武汉城市圈农业低碳发展分析与路径选择
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摘要
气候变化是21世纪普遍关注的全球性环境与科学发展的问题。石化能源在大量消耗的同时也产生大量的CO2等温室气体推动了气候变化。基于全球气候变暖和能源安全问题提出的低碳经济是新的经济发展模式,也是经济的一个增长点,各行各业都在寻求新的发展突破口。农业是国民经济的基础产业、民生的产业,农业生产对耕地的利用以及化学类等农用物资投入是重要的碳源,同时农业又有巨大的碳汇潜力,在低碳经济背景下如何实现农业低碳化发展,已成为国内外学者的研究热点,本文以武汉城市圈农业低碳化发展为研究对象,以此初探农业低碳发展可行路径。
首先阐述低碳农业经济相关理论基础和国内外实践研究,借鉴研究武汉城市圈农业低碳发展的理论和实践经验。进一步分析武汉城市圈农业经济低碳发展的基础条件,通过农业资源禀赋情况、农业产业结构、农业区域布局情况、农业能源资源、农业科学技术等方面摸清武汉城市圈发展农业低碳化发展的潜力以及存在的不足。
通过测算和分析武汉城市圈农用地利用(主要是耕地、林地、草地)的碳排放效益和武汉城市圈农用地空间载体上农业活动的农用物资投入(农药、农膜、柴油、化肥等)所导致的碳排放。研究表明：(1)2009年武汉城市圈区域农用地利用处于碳汇状态,碳吸收量20.24万吨。耕地是武汉城市圈农用地利用的主要碳源,而林地和草地是农地利用主要的碳汇。从武汉城市圈各个地区来看,因各类型农用地利用产生碳排放总量存在显著的区域差异。主要分布在武汉城市圈中西部,包括孝感、武汉、天门,累计碳排放总量超过22万吨。潜江、仙桃、鄂州碳排放总量较少,累计11万吨。而咸宁、黄冈、黄石三市农用地利用主要产生碳蓄积的作用。(2)武汉城市圈从2000年到2010年由于化肥、农膜、农药、农业灌溉、农用柴油投入导致的农业活动碳排总量和碳排强度呈逐年上升趋势。从区域特征来看差异明显：黄冈市农业活动碳排放总量很高,碳排放强度很高,典型的“双高”型；孝感市属于碳排放总量高和碳排放强度高的类型；武汉市碳排放总量高、碳排放强度一般；仙桃市、潜江市碳排放总量一般但碳排放强度很高；黄石市属于碳排放总量低和碳排放强度低的“双低”型。
农用地利用、农用物资投入等方面是武汉城市圈农业活动的主要碳源,其影响因素是多方面的。基于此,武汉城市圈农业低碳发展实现可以依赖以下几条路径：一是武汉城市圈农业产业结构调整与低碳化；二是探索低碳型的农用地利用新模式；三是实现农业物资投入的减量化与高效利用；四是创新推广农业低碳发展技术；五是建立和完善农业低碳政策体制支撑体系。
The twenty-first century sees climate change is the problem that attracts universal attention by the global environment and scientific development research. And the climate change problem is driven by large amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2produced during the process of consumption of Petrochemical energy. Based on the global climate change and the energy security issues, it is put forward that low carbon economy is a new model of economic development as well as a point of economic growth. Agriculture, the basic industry of the national economy and people's livelihood, is an important carbon source for the carbon that is caused by the land use and agricultural activities as well as the input of agricultural chemical materials. However, agriculture has great carbon sink potential at the same time, so how to realize agriculture low carbon development under the background of low-carbon has become a research hotspot that is studied by scholars at home and abroad. This paper take the agriculture low carbon development of Wuhan city circle as the research object in order to explore feasible path of agriculture low carbon development.
This paper first explain the relative theory and practical research on agriculture low carbon economy at home and abroad, in view of which, and then make a further analysis of foundational conditions of low carbon development of agriculture economy in Wuhan city circle. Later the potential and insufficiency of agricultural low carbon development of Wuhan city circle will be figured out through the analysis of agricultural resource endowment, industrial structure of agriculture, the regional distribution of agriculture, agricultural energy resources, agricultural science and technology and so on.
By measuring and analysis of carbon emissions benefits of agricultural land use (mainly be farmland, woodland, and grassland) and carbon emission caused by agricultural activities and agricultural material inputs (such as the pesticides, plastic sheeting, diesel, fertilizer, etc) in the space vector of Wuhan city circle, the research shows two results. First conclusion is that area of agricultural land use of Wuhan City Circle in2009is in the state of the carbon sink in general with the total carbon uptake be20.24×104tons, in which the farmland is the main carbon source and the forest and grassland is carbon sink source. Seen from different regions of Wuhan City Circle, there are significant regional differences on the total carbon emission between agricultural land uses of different type, especially in central and western part of Wuhan City Circle, such as Xiaogan, Wuhan and Tianmen with their total carbon emission exceeding22×104tons. While the carbon emission of some regions such as Qianjiang, Xiantao and Ezhou, is relatively less with the total amount be11×104tons. However, the agriculture land uses in regions like Xianning, Huanggang and Huangshi play the main role in carbon sink. The second conclusion is that the total amount and intensity of carbon emission caused by agriculture inputs and activities in Wuhan City Circle from2000to2010show the trend of yearly increment. Seen from feature aspect, the regional differences are obvious:the carbon emission amount and intensity caused by agriculture activities in various regions is different, in Huanggang both carbon emission amount and intensity are very high, a typically "double high" type, and in Xiaogan both high, in Wuhan with the former high and the latter general, in Xiantao and Qianjiang with the former general and the latter high, and in Huangshi both low, a typically "double low" type.
Agricultural land use and agricultural material inputs of Wuhan city circle agricultural activity is the main source of carbon, the influence factors of carbon emissions are various. Based on the comprehensive research above, conclusions can be drawn that the realization of agriculture low carbon development of Wuhan city circle should depend on several paths as following with the first path is the adjustment of agriculture industrial structure and agricultural low carbonization, second is exploration of new mode of agricultural land use of low carbon type, third is realization of reduction of material inputs in agriculture and their of high efficiency use, fourth is promotion and innovation of agricultural low carbon development technology and the last is establishment and improvement of support system of agricultural low carbon policy and institution.
首先阐述低碳农业经济相关理论基础和国内外实践研究,借鉴研究武汉城市圈农业低碳发展的理论和实践经验。进一步分析武汉城市圈农业经济低碳发展的基础条件,通过农业资源禀赋情况、农业产业结构、农业区域布局情况、农业能源资源、农业科学技术等方面摸清武汉城市圈发展农业低碳化发展的潜力以及存在的不足。
通过测算和分析武汉城市圈农用地利用(主要是耕地、林地、草地)的碳排放效益和武汉城市圈农用地空间载体上农业活动的农用物资投入(农药、农膜、柴油、化肥等)所导致的碳排放。研究表明：(1)2009年武汉城市圈区域农用地利用处于碳汇状态,碳吸收量20.24万吨。耕地是武汉城市圈农用地利用的主要碳源,而林地和草地是农地利用主要的碳汇。从武汉城市圈各个地区来看,因各类型农用地利用产生碳排放总量存在显著的区域差异。主要分布在武汉城市圈中西部,包括孝感、武汉、天门,累计碳排放总量超过22万吨。潜江、仙桃、鄂州碳排放总量较少,累计11万吨。而咸宁、黄冈、黄石三市农用地利用主要产生碳蓄积的作用。(2)武汉城市圈从2000年到2010年由于化肥、农膜、农药、农业灌溉、农用柴油投入导致的农业活动碳排总量和碳排强度呈逐年上升趋势。从区域特征来看差异明显：黄冈市农业活动碳排放总量很高,碳排放强度很高,典型的“双高”型；孝感市属于碳排放总量高和碳排放强度高的类型；武汉市碳排放总量高、碳排放强度一般；仙桃市、潜江市碳排放总量一般但碳排放强度很高；黄石市属于碳排放总量低和碳排放强度低的“双低”型。
农用地利用、农用物资投入等方面是武汉城市圈农业活动的主要碳源,其影响因素是多方面的。基于此,武汉城市圈农业低碳发展实现可以依赖以下几条路径：一是武汉城市圈农业产业结构调整与低碳化；二是探索低碳型的农用地利用新模式；三是实现农业物资投入的减量化与高效利用；四是创新推广农业低碳发展技术；五是建立和完善农业低碳政策体制支撑体系。
The twenty-first century sees climate change is the problem that attracts universal attention by the global environment and scientific development research. And the climate change problem is driven by large amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2produced during the process of consumption of Petrochemical energy. Based on the global climate change and the energy security issues, it is put forward that low carbon economy is a new model of economic development as well as a point of economic growth. Agriculture, the basic industry of the national economy and people's livelihood, is an important carbon source for the carbon that is caused by the land use and agricultural activities as well as the input of agricultural chemical materials. However, agriculture has great carbon sink potential at the same time, so how to realize agriculture low carbon development under the background of low-carbon has become a research hotspot that is studied by scholars at home and abroad. This paper take the agriculture low carbon development of Wuhan city circle as the research object in order to explore feasible path of agriculture low carbon development.
This paper first explain the relative theory and practical research on agriculture low carbon economy at home and abroad, in view of which, and then make a further analysis of foundational conditions of low carbon development of agriculture economy in Wuhan city circle. Later the potential and insufficiency of agricultural low carbon development of Wuhan city circle will be figured out through the analysis of agricultural resource endowment, industrial structure of agriculture, the regional distribution of agriculture, agricultural energy resources, agricultural science and technology and so on.
By measuring and analysis of carbon emissions benefits of agricultural land use (mainly be farmland, woodland, and grassland) and carbon emission caused by agricultural activities and agricultural material inputs (such as the pesticides, plastic sheeting, diesel, fertilizer, etc) in the space vector of Wuhan city circle, the research shows two results. First conclusion is that area of agricultural land use of Wuhan City Circle in2009is in the state of the carbon sink in general with the total carbon uptake be20.24×104tons, in which the farmland is the main carbon source and the forest and grassland is carbon sink source. Seen from different regions of Wuhan City Circle, there are significant regional differences on the total carbon emission between agricultural land uses of different type, especially in central and western part of Wuhan City Circle, such as Xiaogan, Wuhan and Tianmen with their total carbon emission exceeding22×104tons. While the carbon emission of some regions such as Qianjiang, Xiantao and Ezhou, is relatively less with the total amount be11×104tons. However, the agriculture land uses in regions like Xianning, Huanggang and Huangshi play the main role in carbon sink. The second conclusion is that the total amount and intensity of carbon emission caused by agriculture inputs and activities in Wuhan City Circle from2000to2010show the trend of yearly increment. Seen from feature aspect, the regional differences are obvious:the carbon emission amount and intensity caused by agriculture activities in various regions is different, in Huanggang both carbon emission amount and intensity are very high, a typically "double high" type, and in Xiaogan both high, in Wuhan with the former high and the latter general, in Xiantao and Qianjiang with the former general and the latter high, and in Huangshi both low, a typically "double low" type.
Agricultural land use and agricultural material inputs of Wuhan city circle agricultural activity is the main source of carbon, the influence factors of carbon emissions are various. Based on the comprehensive research above, conclusions can be drawn that the realization of agriculture low carbon development of Wuhan city circle should depend on several paths as following with the first path is the adjustment of agriculture industrial structure and agricultural low carbonization, second is exploration of new mode of agricultural land use of low carbon type, third is realization of reduction of material inputs in agriculture and their of high efficiency use, fourth is promotion and innovation of agricultural low carbon development technology and the last is establishment and improvement of support system of agricultural low carbon policy and institution.
引文
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