中国城市商业银行效率的实证研究
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摘要
中国加入WTO六年后,中国的金融市场已全面对外开放,外资银行大量涌入,新型银行不断诞生,市场竞争日益加剧,中国的银行业既面临难得的发展机遇,也将迎来前所未有的挑战。城市商业银行是经国务院批准,在部分城市信用社基础上组建起来的地方性股份制商业银行。发展十余年来,城市商业银行已成为中国银行业不可缺少的重要组成部分,较好地满足了中小企业和居民的融资需求,方便了居民生活,已成为城市经济发展中不可或缺的重要力量。面对上述的市场环境,中国城市商业银行必须寻找一条可持续发展之路,增强其竞争力。而银行效率是银行竞争力的集中体现,也是到目前为止最具综合性的业绩评价指标。
银行效率是一个相对值,它可以从宏观和微观两个方面进行评价。从宏观层面看,银行效率就是银行对国民经济增长的贡献率;从微观层面看,银行效率是指各商业银行所完成的金融资源配置达到最优。从本质上讲,它是银行对其资源的有效配置,是基于银行资源配置情况和各项资源利用的有效程度获得的衡量,它可以从整体来衡量,也可从某一功能单元或某一局部来衡量,是银行市场竞争能力、投入产出能力和可持续发展能力的总称。
本文主要从微观层面研究城市商业银行的效率。根据资料来源的可得性,本文选择了具有代表性的30家样本银行进行了效率研究,其中城市商业银行18家,运用随机前沿分析方法先计算每家银行的效率值,再分类计算各类银行的效率值。通过将计算出的效率值进行比较分析,找出城市商业银行的效率状况和特点。随后又通过无效率函数分析影响城市商业银行效率的因素到底有哪些,最后提出提高城市商业银行效率的建议。
Six years after China's entrance in WTO, the finance market of China has already opened roundly. Large numbers of foreign capital banks swarm into China, new types of banks emerge continuously, and market competition become fierce increasingly. The finance industry of China will get a god-given opportunity but also have to face great challenges .The City Commercial Bank originally came from City Credit Community and now became a very important part of China' bank industry. Facing of the situation talked above, city commercial bank must seek for a new way for sustainable development and enhance its competitiveness.
As we know, bank efficiency is a centralized embodiment of bank competitiveness, and also the most comprehensive achievement evaluation index as far. Bank efficiency is a relative value, which can be evaluated from macroscopic or microscopic aspect. From the macroscopic aspect, bank efficiency is the bank's contribution ratio to the growth of national economy; and from the microscopic aspect, bank efficiency refers to optimization of financial resource allocation finished by every commercial bank. In terms of the nature, bank efficiency is an effective allocation of the bank's resource, and is a weighting obtained on the basis of bank resource allocation and effective utilization degree of every resource. Bank efficiency can be measured from either the whole or a certain unit or part, it is a general term of bank's market competitiveness, input-output capability and sustainable development capability.
This paper aims to study the efficiency of bank from the microscopic aspect .According to the attainability of data, this paper has carried out a search on efficiency of 30 typical sample banks, including 18 city commercial banks. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method is applied to calculate the efficiency value of every bank firstly, and then calculate efficiency value of every kind of bank according to different types. Efficiency status and features of the city commercial bank can be founded out through comparative analysis of the calculated efficiency values. Since there are more differences among banks of different types, then causes of such differences among banks will be analyzed necessarily, namely, what kinds of factors affect the bank efficiency? This paper has analyzed the influencing factors upon efficiency of the city commercial bank with inefficiency effects .and finally propose advices for improvement of efficiency of the city commercial bank.
银行效率是一个相对值,它可以从宏观和微观两个方面进行评价。从宏观层面看,银行效率就是银行对国民经济增长的贡献率;从微观层面看,银行效率是指各商业银行所完成的金融资源配置达到最优。从本质上讲,它是银行对其资源的有效配置,是基于银行资源配置情况和各项资源利用的有效程度获得的衡量,它可以从整体来衡量,也可从某一功能单元或某一局部来衡量,是银行市场竞争能力、投入产出能力和可持续发展能力的总称。
本文主要从微观层面研究城市商业银行的效率。根据资料来源的可得性,本文选择了具有代表性的30家样本银行进行了效率研究,其中城市商业银行18家,运用随机前沿分析方法先计算每家银行的效率值,再分类计算各类银行的效率值。通过将计算出的效率值进行比较分析,找出城市商业银行的效率状况和特点。随后又通过无效率函数分析影响城市商业银行效率的因素到底有哪些,最后提出提高城市商业银行效率的建议。
Six years after China's entrance in WTO, the finance market of China has already opened roundly. Large numbers of foreign capital banks swarm into China, new types of banks emerge continuously, and market competition become fierce increasingly. The finance industry of China will get a god-given opportunity but also have to face great challenges .The City Commercial Bank originally came from City Credit Community and now became a very important part of China' bank industry. Facing of the situation talked above, city commercial bank must seek for a new way for sustainable development and enhance its competitiveness.
As we know, bank efficiency is a centralized embodiment of bank competitiveness, and also the most comprehensive achievement evaluation index as far. Bank efficiency is a relative value, which can be evaluated from macroscopic or microscopic aspect. From the macroscopic aspect, bank efficiency is the bank's contribution ratio to the growth of national economy; and from the microscopic aspect, bank efficiency refers to optimization of financial resource allocation finished by every commercial bank. In terms of the nature, bank efficiency is an effective allocation of the bank's resource, and is a weighting obtained on the basis of bank resource allocation and effective utilization degree of every resource. Bank efficiency can be measured from either the whole or a certain unit or part, it is a general term of bank's market competitiveness, input-output capability and sustainable development capability.
This paper aims to study the efficiency of bank from the microscopic aspect .According to the attainability of data, this paper has carried out a search on efficiency of 30 typical sample banks, including 18 city commercial banks. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method is applied to calculate the efficiency value of every bank firstly, and then calculate efficiency value of every kind of bank according to different types. Efficiency status and features of the city commercial bank can be founded out through comparative analysis of the calculated efficiency values. Since there are more differences among banks of different types, then causes of such differences among banks will be analyzed necessarily, namely, what kinds of factors affect the bank efficiency? This paper has analyzed the influencing factors upon efficiency of the city commercial bank with inefficiency effects .and finally propose advices for improvement of efficiency of the city commercial bank.
引文
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3. Akhavein, J.D., A.N. Berger and D.B. Humphrey. The effects of megamergers on efficiency and prices: Evidence from a bank profit function. Review of Industrial Organization, 1997, 12.
4. Akhavein, J.D., P.A.V.B. Swamy and S.B.Taubman. A general method of deriving the efficiencies of banks from a profit function. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 1997,8.
5. Alhadeff, D. Monopoly and Competition in Banking. University of California Press, 1954.
6. Allen, L. and A. Rai. Operational efficiency in banking: an international comparison. Journal of Banking and Finance, 1996,20:655-672
7. Barr, R.S., L.M. Seiford and T.F. Siems. An envelopment analysis approach to measuring the managerial quality of banks. Working Paper, 1992.
8. Battese, G. E. and G. S. Corra. Estimation of a Production Frontier Model: With Application to the Pastoral Zone off Eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1977,21(3): 169-179.
9. Battese, G. E. and T. J. Coelli. A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data. Empirical Economics, 1995,20:325-332.
10. Battese, G. E. and T. J. Coelli. Frontier Production Functions, Technical Efficiency and Panel Data: With Application to Paddy Farmers in India. Journal of Productivity Analysis. 1992,153 -169.
11. Bauer, P.W.. A.N. Berger and D.B. Humphrey. Efficiency and productivity growth in U.S.Banking. Oxford University Press, 1993: 386-413.
12. Benston, G.. Economies of scale and marginal costs in banking operations. National Banking Review, 1965,2:507-49.
13. Benston, G.. Economies of scale of financial institutions. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 1972,4:312-41.
14. Berger, A.N. and D.B. Humphrey. Efficiency of financial institutions: international survey and directions for future research. European Journal of Operational Research, 1997.
15. Berger, A.N. and L. J.Mester. Inside the black box: what explains differences in the efficiencies of institutions. Journal of Banking and Finance, 1997, 21:895-947.
16. Berger, A.N. and T.H. Hannan. The price-concentration relationship in banking. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1989, 71:291 -299.
17. Berger, A.N., D.Hancoke and D.B.Humbrey. Bank efficiency derive from profit function. Journal of Banking and Finance, 1993,17:317-347.
18. Berger, A.N., G.A. Hanweck and D.B. Humphrey. Competitive viability in banking: scale, scope, and product mix economies. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1987,20.
19. Berger, A.N., R. DeYoung, H.Genay and G. F.Udell.. Globalisation of financial institutions: evidence from cross-border banking performance. Brookings Wharton Papers on Financial Services, 2000, 3:23-120.
20. Borger, B.D. and W. Sandra. Transport Externalities and Optimal Pricing and Supply Decisions in Urban Transportation. A Simulation Analysis for Belgium, 1998,3(28):163-197.
21. Casu, B. and P.Molyneux. A comparative study of efficiency in european banking. Wharton FIC Working Paper, 2000.
22. Chang, C.E., I. Hasan and W.C. Hunter. Efficiency of multinational bankd: an empirical investigation. Applied Financial Economics, 1998, 8:689-696.
23. Chames, A., W.W. Cooper and E. Rhodes. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 1978:429-444.
24. Clark, J.A. Economic cost, scale efficiency and competitive viability in banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1996,3:342.
25. Coelli, T. J., R.D.S. Prasada and G. Battese. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Norwell Kluwer. 1998.
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