基于空间映射算法的平面微带天线阵列研究
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摘要
天线是现代无线通信系统重要的前端器件,而微带天线因其一系列优点,受到了广泛的关注。随着越来越高的性能要求,微带天线阵在一些领域比单一的微带天线更能显出优势,而微带天线阵的性能因受阵元之间互耦的影响并不是简单的单一微带天线的叠加。天线阵列的复杂性使其设计优化方法需要耗费大量的人力物力和时间,因此对微带天线阵列实现快捷准确的分析优化,是当下国内外对天线进行科研的专家和学者们的热点关注问题。John W. Bandler等人构想出的空间映射算法的根本思想是尝试在粗糙模型和精确模型的两个参数空间之间,搭建一种映射关系,然后以迭代的方式来更新和改进粗糙模型,随着数据的累积,使替代模型响应拟合于精确模型响应,最终达到误差范围内的一致,以此来代换精确模型的高成本计算。该算法的特点是高效率高精度。
本文首先介绍了微带天线和空间映射算法的基本概念,发展历程以及分析方法等。然后应用空间映射算法的思想,通过对微带天线平面阵列的远区辐射方向图性能的考察,研究了微带天线阵列阵元之间的互耦效应。文章先结合平面天线基本理论和端口网络理论,对平面天线的远区辐射方向图进行了分析,并提出了相应的数学表达式。然后在高频电磁仿真软件HFSS的帮助下获取平面天线阵列阵元之间的互耦系数,应用空间映射算法的思想,建立了平面天线阵的粗糙模型和精确模型,其中粗糙模型是不考虑阵元之间的互耦效应的,其分析精确度低而计算速度快计算效率高,而精确模型是考虑互耦效应的全阵元模型,其分析精确度高而计算速度慢计算效率低。其后结合MATLAB软件进行编程计算。文章先通过计算规模为3*3的微带天线平面阵列,讨论了其阵元之间的互耦效应在其远区辐射方向图中的影响,成功的拟合了其精确模型结果,之后在规模为5*5的微带天线平面阵列中,进行了讨论和验证。文章通过这两个阵列的数值分析验证了该方法的可靠性,说明了空间映射算法结合粗糙模型高效和精确模型高准确度的有效性,为大型天线阵列的优化分析提供了较为有价值的参考。
Antennas are the important front-end devices of modern wireless communication system. Because of a series of advantages, microstrip antennas attract more and more attention. With the increasingly high performance requirements, the microstrip antenna array show more advantages than a single microstrip antenna in some areas. While the performance of microstrip antenna array is not a simple superposition of the single antenna, because the mutual coupling effects between its elements have a great impact on the performance of the overall array. And the complexity of the mutual coupling effects requires a lot of effort and time-consuming in some design optimization methods of the antenna array, so the fast and accurate analysis and optimization for the microstrip antenna array has become the domestic and foreign scholars'research priorities. The space mapping algorithm proposed by John. W. Bandler. The basic idea of the space mapping algorithm is first establishing a mapping between the two parameter space of the coarse model and the fine model, then using the iterative calculation and updating the coarse model instead of the fine model which has a high cost of calculation. With the accumulation of data, the coarse model response will gradually close to the fine model response,and ultimately achieve consistent within the error range. The advantages of this algorithm are high-efficiency and high-precision.
This paper first introduces the basic concepts and the development of the microstrip antenna, and the basic concepts of the space mapping algorithm. Then the mutual coupling effect in far-field radiation pattern of planar antenna array is studied by using space mapping algorithm idea. In the paper, the far-field radiation pattern of planar antenna array is analysed by the basic theory of planar antenna array and the port network theory, and has derived the corresponding formulas. First we establish the coarse model without considering the mutual coupling effects between the elements, which has high computational efficiency but low accuracy, and the fine model, the whole array element model considering the mutual coupling effect, which has high accuracy but low computational efficiency. Then we study the mutual coupling effect in depth by matlab programming and parameter extraction using HFSS with the aid of the principle of space mapping first based on a3*3planar array of rectangular microstrip antenna and then a5*5planar array. Through these two examples, the reliability of this method and the effectiveness of combining of the efficient in the coarse model and the accurate in fine model are verified, which have a good reference value for the optimization analysis of the large antenna array.
本文首先介绍了微带天线和空间映射算法的基本概念,发展历程以及分析方法等。然后应用空间映射算法的思想,通过对微带天线平面阵列的远区辐射方向图性能的考察,研究了微带天线阵列阵元之间的互耦效应。文章先结合平面天线基本理论和端口网络理论,对平面天线的远区辐射方向图进行了分析,并提出了相应的数学表达式。然后在高频电磁仿真软件HFSS的帮助下获取平面天线阵列阵元之间的互耦系数,应用空间映射算法的思想,建立了平面天线阵的粗糙模型和精确模型,其中粗糙模型是不考虑阵元之间的互耦效应的,其分析精确度低而计算速度快计算效率高,而精确模型是考虑互耦效应的全阵元模型,其分析精确度高而计算速度慢计算效率低。其后结合MATLAB软件进行编程计算。文章先通过计算规模为3*3的微带天线平面阵列,讨论了其阵元之间的互耦效应在其远区辐射方向图中的影响,成功的拟合了其精确模型结果,之后在规模为5*5的微带天线平面阵列中,进行了讨论和验证。文章通过这两个阵列的数值分析验证了该方法的可靠性,说明了空间映射算法结合粗糙模型高效和精确模型高准确度的有效性,为大型天线阵列的优化分析提供了较为有价值的参考。
Antennas are the important front-end devices of modern wireless communication system. Because of a series of advantages, microstrip antennas attract more and more attention. With the increasingly high performance requirements, the microstrip antenna array show more advantages than a single microstrip antenna in some areas. While the performance of microstrip antenna array is not a simple superposition of the single antenna, because the mutual coupling effects between its elements have a great impact on the performance of the overall array. And the complexity of the mutual coupling effects requires a lot of effort and time-consuming in some design optimization methods of the antenna array, so the fast and accurate analysis and optimization for the microstrip antenna array has become the domestic and foreign scholars'research priorities. The space mapping algorithm proposed by John. W. Bandler. The basic idea of the space mapping algorithm is first establishing a mapping between the two parameter space of the coarse model and the fine model, then using the iterative calculation and updating the coarse model instead of the fine model which has a high cost of calculation. With the accumulation of data, the coarse model response will gradually close to the fine model response,and ultimately achieve consistent within the error range. The advantages of this algorithm are high-efficiency and high-precision.
This paper first introduces the basic concepts and the development of the microstrip antenna, and the basic concepts of the space mapping algorithm. Then the mutual coupling effect in far-field radiation pattern of planar antenna array is studied by using space mapping algorithm idea. In the paper, the far-field radiation pattern of planar antenna array is analysed by the basic theory of planar antenna array and the port network theory, and has derived the corresponding formulas. First we establish the coarse model without considering the mutual coupling effects between the elements, which has high computational efficiency but low accuracy, and the fine model, the whole array element model considering the mutual coupling effect, which has high accuracy but low computational efficiency. Then we study the mutual coupling effect in depth by matlab programming and parameter extraction using HFSS with the aid of the principle of space mapping first based on a3*3planar array of rectangular microstrip antenna and then a5*5planar array. Through these two examples, the reliability of this method and the effectiveness of combining of the efficient in the coarse model and the accurate in fine model are verified, which have a good reference value for the optimization analysis of the large antenna array.
引文
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[38]H.-W. Liu and C.-F. Yang. Miniature broadband antenna for WLAN/WiMAX and lower-band UWB applications. ELECTRONICS LETTERS 19th November 2009,45(24):1201-1203.
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[2]Kin-Lu Wong. Compact and broadband microstrip antennas. New York:Wiley,c2002.
[3]钟顺时.微带天线理论与应用.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,1991.
[4]I.J鲍尔,P布哈蒂亚.微带天线.北京：电子工业出版社,1984.
[5]James, J.R. and others. Microstrip antenna theory and designfundamentals, theory, and applications. New YorkPeter Peregrinus,1981.
[6]张钧,刘克诚,张贤铎,赫崇骏.微带天线理论与工程.北京：国防工业出版社,1988.
[7]无线通信中的智能天线书
[8]哈林顿,王尔杰.计算电磁场的矩量法.北京：国防工业出版社,1981.
[9]李世智.电磁辐射与散射问题的矩量法.北京：电子工业出版社,1985.3.
[10]雷晓燕.有限元法.北京：中国铁道出版社,2000.
[11]金建铭.电磁场有限元法.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,1998.
[12]高本庆.时域有限差分法FDTD Method.北京：国防工业出版社,1995.
[13]王长清,祝西里.电磁场计算中的时域有限差分法.北京：北京大学出版社,1994.12
[14]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法—理论、应用与软件实现.西安：西安交通大学出版社,2002.
[15]John W. Bandler, Radoslaw M. Biernacki, Shao Hua Chen, Piotr A. Grobelny and Ronald H. Hemmers. Space mapping technique for electromagnetic optimization. IEEE Transactions On Microwave Theory and Techniques, 42:2536-2544,1994.
[16]Q. J. Zhang and K. C. Gupta, Neural Networks For RF and Microwave Design. Norwood, MA:Artech House, 2000, ch. 9.
[17]J.S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications. New York: Wiley, 2001, pp.295-299.
[18]Ke-Li Wu, Rui Zhang, Ehlert.M, et al. An explicit knowledge-embedded space mapping technique and its application to optimization of LTCC RF passive circuits. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies,2003,26(2):399-406.
[19]Jiang Zhu, John W. Bandler, Natalia K. Nikolova and Slawomir Koziel. Antenna optimization through space mapping. IEEE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, 2007, 55:651-658.
[20]Pantoja Mario Fernandez, Meincke Peter, Bretones Amelia Rubio. A hybrid genetic-algorithm space-mapping tool for the optimization of antennas. IEEE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation,2007,55:777-781.
[21]袁军,邱扬,刘其中,田锦.基于空间映射及遗传算法的车载天线优化配置.电波科学学报.2006,21(1)：26-32.
[22]李沙,谢拥军,岳亮,李亚峰.空间映射算法优化八木天线.现代电子技术,2009,17：37-42.
[23]马汉炎.天线技术.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社.1997.
[24]A. G. Derneryd. Microstrip Array Antenna. Proc. 6th European Microwave Conference, 1976.
[25]I. J. Bahl and P. Bhartia: Microstrip antennas, Artech House, 1980.
[26]R James, P. S. Hall and C. Rood:Microstrip antenna theory and design, Peter Petegrinus Ltd,1981.
[27]P. Bhartia, I. Bahl. Microstrip antenna design handbook. Artech House Inc,2001:14-520.
[28]D. M. Pozar. Microstrip antenna. Proc. IEEE. Vol.80, 1992:79-91.
[29]D. M. Pozar. Considerations for millimeter wave printed antennas. IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. AP-31, NO.5,1983:740-747.
[30]K. R. Carver, J. W. Mink. Microstrip antenna technology. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. Vol. AP-29,1981:2-24.
[31]R. J. Mailloux, et al. Microstrip array technology. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. Vol. AP-29,1981:25-37
[32]李明星,张广求.微带天线的宽带设计综述.无线电工程.2003,33(11)：36-53.
[33]Special issue on software radio. IEEE Personal Commun. Mag.1999,6(24).
[34]Special issue on software radio. IEEE Personal Commun. Mag.1999,37(2).
[35]L. Guo, S. Wang, X. Chen and C.G. Parini. Study of compact antenna for UWB applications. ELECTRONICS LETTERS 21st January 2010,46(2):115-116.
[36]X. Qing, Z.N. Chen. Compact coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband monopole-like slot antenna. IET Microw. Antennas Propag.,2009,3(5):889-898.
[37]Z.-S. Duan, S.-B. Qu, Y. Wu and J.-Q. Zhang. Wide bandwidth and broad beamwidth microstrip patch antenna. ELECTRONICS LETTERS 26th February 2009,45(5):249-250.
[38]H.-W. Liu and C.-F. Yang. Miniature broadband antenna for WLAN/WiMAX and lower-band UWB applications. ELECTRONICS LETTERS 19th November 2009,45(24):1201-1203.
[39]M.N. Shakib M.T. Islam N. Misra. Stacked patch antenna with folded patch feed for ultra-wideband application. IET Microw. Antennas Propag.,2010,4(10):1456-1461.
[40]姜兴.十六元矩形微带天线阵的设计与分析.桂林电子工业学院学报,2002,22(5)：19-21.
[41]罗莉梅.基于并行FDTD的Ku波段微带天线阵列研究.中国传媒大学.硕士研究生学位论文,2007.
[42]郭屹峰,项阳,钱祖平.应用遗传算法优化设计微带天线阵.军事通信技术,2006,27(1)：25-27.
[43]车仁信,程鑫.基于FDTD的相控微带天线阵设计与分析.微波学报,2006,22(3)：23-27.
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