乔伊斯的《都柏林人》：过渡仪式视角下的解读
摘要
《都柏林人》写于1904-1907年,记录了乔伊斯对都柏林生活所做的一生的探索。他本人把这部系列小说看成是为爱尔兰写的一部“精神史”。国内外学者对这部作品进行了详尽入微的解读和研究。本论文尝试利用人类学过渡仪式理论来分析小说情节,以求为更全面理解这部系列小说另辟一个全新的视角。
《都柏林人》这部系列小说基本是按照主人公的年龄阶段来安排的。依据仪式理论,人会在不同的年龄阶段经历不同的过渡仪式：在青少年阶段结束时,经历成年仪式；在青年阶段,经历结婚仪式；在成年阶段,经历长辈仪式或祖辈仪式。也就是说,这部表现人生各个阶段的系列小说理应涉及上述各种过渡仪式。但事实并非如此。这些小说所呈现的,更多是过渡仪式的中止、扭曲或缺席。本论文便是对上述现象的分析。
本论文由七部分组成。第一章首先简要介绍詹姆斯·乔伊斯及其作品《都柏林人》,接着对前人关于《都柏林人》的评论进行评述,然后介绍本论文的分析方法。第二章,第三章和第四章分别分析《都柏林人》表现童年的篇什中过渡仪式的中止,表现青年篇什中过渡仪式的扭曲和表现成年篇什中过渡仪式的缺席。第五章分析过渡仪式中止,扭曲和缺席的原因。第六章分析《都柏林人》中唯一一篇过渡仪式顺利完成的短篇小说《死者》,认为乔伊斯借过波仪式的成功实现,表现了整个爱尔兰社会走出精神瘫痪,实现重生的希望。第七章是对论文的概括,指出利用过渡仪式分析作品对作品主题的揭东作用。同时,从过渡仪式来看,《都柏林人》不仅表现了众多爱尔兰人个体的日常生活经历,同时也表现了整个爱尔兰社会的演变过程。
Dubliners, written during1904and1907, is Joyce's life-long exploration of Dublin life, and he himself depicted Dubliners as "a spiritual history for Ireland". Dubliners as "a spiritual history for Ireland" has been subject to exhaustive and intense scrutiny by scholars of all types. The present thesis focuses on exploring Dubliners from the perspective of rites—more specifically the rites of passage. It is intended to provide a fresh, anthropologically-based interpretation of this short story collection.
This short story collection is arranged basically according to the age of the protagonists. According to the theory of the rites of passage, every person in different age stages experiences different rites of passage. Generally speaking, in the childhood, people should experience the rite of passage to adulthood; in the youth stage, the rite of passage to marriage; in adulthood, the rite of passage to eldership and to ancestorship. Therefore, the rites of passage should play a key role in deciding the narrative structure of this short story collection. However, there are suspension, distortion, and absence of the rites of passage in Joyce's description of childhood, youth, and adulthood in the short story collection. The present thesis aims at a detailed analysis of this phenomenon.
The thesis falls into seven parts. The first chapter is a brief introduction to James Joyce and Dubliners and a general survey of previous criticism on Dubliners. It also presents the analytical framework employed in the thesis. The second, third, and fourth chapters respectively analyse the suspension of the rites of passage in the short stories about childhood, the distortion of the rites of passage in the short stories about adolescence, and the absence of the rites of passage in the short stories about adulthood. The fifth chapter analyses the causes for the suspension, distortion and absence of the rites of passage that are dealt with in the previous three chapters. The sixth chapter discusses "The Dead", the only story in the collection in which the rites of passage is accomplished. This chapter shows that, by the consummation of rites of passage, Joyce expresses his hope for the regeneration of the spiritually paralyzed Irish society. The seventh chapter summarizes the thesis and puts forward the conclusion that, interpretation of the short story collection with the rites of passage better illuminates the theme. Meanwhile, these short stories from the perspective of the rites of passage can be viewed not only as an exhibition of the daily personal experience of the Irish people but also as the developing experience of the whole Irish society.
《都柏林人》这部系列小说基本是按照主人公的年龄阶段来安排的。依据仪式理论,人会在不同的年龄阶段经历不同的过渡仪式：在青少年阶段结束时,经历成年仪式；在青年阶段,经历结婚仪式；在成年阶段,经历长辈仪式或祖辈仪式。也就是说,这部表现人生各个阶段的系列小说理应涉及上述各种过渡仪式。但事实并非如此。这些小说所呈现的,更多是过渡仪式的中止、扭曲或缺席。本论文便是对上述现象的分析。
本论文由七部分组成。第一章首先简要介绍詹姆斯·乔伊斯及其作品《都柏林人》,接着对前人关于《都柏林人》的评论进行评述,然后介绍本论文的分析方法。第二章,第三章和第四章分别分析《都柏林人》表现童年的篇什中过渡仪式的中止,表现青年篇什中过渡仪式的扭曲和表现成年篇什中过渡仪式的缺席。第五章分析过渡仪式中止,扭曲和缺席的原因。第六章分析《都柏林人》中唯一一篇过渡仪式顺利完成的短篇小说《死者》,认为乔伊斯借过波仪式的成功实现,表现了整个爱尔兰社会走出精神瘫痪,实现重生的希望。第七章是对论文的概括,指出利用过渡仪式分析作品对作品主题的揭东作用。同时,从过渡仪式来看,《都柏林人》不仅表现了众多爱尔兰人个体的日常生活经历,同时也表现了整个爱尔兰社会的演变过程。
Dubliners, written during1904and1907, is Joyce's life-long exploration of Dublin life, and he himself depicted Dubliners as "a spiritual history for Ireland". Dubliners as "a spiritual history for Ireland" has been subject to exhaustive and intense scrutiny by scholars of all types. The present thesis focuses on exploring Dubliners from the perspective of rites—more specifically the rites of passage. It is intended to provide a fresh, anthropologically-based interpretation of this short story collection.
This short story collection is arranged basically according to the age of the protagonists. According to the theory of the rites of passage, every person in different age stages experiences different rites of passage. Generally speaking, in the childhood, people should experience the rite of passage to adulthood; in the youth stage, the rite of passage to marriage; in adulthood, the rite of passage to eldership and to ancestorship. Therefore, the rites of passage should play a key role in deciding the narrative structure of this short story collection. However, there are suspension, distortion, and absence of the rites of passage in Joyce's description of childhood, youth, and adulthood in the short story collection. The present thesis aims at a detailed analysis of this phenomenon.
The thesis falls into seven parts. The first chapter is a brief introduction to James Joyce and Dubliners and a general survey of previous criticism on Dubliners. It also presents the analytical framework employed in the thesis. The second, third, and fourth chapters respectively analyse the suspension of the rites of passage in the short stories about childhood, the distortion of the rites of passage in the short stories about adolescence, and the absence of the rites of passage in the short stories about adulthood. The fifth chapter analyses the causes for the suspension, distortion and absence of the rites of passage that are dealt with in the previous three chapters. The sixth chapter discusses "The Dead", the only story in the collection in which the rites of passage is accomplished. This chapter shows that, by the consummation of rites of passage, Joyce expresses his hope for the regeneration of the spiritually paralyzed Irish society. The seventh chapter summarizes the thesis and puts forward the conclusion that, interpretation of the short story collection with the rites of passage better illuminates the theme. Meanwhile, these short stories from the perspective of the rites of passage can be viewed not only as an exhibition of the daily personal experience of the Irish people but also as the developing experience of the whole Irish society.
引文
Atridge, Derek. James Joyce. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000. Print.
Benstock, Bernard. "Narrative Strategies:Tellers in the Dubliners Tales". Journal of Modern Literature 15.4 (1989):541-559.Print.
Caporaletti, Silvana. "The Thematization of Time in E. M. Forster's'The Eternal Moment' and Joyce's'The Dead'". Twentieth Century Literature 43.4 (1997):406-419. Print.
Conboy, Sheila C. "Exhibition and Inhibition:The Body Scene in Dubliners'". Twentieth Century Literature 37.4 (1991):405-419.Print.
Degnan, James P. "The Encounter in Joyce's'An Encounter'". Twentieth Century Literature 35.1 (1989):89-93. Print.
Delany, Paul. "Joyce's Political Development and the Aesthetic of Dubliners". College English 34.2 (1972):256-266. Print.
Ellmann, Richard. "The Backgrounds of'The Dead'". The Kenyon Review 20.4 (1958): 507-528. Print.
Friedrich, Gerhard, and Florence L. Walzl. "Joyce's Pattern of Paralysis in Dubliners". College English 22.7 (1961):519-520. Print.
Magalaner, Marvin. "Joyce, Nietzsche, and Hauptmann in James Joyce's 'A Painful Case'". PMLA 68.1 (1953):95-102. Print.
Montgomery, Br. Benilde. "A Nietzschean Reading of Joyce's Dubliners". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 46.1 (1978):65. Print.
Morse, Donald E. "Sing Three Songs of Araby:Theme and Allusion in Joyce's'Araby'". College Literature 5.2 (1978):125-132. Print.
Noon, William T. "Joyce's-Clay':An Interpretation". College English 17.2 (1955): 93-95. Print.
Norris, Margot. "Gambling with Gambles in 'Two Gallants'". A Forum on Fiction 29.1(1995) : 32-44. Print.
Norris, Margot. "Narration under a Blindfold:Reading Joyce's'Clay'". PMLA 102.2 (1987):206-215. Print.
Sherry, Vincent B., Jr "Joyce's Monologues in 'The Dead' and Browning's 'Thought-Tormented Music'". College Literature 11.2 (1984):134-140. Print.
West, Michael, and William Hendricks. "The Genesis and Significance of Joyce's Irony in 'A Painful Case'". ELH 44.4 (1977):701-727. Print.
阿诺尔德·范热内普,张举文译.过渡礼仪[M].北京：商务印书馆,2010.
董晓.《婚礼的成员》中的通过仪式解读[J].语文学刊,2011(3)：100-102.
弗里德里希·尼采,杨恒达译.查拉图斯特拉如是说[M].中国人民大学出版社2011：29-31
韩立娟,张健稳,毕淑媛.情感瘫痪—评詹姆斯·乔伊斯《都柏林人》的主题[J].唐山学院学报,2006(19)：51-54.
华菁.乔伊斯的那面“明亮的镜子”：对《都柏林人》的人物性格分析[D].北京语言大学,2008.
胡玉明.《麦田里的守望者》的仪式视角[J].世界文学评论,2008(2)：149-153.
冀桐,吴丰瑜.《鲁滨逊漂流记》与成人仪式[J].温州大学学报,2009(2)：64-69.
李建宗.神圣·闽限·展演——十七年小说中的仪式化过程解读[J].长江师范学院学报,2008(3)：35-39.
李巧慧.叙述式“分裂的自我”——试析《都柏林人》儿童篇中的个体性[J].外国语文,2009(2)：55-58.
彭文斌,郭建勋.人类学视野下的仪式分类[J].民族学刊,2011(3)：52-86.
彭珍珠.《都柏林人》中的女性形象[J].西华大学报,2006(1)：73-75.
徐丹. 《倾空的的器皿》——成长仪式与欧美文学中的成长主题[J].上海三联书店,2008.
施显松.历史与现实之间的诗意和解——试论文学在施林克小说《朗读者》中的仪式化作用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报,2010(6)：64-67.
维克多·特纳,黄剑波,柳博赟译.仪式过程——结构与反结构[M].中国人民大学出版社,2009.
杨航.罗伯特·施奈德小说《睡眠兄弟》中的仪式研究[J].文学界,2011(5)：141-142.
张萌.成长的仪式与伤口——影片《鱼缸》中的成长意象解读[J].大舞台,2010(5)：95.
赵震红.论《都柏林人》景观与场景中的精神瘫痪主题[D],河北大学,2008.
郑志华.阈限与通过——论奈保尔社会身份转换蕴含的通过仪式及现代启示[J].作家杂志,2010(12)：34-36.
郑志明.《赤松子章历》与生死的仪式治疗[J].宗教学研究,2010(S1)：84-105.
江华.《宠儿》中塞丝的阈限通过仪式研究——从分离到融合：艰辛的成长之旅.作家杂志,2009(2)：90-91.
徐子昂.脱节的时代断裂的时间——谈哈姆莱特悲剧中的通过仪式[J].电影文学,2009(2)：100-101.
Benstock, Bernard. "Narrative Strategies:Tellers in the Dubliners Tales". Journal of Modern Literature 15.4 (1989):541-559.Print.
Caporaletti, Silvana. "The Thematization of Time in E. M. Forster's'The Eternal Moment' and Joyce's'The Dead'". Twentieth Century Literature 43.4 (1997):406-419. Print.
Conboy, Sheila C. "Exhibition and Inhibition:The Body Scene in Dubliners'". Twentieth Century Literature 37.4 (1991):405-419.Print.
Degnan, James P. "The Encounter in Joyce's'An Encounter'". Twentieth Century Literature 35.1 (1989):89-93. Print.
Delany, Paul. "Joyce's Political Development and the Aesthetic of Dubliners". College English 34.2 (1972):256-266. Print.
Ellmann, Richard. "The Backgrounds of'The Dead'". The Kenyon Review 20.4 (1958): 507-528. Print.
Friedrich, Gerhard, and Florence L. Walzl. "Joyce's Pattern of Paralysis in Dubliners". College English 22.7 (1961):519-520. Print.
Magalaner, Marvin. "Joyce, Nietzsche, and Hauptmann in James Joyce's 'A Painful Case'". PMLA 68.1 (1953):95-102. Print.
Montgomery, Br. Benilde. "A Nietzschean Reading of Joyce's Dubliners". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 46.1 (1978):65. Print.
Morse, Donald E. "Sing Three Songs of Araby:Theme and Allusion in Joyce's'Araby'". College Literature 5.2 (1978):125-132. Print.
Noon, William T. "Joyce's-Clay':An Interpretation". College English 17.2 (1955): 93-95. Print.
Norris, Margot. "Gambling with Gambles in 'Two Gallants'". A Forum on Fiction 29.1(1995) : 32-44. Print.
Norris, Margot. "Narration under a Blindfold:Reading Joyce's'Clay'". PMLA 102.2 (1987):206-215. Print.
Sherry, Vincent B., Jr "Joyce's Monologues in 'The Dead' and Browning's 'Thought-Tormented Music'". College Literature 11.2 (1984):134-140. Print.
West, Michael, and William Hendricks. "The Genesis and Significance of Joyce's Irony in 'A Painful Case'". ELH 44.4 (1977):701-727. Print.
阿诺尔德·范热内普,张举文译.过渡礼仪[M].北京：商务印书馆,2010.
董晓.《婚礼的成员》中的通过仪式解读[J].语文学刊,2011(3)：100-102.
弗里德里希·尼采,杨恒达译.查拉图斯特拉如是说[M].中国人民大学出版社2011：29-31
韩立娟,张健稳,毕淑媛.情感瘫痪—评詹姆斯·乔伊斯《都柏林人》的主题[J].唐山学院学报,2006(19)：51-54.
华菁.乔伊斯的那面“明亮的镜子”：对《都柏林人》的人物性格分析[D].北京语言大学,2008.
胡玉明.《麦田里的守望者》的仪式视角[J].世界文学评论,2008(2)：149-153.
冀桐,吴丰瑜.《鲁滨逊漂流记》与成人仪式[J].温州大学学报,2009(2)：64-69.
李建宗.神圣·闽限·展演——十七年小说中的仪式化过程解读[J].长江师范学院学报,2008(3)：35-39.
李巧慧.叙述式“分裂的自我”——试析《都柏林人》儿童篇中的个体性[J].外国语文,2009(2)：55-58.
彭文斌,郭建勋.人类学视野下的仪式分类[J].民族学刊,2011(3)：52-86.
彭珍珠.《都柏林人》中的女性形象[J].西华大学报,2006(1)：73-75.
徐丹. 《倾空的的器皿》——成长仪式与欧美文学中的成长主题[J].上海三联书店,2008.
施显松.历史与现实之间的诗意和解——试论文学在施林克小说《朗读者》中的仪式化作用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报,2010(6)：64-67.
维克多·特纳,黄剑波,柳博赟译.仪式过程——结构与反结构[M].中国人民大学出版社,2009.
杨航.罗伯特·施奈德小说《睡眠兄弟》中的仪式研究[J].文学界,2011(5)：141-142.
张萌.成长的仪式与伤口——影片《鱼缸》中的成长意象解读[J].大舞台,2010(5)：95.
赵震红.论《都柏林人》景观与场景中的精神瘫痪主题[D],河北大学,2008.
郑志华.阈限与通过——论奈保尔社会身份转换蕴含的通过仪式及现代启示[J].作家杂志,2010(12)：34-36.
郑志明.《赤松子章历》与生死的仪式治疗[J].宗教学研究,2010(S1)：84-105.
江华.《宠儿》中塞丝的阈限通过仪式研究——从分离到融合：艰辛的成长之旅.作家杂志,2009(2)：90-91.
徐子昂.脱节的时代断裂的时间——谈哈姆莱特悲剧中的通过仪式[J].电影文学,2009(2)：100-101.
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