of arable land 6543hm~2;the level of urbanization increased by 1%each,the per capita living space of urban residents increased 1.93m~2.
As a result of urbanization caused by land use/cover change,which led to the city's climate, soil,hydrology,ecosystems,a series of complex changes in the city's ecological environment exacerbated the dangers of unsafe.
②Urbanization on water resources in the environmental impact of water
Rapid urbanization,the total amount of water,water structure and water-use efficiency in Xi'an are changing.The level of urbanization with the improvement of water supply in urban areas continue to lower,each 1%increase in the urbanization rate,0.23×10~8m~3 to reduce water consumption.
By studying the structure of water in Xi'an and found that the reduction of the total water mainly from the reduction of agricultural water.At the same time,ecological water used in 2000 has not been of great importance to the relevant departments.
Xi'an urbanization makes exacerbated the deterioration of local water environment,water, eco-environmental degradation,and increase the city's flood frequency and intensity of risks.
(3) Eco-environment in response to urbanization
The total value of the use of emergy increased with the ever-increasing urbanization,from 6.29×10~(22)sej to 14.67×10~(22)sej.Non-renewable resources in the total product value of the proportion of energy has been around 60%and there is an upward trend,while the renewable resources to the proportion of share value has been declining.
The composition of the sub-projects,renewable energy resource products in 2005,the highest value of 1.18×10~(22)sej,and then go down r;non-renewable energy resources continued to increase, which can cement the largest output value,accounting for non-renewable resources to the value of the total 89.67%;waste energy on the rise,wastewater,solid waste emissions in the year-on-year rise.
The total value of the use of emergy is 14.67×10~(22)sej in Xi'an in 2007,which equivalent to 73.61%of Beijing in 2000;Macro-economic value of total use of emergy is 2.44×10~(10) $,1.04 times over the same period GDP($2.44.64×10~(10) million).This shows that Xi'an's GDP is not calculated in a large number of no-pay to the value of the environment.
Xi'an,the current value of self-sufficiency rate to 50%of the external emergy to a growing interdependence.Environmental loading ratio of Xi'an has increased year by year,from 4.26%in 2000 rose to 10.46%in 2007.Beginning in 2006,in Xi'an,the number of resident population is in excess of its Carrying capacity.Xi'an's environment may be carrying a population of 579.74×104 in 2007 for the same period the number of the resident population of 2/3.Per capita energy use in Xi'an and Guangzhou,at least compared to Per capita energy use in Xi'an and Guangzhou,at least10 years backward,and Beijing,a backwardness of 7-8 years
This study has some progress and innovation as follows:
(1) Learn at home and abroad measure the level of urbanization-related research,an integrated indicator and single indicator method,respectively,the whole city of Xi'an and the district to evaluate the level of urbanization,an attempt to reveal the true level of the city of Xi'an.In the methodology,try to make up for the defect of single indicator and multiple indicator method.
(2) Energy-based to urban economic activities and natural resources for the content,the use of emergy analysis(EMA),the city's ecological environment and urban systems of the human socio-economic system and organically unify.Scientific evaluate the contribution of natural resources to the real socio-economic system,in order to promote joint developing of urbanization and ecological environment.and by analyzing the interaction of environment and energy of the underlying causes and quantitative,not only to provide the theoretical basis of cross-disciplinary environment and energy,but also to provide guidance to the relevant departments.
伴随着城市化进程,西安市出现了一系列较为突出的生态环境问题,如何协调好城市化与生态环境之间的关系,走一条以人为本,资源节约,产业升级,效益提高,生态友好,城乡共荣的城市化道路,对西安市建设“人文西安、活力西安、和谐西安”和国际性现代化大城市至关重要。
本文从资源合理利用和环境保护的角度出发,以西安市为例,通过研究西安的城市化水平和城市化引起的生态环境效应,试图发现制约其城市化发展的内部因素以及城市化与城市化进程引发的生态问题的内在关系,协调城市化与生态环境的关系问题,并对其城市化及生态环境中出现的问题给出相应的对策与建议,以便促进西安市更好更快地发展。
通过深入科学、综合研究得出以下成果和结论:
(1)西安城市化水平
西安市近13年的综合城市化水平有了很大的提高,但2007年西安市的综合城市化水平大致相当于同期北京的77.07%,尤以经济城市化水平相差最大,仅相当于北京的54.45%。
西安区县的城市化进程中,雁塔、未央、长安、高陵城市化发展迅猛,而蓝田、周至发展缓慢,蓝田、户县在某些时段人口城市化水平甚至出现倒退。
西安市现正处在城市化中期,其工业化明显滞后于城市化发展,由于缺乏大量大规模的主导产业以及产业集群度不足,使得工业发展的后劲不足并对城市化进程的促进有限。
(2)城市化过程引起的生态环境效应
①城市化对土地利用变化的影响
城市化引起土地利用类型和面积发生变化。其中交通用地增长最快,其次是居民点及工矿用地,而耕地面积减少最快并且减少程度加剧。耕地保护成为西安市土地利用中最为严峻的问题。
城市化与城市建设规模、耕地面积、人均居住面存在一定的函数关系。城市化平均每提高1个百分点,建成区面积增加12.2km~2;城市化每提高1个百分点,耕地面积减少6543hm~2;城市化水平每提高1个百分点,城镇居民人均居住面积增加1.93m~2。
由于城市化引起土地利用/覆被变化,而导致城市的气候、土壤、水文、生态系统发生了一系列复杂的变化,加剧了城市生态环境的不安全隐患。
②城市化对水资源水环境的影响
快速城市化下,西安的用水总量、用水结构以及用水效益均发生变化。随城市化水平的不断提高,城市用水总量不断降低,每增加1%的城市化率,降低0.23×108m~3的用水量。
通过研究西安的用水结构,发现其用水总量的降低主要来自农业用水的减少。同时发现,生态用水在2000年以前一直未受到相关部门的重视。
西安城市化发展使得局部水环境恶化加剧,水生态环境退化,并加大城市的洪涝灾害的发生频率与强度的风险性。
(3)生态环境对城市化的响应
西安市的能值总利用量随城市化发展不断增加,从2000年的6.29×10~(22)sej增加到2007年的14.67×10~(22)sej。不可更新资源产品能值在总能值中的比重一直在60%左右且有增加趋势,而可更新资源能值占有的比重一直不断下降。
2007年西安市能值总利用量的宏观经济价值2.44×10~(10)$,是其同期生产总值2.34×10~(10)$(17.64×10~(10)元)的1.04倍,这表明西安市的生产总值里未计算大量的无需付费的环境能值价值。
西安能值的分项目组成中,可更新资源产品的能值在2005年达到最高值1.18×10~(22)sej,然后逐年降低;不可更新资源能值持续增加,其中水泥的能值产出最大,占不可更新资源总能值的89.67%:西安市的废物能值在不断上升,废水、固体废物的排放量在逐年上升。
西安市目前的能值自给率维持在50%左右,能源的对外依存性将越来越大;其环境负荷率逐年上升,从2000年的4.26%增长到2007年的10.46%:从2006年开始,西安市的常住人口数量超过其环境可承载人口,2007年可承载人口为579.74×104人,是其同期常住人口数量的2/3:西安市人均能值使用水平和广州市相比至少相差10年,和北京相差7-8年。
本研究在以下方面有一定的进展和创新:
(1)借鉴国内外城市化水平测度的相关研究,采用综合指标法和单指标法分别对西安市整体城市化和各区县城市化水平进行评价,试图揭示西安市城市化的真实水平。在方法论上,试图弥补单一指标法不能全面反映各地城市化水平的丰富内涵和多指标由于某些数据不可获取或者对某些重要的方面没法衡量而使评价结果缺乏科学性的缺陷。
(2)以能量为基础,以城市经济活动和自然环境资源为内容,采用能值分析法(EMA),把城市生态环境系统与城市的人类社会经济系统有机地联系和统一起来,科学评价自然资源对城市社会经济的真实贡献,促进城市化与生态环境及资源系统协同发展,良性循环;同时,通过分析环境与能源相互影响的深层原因及定量化,为建立环境能源交叉学科提供理论基础,还可以为城市环境容量与能源容量规划协调提供帮助,对相关方针的制定、未来的预测均具指导意义。
China is a populous country,is also a relative lack of resources,science and technology,the economy,the relatively under-developed countries.Therefore urbanization on China's western central cities-Xi'an is a very important strategy,a development trend,but also the requirements of industrialization.It can be a large number of farmers to the public,reduce the urban-rural income gap,and ultimately the urban and rural integration,in order to solve the three rural issues to a large extent.It can also optimize the allocation of resources by improving and improve economies of scale, and ultimately improve the city's sustainable capacity.
Along with the urbanization process,Xi'an has witnessed a series of more prominent the issue of the ecological environment.Coordinate the relationship between the ecological environmentand and Urbanization,and follow a people-oriented,conservation of natural resources,industrial upgrading,efficiency,eco-friendly,urban and rural co-prosperity of the city roads,it is essential to be a "Human Xi'an,Xi'an vitality,harmony Xian" and international modern city.
In this paper,the rational use of resources and environmental protection point of view,as an example to Xi'an,by studying the level of urbanization and eco-environmental effects,attempt to find constraints of its cities,as well as internal factors in the development of urbanization and urbanization ecological problems caused by the e process of urbanization,coordinate the relationship between the ecological environment and Urbanization,and make the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate better and faster development of Xi'an
Results are as follows,through in-depth scientific and comprehensive studying.
(1)Evaluation of the level of urbanization
The comprehensive level of urbanization in Xi'an has greatly improved nearly 13 years, however the level of urbanization integrated in Xi'an over the same period roughly equivalent to 77.07%in Beijing,its level of urbanization behand Beijing at least 9.2 years,the biggest difference, equivalent to only 54.45%in Beijing;in particular the level of economic urbanization.
Rapid urbanization development in Yanta Weiyang Chang'an and Gaoling,slowly in Zhouzhi and Lantian,even reversed in Huxian and Lantian in certain periods.
In the medium-term of urbanization,industrial development of Xi'an lack of stamina,on which delay the development of the urbanization.
(2)The eco-environmental effects caused by the process of urbanization
①the impact of land-use change on urbanization
Urbanization caused land-use changes in the type and size.One of the fastest growing site traffic,followed by residential and industrial land,and arable land and reduce the degree of reduction increased the fastest.Protection of farmland as a land use in Xi'an,the most severe task.
The function between Urbanization and urban construction,the size of arable land per capita living surface telling that,average urbanization increased by 1%increase in built area 12.2km~2; urbanization increased by 1%each,to reduce the area of arable land 6543hm~2;the level of urbanization increased by 1%each,the per capita living space of urban residents increased 1.93m~2.
As a result of urbanization caused by land use/cover change,which led to the city's climate, soil,hydrology,ecosystems,a series of complex changes in the city's ecological environment exacerbated the dangers of unsafe.
②Urbanization on water resources in the environmental impact of water
Rapid urbanization,the total amount of water,water structure and water-use efficiency in Xi'an are changing.The level of urbanization with the improvement of water supply in urban areas continue to lower,each 1%increase in the urbanization rate,0.23×10~8m~3 to reduce water consumption.
By studying the structure of water in Xi'an and found that the reduction of the total water mainly from the reduction of agricultural water.At the same time,ecological water used in 2000 has not been of great importance to the relevant departments.
Xi'an urbanization makes exacerbated the deterioration of local water environment,water, eco-environmental degradation,and increase the city's flood frequency and intensity of risks.
(3) Eco-environment in response to urbanization
The total value of the use of emergy increased with the ever-increasing urbanization,from 6.29×10~(22)sej to 14.67×10~(22)sej.Non-renewable resources in the total product value of the proportion of energy has been around 60%and there is an upward trend,while the renewable resources to the proportion of share value has been declining.
The composition of the sub-projects,renewable energy resource products in 2005,the highest value of 1.18×10~(22)sej,and then go down r;non-renewable energy resources continued to increase, which can cement the largest output value,accounting for non-renewable resources to the value of the total 89.67%;waste energy on the rise,wastewater,solid waste emissions in the year-on-year rise.
The total value of the use of emergy is 14.67×10~(22)sej in Xi'an in 2007,which equivalent to 73.61%of Beijing in 2000;Macro-economic value of total use of emergy is 2.44×10~(10) $,1.04 times over the same period GDP($2.44.64×10~(10) million).This shows that Xi'an's GDP is not calculated in a large number of no-pay to the value of the environment.
Xi'an,the current value of self-sufficiency rate to 50%of the external emergy to a growing interdependence.Environmental loading ratio of Xi'an has increased year by year,from 4.26%in 2000 rose to 10.46%in 2007.Beginning in 2006,in Xi'an,the number of resident population is in excess of its Carrying capacity.Xi'an's environment may be carrying a population of 579.74×104 in 2007 for the same period the number of the resident population of 2/3.Per capita energy use in Xi'an and Guangzhou,at least compared to Per capita energy use in Xi'an and Guangzhou,at least10 years backward,and Beijing,a backwardness of 7-8 years
This study has some progress and innovation as follows:
(1) Learn at home and abroad measure the level of urbanization-related research,an integrated indicator and single indicator method,respectively,the whole city of Xi'an and the district to evaluate the level of urbanization,an attempt to reveal the true level of the city of Xi'an.In the methodology,try to make up for the defect of single indicator and multiple indicator method.
(2) Energy-based to urban economic activities and natural resources for the content,the use of emergy analysis(EMA),the city's ecological environment and urban systems of the human socio-economic system and organically unify.Scientific evaluate the contribution of natural resources to the real socio-economic system,in order to promote joint developing of urbanization and ecological environment.and by analyzing the interaction of environment and energy of the underlying causes and quantitative,not only to provide the theoretical basis of cross-disciplinary environment and energy,but also to provide guidance to the relevant departments.
引文
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