产权结构、市场结构与银行效率
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摘要
本文基于“产权结构—市场结构—市场行为—市场绩效”的分析框架,系统讨论了产权结构和市场结构对我国国有商业银行和股份制商业银行的成本效率、规模效率和技术效率的影响。
首先,本文通过加入产权结构因素对现代产业组织理论的SCP范式进行了修正。在现代产业组织理论中,SCP范式的制度前提是产权明晰的、完善的市场经济体制,而转轨过程中的中国银行业显然存在着产权不明晰的问题,因此,在使用SCP范式分析中国银行业效率时,必须考虑到产权因素。事实上,产权制度作为一种外生性的经济变量,它不仅影响着银行业的市场结构,而且影响着商业银行的市场行为,产权结构正是通过对市场结构和市场行为的影响而进一步影响着银行业的市场绩效。因此,对于银行效率的产业组织分析必须考虑产权结构,即将产权制度变量内生化。本文在假设管制结构外生的前提下,通过引入产权结构变量,构建了“产权结构—市场结构—市场行为—市场绩效”的分析框架。
其次,本文分析了我国银行业的产权结构及市场结构的形成原因与特点,并找出产权结构和市场结构存在的缺陷。分析表明,从市场结构方面来看,中国银行业高度垄断的市场竞争格局仍然存在,市场准入壁垒仍然很高,阻碍了民营资本和外资主体参与市场竞争。从产权结构来看,我国银行业产权界定模糊,产权主体虚置,公司治理结构不合理,内部人控制严重。而这些缺陷正是造成我国银行效率低的原因。
再次,本文通过建立计量模型,从成本效率、规模效率和技术效率三个方面对我国商业银行的效率进行了分析和评价。分析表明,从成本效率来看,近年来成本效率正处于上升趋势,股份制商业银行的成本效率控制明显好于国有商业银行。从规模效率来看,股份制商业银行的规模效率水平高于国有商业银行,国有商业银行呈现出好转的趋势。股份制商业银行已经走出了规模效率恶化的阶段,发展状况良好。从技术效率来看,国有商业银行和股份制商业银行技术效率均以2001年为界呈现先降后升趋势。
最后,本文对产权结构和市场结构对我国国有商业银行和股份制商业银行的成本效率、规模效率和技术效率的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:产权结构对我国国有商业银行和股份制商业银行成本效率影响都很显著,但对股份制商业银行的影响要弱于对国有商业银行的影响,国有产权比重与银行业效率之间呈现U型曲线关系。而市场集中度和进入壁垒高会造成我国商业银行效率低下。现阶段,在我国银行业国有持股比例一直高于临界点,股份制改造是实现商业银行的长期高效运转的重要途径。
According to the traditional classic theories of the industry organization-“the market structure- market conduct– market performance”of the research mode of SCP,this paper analyzed the concentration degree, scales of the our banking,described the characteristics and formative reasons of it’s entering barracks and structure of the property ownership. We get the blemishes of our banking market structure and property ownership. This paper analyzed the efficiency of our state-owned bank and the personal-owned commercial bank from the cost efficiency, the scale efficiency and the technique efficiencies respectively. Built up the model to analyze how the market and property ownership structures to influence our banks’cost, scale and the technique efficiency, and we also compared the efficiencies differences between German’s and China’s banks finally.
From the aspect of market structure, the market competition structure of high monopoly of Chinese bank industry still exists. It obstructed the private capital and the foreign capital business enterprise to get into the market competition. It lacks scale economic effect which is brined by the market high concentration. From the aspect of property ownership structure, the boundary definition of the four greatest commercial banks’property ownership is faintness; the ownership of property is deceitfully; the structure of company management is Absurdity; and the internal personal controlling is severity.
This paper analyzes the efficiency of our banking from the cost efficiency, the scale efficiency and the technique efficiencies respectively. From the cost efficiency, it was placed in the up-trend in recent years; the state-owned commercial banks present an amendment trend, and the personal-owned commercial banks has already come out the worsen stage, the development condition is becoming better. From the technique efficiencies of the state-owned bank and the personal-owned commercial banks all rose and then decline from the boundary in 2001.
The property ownership’s structures influence the cost efficiency of all banks seriously. But the power of influencing for personal-owned commercial banks is weaker than for state-owned commercial banks. Between the weight of property ownership owned by State and the banking efficiency presents a curve relationship. And now, the weight of property ownership owned by State is always higher than the threshold, to realize the commercial banks long-term revolve efficiently, we must move the bank track to the left half part of the curve. The influencing trends of market structure for the cost, the scale and the technique efficiencies are different. The influencing for state-owned commercial banks is also higher for personal-owned commercial banks.
首先,本文通过加入产权结构因素对现代产业组织理论的SCP范式进行了修正。在现代产业组织理论中,SCP范式的制度前提是产权明晰的、完善的市场经济体制,而转轨过程中的中国银行业显然存在着产权不明晰的问题,因此,在使用SCP范式分析中国银行业效率时,必须考虑到产权因素。事实上,产权制度作为一种外生性的经济变量,它不仅影响着银行业的市场结构,而且影响着商业银行的市场行为,产权结构正是通过对市场结构和市场行为的影响而进一步影响着银行业的市场绩效。因此,对于银行效率的产业组织分析必须考虑产权结构,即将产权制度变量内生化。本文在假设管制结构外生的前提下,通过引入产权结构变量,构建了“产权结构—市场结构—市场行为—市场绩效”的分析框架。
其次,本文分析了我国银行业的产权结构及市场结构的形成原因与特点,并找出产权结构和市场结构存在的缺陷。分析表明,从市场结构方面来看,中国银行业高度垄断的市场竞争格局仍然存在,市场准入壁垒仍然很高,阻碍了民营资本和外资主体参与市场竞争。从产权结构来看,我国银行业产权界定模糊,产权主体虚置,公司治理结构不合理,内部人控制严重。而这些缺陷正是造成我国银行效率低的原因。
再次,本文通过建立计量模型,从成本效率、规模效率和技术效率三个方面对我国商业银行的效率进行了分析和评价。分析表明,从成本效率来看,近年来成本效率正处于上升趋势,股份制商业银行的成本效率控制明显好于国有商业银行。从规模效率来看,股份制商业银行的规模效率水平高于国有商业银行,国有商业银行呈现出好转的趋势。股份制商业银行已经走出了规模效率恶化的阶段,发展状况良好。从技术效率来看,国有商业银行和股份制商业银行技术效率均以2001年为界呈现先降后升趋势。
最后,本文对产权结构和市场结构对我国国有商业银行和股份制商业银行的成本效率、规模效率和技术效率的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:产权结构对我国国有商业银行和股份制商业银行成本效率影响都很显著,但对股份制商业银行的影响要弱于对国有商业银行的影响,国有产权比重与银行业效率之间呈现U型曲线关系。而市场集中度和进入壁垒高会造成我国商业银行效率低下。现阶段,在我国银行业国有持股比例一直高于临界点,股份制改造是实现商业银行的长期高效运转的重要途径。
According to the traditional classic theories of the industry organization-“the market structure- market conduct– market performance”of the research mode of SCP,this paper analyzed the concentration degree, scales of the our banking,described the characteristics and formative reasons of it’s entering barracks and structure of the property ownership. We get the blemishes of our banking market structure and property ownership. This paper analyzed the efficiency of our state-owned bank and the personal-owned commercial bank from the cost efficiency, the scale efficiency and the technique efficiencies respectively. Built up the model to analyze how the market and property ownership structures to influence our banks’cost, scale and the technique efficiency, and we also compared the efficiencies differences between German’s and China’s banks finally.
From the aspect of market structure, the market competition structure of high monopoly of Chinese bank industry still exists. It obstructed the private capital and the foreign capital business enterprise to get into the market competition. It lacks scale economic effect which is brined by the market high concentration. From the aspect of property ownership structure, the boundary definition of the four greatest commercial banks’property ownership is faintness; the ownership of property is deceitfully; the structure of company management is Absurdity; and the internal personal controlling is severity.
This paper analyzes the efficiency of our banking from the cost efficiency, the scale efficiency and the technique efficiencies respectively. From the cost efficiency, it was placed in the up-trend in recent years; the state-owned commercial banks present an amendment trend, and the personal-owned commercial banks has already come out the worsen stage, the development condition is becoming better. From the technique efficiencies of the state-owned bank and the personal-owned commercial banks all rose and then decline from the boundary in 2001.
The property ownership’s structures influence the cost efficiency of all banks seriously. But the power of influencing for personal-owned commercial banks is weaker than for state-owned commercial banks. Between the weight of property ownership owned by State and the banking efficiency presents a curve relationship. And now, the weight of property ownership owned by State is always higher than the threshold, to realize the commercial banks long-term revolve efficiently, we must move the bank track to the left half part of the curve. The influencing trends of market structure for the cost, the scale and the technique efficiencies are different. The influencing for state-owned commercial banks is also higher for personal-owned commercial banks.
引文
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