基于流场模型的传感器网络部署技术研究
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摘要
随着无线传感器网络应用领域越来越广,其部署问题已经成为传感器网络研究的热点问题之一。它反映了无线传感器网络的成本和感知能力。一个好的部署策略能很大程度地增强网络感知质量,减少成本和使能耗最小,最终延长节点的寿命。而传感器网络的部署问题一直是一个困难的问题,尤其是在苛刻,未知的环境中。本文就解决了在苛刻、未知环境的网络部署问题。
本文将流场模型应用于无线传感器网络部署,让传感器节点抽象的遵循流体运动规则进行移动来完成未知领域的网络部署。首先用理想流体模型进行研究,发现应用这种模型在部署过程中网络的连通性不好,考虑到理想流体与粘性流体的区别及网络部署的具体情况,再次使用粘性流体模型对网络部署进行研究。就是把无线传感器网络看作流体,传感器节点看作是微小的流体元素。因此传感器节点就会有流体元素所拥有的属性,更重要的是节点的移动就会像流体的流动一样符合一定的物理规则。正好把这些物理规则运用到传感器网络中。在无线传感器网络中模仿粘性流体扩散和自我传播行为,实现理想的有效覆盖范围。粘性流体中的粘性使得节点在部署的时候可以兼顾到网络的连通性。因为其自我部署的能力,所以特别是对苛刻的,未知的环境达到有效地覆盖有深刻的意义。
本文把流场模型应用到无线传感器网络的部署中。通过仿真实验证明,这种部署策略可以达到很高的覆盖程度,更好的完成传感器网络的部署。
With the application field of wireless sensor networks more and more widespread, the problem of its deployment has become one of the hot problems. It reflects the cost and sensor ability of wireless sensor networks. To a large extent, a good deployment strategy can enhance the ability of network-aware, reduce cost and make energy consumption least, ultimately extend the life-span of nodes. However, the nodes deployment of wireless sensor networks has always been a difficult problem, especially in the harsh and unknown environment. This paper solves the nodes deployment of wireless sensor networks in the harsh and unknown environment.
In this paper, we apply the flow field model to the deployment of wireless sensor networks. We makes sensor nodes move following the rules of fluid movement to achieve network deployment of unknown areas. First, we use the inviscid fluid model to study the deployment, and find this strategy has bad network connectivity. Considering the difference between the inviscid fluid and the viscous fluid and the circumstances of the network deployment, we use the viscous fluid model to study the deployment of network. That is, a wireless sensor network is seen as fluid, sensor nodes are seen as tiny fluid element. So sensor nodes have the attributes of fluid element, more importantly, the movement of nodes would agree with certain physical rules just like the flow of fluid. These physics rules are just used to the sensor network. Node deployment imitates the proliferation and self-dissemination of viscous fluid to achieve the effective coverage of ideal performance. The viscosity of viscous fluid makes node consider the connectivity of network, when node is deployed. Because of its self-spreading, it is very suit for the harsh environment.
This paper applies flow field model to deployment in wireless sensor networks. Through the simulation results show, this kind of deployment strategy can achieve a high degree of coverage and complete the deployment of sensor networks better.
本文将流场模型应用于无线传感器网络部署,让传感器节点抽象的遵循流体运动规则进行移动来完成未知领域的网络部署。首先用理想流体模型进行研究,发现应用这种模型在部署过程中网络的连通性不好,考虑到理想流体与粘性流体的区别及网络部署的具体情况,再次使用粘性流体模型对网络部署进行研究。就是把无线传感器网络看作流体,传感器节点看作是微小的流体元素。因此传感器节点就会有流体元素所拥有的属性,更重要的是节点的移动就会像流体的流动一样符合一定的物理规则。正好把这些物理规则运用到传感器网络中。在无线传感器网络中模仿粘性流体扩散和自我传播行为,实现理想的有效覆盖范围。粘性流体中的粘性使得节点在部署的时候可以兼顾到网络的连通性。因为其自我部署的能力,所以特别是对苛刻的,未知的环境达到有效地覆盖有深刻的意义。
本文把流场模型应用到无线传感器网络的部署中。通过仿真实验证明,这种部署策略可以达到很高的覆盖程度,更好的完成传感器网络的部署。
With the application field of wireless sensor networks more and more widespread, the problem of its deployment has become one of the hot problems. It reflects the cost and sensor ability of wireless sensor networks. To a large extent, a good deployment strategy can enhance the ability of network-aware, reduce cost and make energy consumption least, ultimately extend the life-span of nodes. However, the nodes deployment of wireless sensor networks has always been a difficult problem, especially in the harsh and unknown environment. This paper solves the nodes deployment of wireless sensor networks in the harsh and unknown environment.
In this paper, we apply the flow field model to the deployment of wireless sensor networks. We makes sensor nodes move following the rules of fluid movement to achieve network deployment of unknown areas. First, we use the inviscid fluid model to study the deployment, and find this strategy has bad network connectivity. Considering the difference between the inviscid fluid and the viscous fluid and the circumstances of the network deployment, we use the viscous fluid model to study the deployment of network. That is, a wireless sensor network is seen as fluid, sensor nodes are seen as tiny fluid element. So sensor nodes have the attributes of fluid element, more importantly, the movement of nodes would agree with certain physical rules just like the flow of fluid. These physics rules are just used to the sensor network. Node deployment imitates the proliferation and self-dissemination of viscous fluid to achieve the effective coverage of ideal performance. The viscosity of viscous fluid makes node consider the connectivity of network, when node is deployed. Because of its self-spreading, it is very suit for the harsh environment.
This paper applies flow field model to deployment in wireless sensor networks. Through the simulation results show, this kind of deployment strategy can achieve a high degree of coverage and complete the deployment of sensor networks better.
引文
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[10]刘丽萍,王智,孙优贤.无线传感器网络部署及其覆盖问题研究[J].电子与信息学报,2006,9,28(9):1752-1757
[11]D.Hamel,M.Chwastek,B.Farouk,K.Dandekar,M.Kam.A computational Fluid Dynamics Approach for Optimization of a Sensor Network[J].IEEE International Workshop on Measurement Systems for Homeland Security,Contraband Detection and Personal Safety Alexandria,October 2006,18-19
[12]D.Zarzhitsky,D.R.Thayer.A Fluid Dynamics Approach to Multi-Robot Chemical Plume Tracing[J].in Proceedings of AAMAS'04,New York,USA,July 2004.
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[14]谢洁锐,刘才兴,胡月明,刘兰.无线传感器网络的部署[J].传感器与微系统.2007,26(1):4-7
[15]Batalin M A,Sukhatme G S,Hattig M.Mobile Robot Navigation using a Sensor Network[A].Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics &Automation(ICRA0d)[C].New Orleans,2004
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[17]霍宏伟,郜帅,牛延超,张思东.基于室内传播模型的无线传感器网络节点部署策略研究[J].中国工程科学.2008,10(9):64-69
[18]Nadjib Aitsaadi,Nadjib Achir,Khaled Boussetta and Bezalel Gavish.A Gradient Approach for Differentiated Wireless Sensor Network Deployment[J].Wireless Days,2008.1-5
[19]凡志刚,郭文生,桑楠.一种基于蜂窝网格的传感器节点部署算法[J].传感器与微系统.2008,27(4):15-17
[20]曾锃,张洋,贾国光.基于信息覆盖理论的传感器节点部署方法[J].计算机工程与设计.2008,29(1 7):4444-4446+4471
[21]Batalin,M.A.;Sukhatme,G.S.The Design and Analysis of an Efficient Local Algorithm for Coverage and Exploration Based on Sensor Network Deployment[J].IEEE Transactions on Robotics,2007,23(4):661-675
[22]N.Heo,P.K.Varshney.A Distributed Self Spreading Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J].in Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2003.
[23]F.Akyildiz et al.Wireless Sensor Networks:a survey,Computer Networks[J].Vol.38,pp.March 2002,393-422
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[25]Noury N,Herve T,Rialle V,et al.Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor[J].In:Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Micro technologies in Medicine and Biology.Lyon:IEEE Computer Society,2000,607-610
[26]Jongwoo Sung;Sungjin Ahn;Taesoo Park,et al.Wireless sensor networks for Cultural Property Protection[J].IEEE.March 2008 Page(s):615-620
[27]Xing Jin;Ho-Shing Tang;Chan,S.-H.G.;Kan-Leung Cheng.Deployment Issues in Scalable Island Multicast for Peer-to-Peer Streaming.Multimedia[J].IEEE.2009,16(1):72-80
[28]Heo N,Varshney P K.A self spreading algorithm for sensor networks[C].2003 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Record.Piscataway,USA:IEEE,2003:1597-1602
[29]Batalin,M.A.;Sukhatme,G.S.The Analysis of an Efficient Algorithm for Robot Coverage and Exploration based on Sensor Network Deployment[J].International Conference on Robotics and Automation.2006:3478-3485
[30]Weibin Gong;Yilin Chang;Ying Zhang;Zhong Shen.Sensor network deployment based on coverage addition factor[J].IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems.2008:948-952
[31]Krco,S.;Tsiatsis,V.;Matusikova,K.;Johansson,M.;Cubic,I.;Glitho,R.Mobile Network Supported Wireless Sensor Network Services[J].IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems.8-11 Oct.2007:1-3
[32]凡志刚.无线传感器网络覆盖与节点部署问题研究[D].电子科技大学.2008
[33]史斌彬.无线传感器网络节点部署算法研究[D].江南大学.2008
[34]Hua Wang;Yi Guo.A decentralized control for mobile sensor network effective coverage[J].Intelligent Control and Automation.June 2008:473-478
[35]Gulling Wang,Guohong Cao,Tom La Porta.A bidding protocol for deploying mobile sensors[C].The 11th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP),Atlanta,Georgia,2003
[36]Ki-Il Kim;Da-Hye Choi;Sang-Ha Kim.Deployment issues for application level multicast[J].Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications.2003 5(3):1087-1091
[37]Durresi A,Paruchuri V.K.,lyengar S.et al..Optimized broadcast protocol for sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers,2005,54(8):1013-1024.
[38]Chuyu Xiao;Yali Peng;Min Yu.The Deployment Method and Movement Control Strategy in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Computer Science and Computational Technology,2008.ISCSCT '08.International Symposium on.2008,2(20):520-523
[39]Esseghir,M.;Bouabdallah,N.;Pujolle,G..A novel approach for improving wireless sensor network lifetime[J].IEEE International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.2005,4(4):2701-2706
[40]Di T,Georganas N D.Connectivity maintenance and coverage preservation in wireless sensor networks[A].Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering[C],2-5 May 2004,2:1097-1100.
[41]Ammari,Habib M.;Das,Sajal K.Integrated Coverage and Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Two-Dimensional Percolation Problem[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers.2008,57(10):1423-1434
[42]Ye F,zhong G,Lu S,et al.A robust energy conserving protocol for long-lived sensor networks[A].The 23~(rd) International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'03)[C],May 2003:1-10.
[43]Li Peng;Desheng Wang;Long Zhao.An algorithm based on market competition for wireless sensor network connectivity and coverage[J].International Conference on Information and Automation.June 2008:379-383
[44]Gage,D.W.Command Control for Many-Robot Systems[J].AUVS-92,the Nineteenth Annual AUVS Technical Symposium,Huntsville AL,22-24 June 1992.Reprinted in Unmanned Systems Magazine,Vol.10,No.4,pp 28-34,Fall 1992.
[45]曹峰,刘丽萍,王智.能量有效的无线传感器网络部署[J].信息与控制.2006年4月.第35卷第2期.147-153
[46]罗惕乾.流体力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007
[47](美)约翰D.安德森(John D Anderson)著,吴颂平刘赵淼译.计算流体力学基础及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007
[48]J.D.Anderson,Computational Fluid Dynamics:the Basics with Applications[M].McGraw-Hill,1995
[49]G.R.Liu,Mesh Free Methods:Moving Beyond the Finite Element Method[M],CRC Press,2002.
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[2]Karl H,Willig A.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构[M].邱天爽,唐洪,李婷等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2007
[3]B.Shucker,J.K.Bennett.Scalable Control of Distributed Robotic Macrosensors[J].in 7th International Symposium on Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems,June 2004
[4]Howard A,Matarie M J,Sukhatme G S.Mobile sensor network deployment using potential fields:a distributed,scalable solution to the area Coverage problem[A].The 6th International Conference on Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems (DARS02)[C].Tokyo,Japan:Springer-Verlag,2002:299-308
[5]D.O.Popa,C.Helm.Robotic Deployment of Sensor Networks Using Potential Fields[J].in Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,New Orleans,LA,April 2004:642-647
[6]Jaeyong Lee;Dharne,A.D.;Jayasuriya,S.Potential Field Based Hierarchical Structure for Mobile Sensor Network Deployment[J].American Control Conference.2007,9(13):5946-5951
[7]Zou Y,Chakrabarty K.Sensor deployment and target localization based on virtual forces[A].Proceedings of the IEEE IN-FOCOM[C].New York,USA:IEEE,2003:1293-1303
[8]周彤,洪炳镕,朴松昊.基于虚拟力的混合感知网节点部署[J].计算机研究与发展,2007,44(6):965-972
[9]Muhammed R.Pac,Aydan M.Erkmen Ismet Erkmen.Towards Fluent Sensor Networks:A Scalable and Robust Self-Deployment Approach[J].in Adaptive Hardware and Systems,2006.:AHS 2006
[10]刘丽萍,王智,孙优贤.无线传感器网络部署及其覆盖问题研究[J].电子与信息学报,2006,9,28(9):1752-1757
[11]D.Hamel,M.Chwastek,B.Farouk,K.Dandekar,M.Kam.A computational Fluid Dynamics Approach for Optimization of a Sensor Network[J].IEEE International Workshop on Measurement Systems for Homeland Security,Contraband Detection and Personal Safety Alexandria,October 2006,18-19
[12]D.Zarzhitsky,D.R.Thayer.A Fluid Dynamics Approach to Multi-Robot Chemical Plume Tracing[J].in Proceedings of AAMAS'04,New York,USA,July 2004.
[13]傅质馨,徐志良,黄成,吴晓蓓.无线传感器网络节点部署问题研究[J].传感器与微系统.2008,27(3):116-120
[14]谢洁锐,刘才兴,胡月明,刘兰.无线传感器网络的部署[J].传感器与微系统.2007,26(1):4-7
[15]Batalin M A,Sukhatme G S,Hattig M.Mobile Robot Navigation using a Sensor Network[A].Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics &Automation(ICRA0d)[C].New Orleans,2004
[16]Clouqueur T,Phipatanasuphom V,Ramanathan P,et al.Sensor deployment strategy for target detection[A].Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications(WSNAo2)[C],Atlanta,2002
[17]霍宏伟,郜帅,牛延超,张思东.基于室内传播模型的无线传感器网络节点部署策略研究[J].中国工程科学.2008,10(9):64-69
[18]Nadjib Aitsaadi,Nadjib Achir,Khaled Boussetta and Bezalel Gavish.A Gradient Approach for Differentiated Wireless Sensor Network Deployment[J].Wireless Days,2008.1-5
[19]凡志刚,郭文生,桑楠.一种基于蜂窝网格的传感器节点部署算法[J].传感器与微系统.2008,27(4):15-17
[20]曾锃,张洋,贾国光.基于信息覆盖理论的传感器节点部署方法[J].计算机工程与设计.2008,29(1 7):4444-4446+4471
[21]Batalin,M.A.;Sukhatme,G.S.The Design and Analysis of an Efficient Local Algorithm for Coverage and Exploration Based on Sensor Network Deployment[J].IEEE Transactions on Robotics,2007,23(4):661-675
[22]N.Heo,P.K.Varshney.A Distributed Self Spreading Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J].in Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2003.
[23]F.Akyildiz et al.Wireless Sensor Networks:a survey,Computer Networks[J].Vol.38,pp.March 2002,393-422
[24]Wameke B,Last M,Liebowitz B,et al.Smart dust:Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer[J].IEEE Computer Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51
[25]Noury N,Herve T,Rialle V,et al.Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor[J].In:Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Micro technologies in Medicine and Biology.Lyon:IEEE Computer Society,2000,607-610
[26]Jongwoo Sung;Sungjin Ahn;Taesoo Park,et al.Wireless sensor networks for Cultural Property Protection[J].IEEE.March 2008 Page(s):615-620
[27]Xing Jin;Ho-Shing Tang;Chan,S.-H.G.;Kan-Leung Cheng.Deployment Issues in Scalable Island Multicast for Peer-to-Peer Streaming.Multimedia[J].IEEE.2009,16(1):72-80
[28]Heo N,Varshney P K.A self spreading algorithm for sensor networks[C].2003 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Record.Piscataway,USA:IEEE,2003:1597-1602
[29]Batalin,M.A.;Sukhatme,G.S.The Analysis of an Efficient Algorithm for Robot Coverage and Exploration based on Sensor Network Deployment[J].International Conference on Robotics and Automation.2006:3478-3485
[30]Weibin Gong;Yilin Chang;Ying Zhang;Zhong Shen.Sensor network deployment based on coverage addition factor[J].IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems.2008:948-952
[31]Krco,S.;Tsiatsis,V.;Matusikova,K.;Johansson,M.;Cubic,I.;Glitho,R.Mobile Network Supported Wireless Sensor Network Services[J].IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems.8-11 Oct.2007:1-3
[32]凡志刚.无线传感器网络覆盖与节点部署问题研究[D].电子科技大学.2008
[33]史斌彬.无线传感器网络节点部署算法研究[D].江南大学.2008
[34]Hua Wang;Yi Guo.A decentralized control for mobile sensor network effective coverage[J].Intelligent Control and Automation.June 2008:473-478
[35]Gulling Wang,Guohong Cao,Tom La Porta.A bidding protocol for deploying mobile sensors[C].The 11th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP),Atlanta,Georgia,2003
[36]Ki-Il Kim;Da-Hye Choi;Sang-Ha Kim.Deployment issues for application level multicast[J].Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications.2003 5(3):1087-1091
[37]Durresi A,Paruchuri V.K.,lyengar S.et al..Optimized broadcast protocol for sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers,2005,54(8):1013-1024.
[38]Chuyu Xiao;Yali Peng;Min Yu.The Deployment Method and Movement Control Strategy in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Computer Science and Computational Technology,2008.ISCSCT '08.International Symposium on.2008,2(20):520-523
[39]Esseghir,M.;Bouabdallah,N.;Pujolle,G..A novel approach for improving wireless sensor network lifetime[J].IEEE International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.2005,4(4):2701-2706
[40]Di T,Georganas N D.Connectivity maintenance and coverage preservation in wireless sensor networks[A].Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering[C],2-5 May 2004,2:1097-1100.
[41]Ammari,Habib M.;Das,Sajal K.Integrated Coverage and Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Two-Dimensional Percolation Problem[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers.2008,57(10):1423-1434
[42]Ye F,zhong G,Lu S,et al.A robust energy conserving protocol for long-lived sensor networks[A].The 23~(rd) International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'03)[C],May 2003:1-10.
[43]Li Peng;Desheng Wang;Long Zhao.An algorithm based on market competition for wireless sensor network connectivity and coverage[J].International Conference on Information and Automation.June 2008:379-383
[44]Gage,D.W.Command Control for Many-Robot Systems[J].AUVS-92,the Nineteenth Annual AUVS Technical Symposium,Huntsville AL,22-24 June 1992.Reprinted in Unmanned Systems Magazine,Vol.10,No.4,pp 28-34,Fall 1992.
[45]曹峰,刘丽萍,王智.能量有效的无线传感器网络部署[J].信息与控制.2006年4月.第35卷第2期.147-153
[46]罗惕乾.流体力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007
[47](美)约翰D.安德森(John D Anderson)著,吴颂平刘赵淼译.计算流体力学基础及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007
[48]J.D.Anderson,Computational Fluid Dynamics:the Basics with Applications[M].McGraw-Hill,1995
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