论文学翻译背后的操纵力量
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摘要
功能派翻译理论出现于20世纪70年代的德国。弗米尔的目的论(Skopostheorie)是其核心理论。目的论首先对翻译进行重新定义,认为翻译是有着明确目的和意图、以原文文本为基础的跨文化交际活动。根据目的论,翻译活动所遵循的首要原则不再是“对等”而是“目的原则”。目的原则影响翻译整个过程,包括对原文内容的取舍,翻译方法的选择,译本最后呈现的状态以及评价译文好坏的标准。功能翻译理论的出现给翻译界带来一次全面革新,它的突破点主要包括以下几个方面。一)原文地位降低,不再是神圣不可侵犯。二)翻译的目的决定翻译策略。三)对等不再是翻译唯一标准。四)翻译的评价标准变为译本在多大程度上实现了翻译目的。据此,功能派翻译理论为翻译研究开辟了一片新天地。
该理论出现后,很多学者认识到其在实用翻译领域的实用价值,但是对于它是否适用于目的性并不明确的文学翻译,各家观点不一。本文以王际真1958年出版的《红楼梦》英译本为例,结合弗米尔所提出的目的论,证明王际真在《红楼梦》英译本成书过程中受到了其翻译目的的影响。当时的政治文化环境决定了目标语读者的期待,这一期待决定了王际真翻译的目的,即翻译一本面向普通英语读者的普通读物。这一目的在各个层面对王际真的译本产生影响。
本文首先介绍了研究的理论基础,之后根据该理论文章着重分析了王际真翻译《红楼梦》时的历史,社会背景及读者期待,以及由之形成的翻译目的,其后文章以目的论的三原则为主线,深入分析这一特定翻译目的对王际真翻译过程的影响及表现。通过分析作者发现翻译目的决定了王际真对《红楼梦》原文内容的取舍以及他所采用的删节,改写、增译等各种翻译方法。译本问世后受到普通读者的广泛欢迎证明了王际真成功的实现了翻译目的,达到译本预期效果,同时也从侧面证明翻译目的论是指导文学翻译和翻译批评行之有效的理论。
The Functionalist Translation Theory was established in Germany in the1970s. Skopostheorie put forward by Vermeer is its most important theory. Skopostheorie first redefines the meaning of translation. According to Vermeer, translation is a purposeful, source text-based, cross-cultural human action. In the framework of Skopostheorie, the guiding principle of translation is no longer equivalence, but the skopos of the translation. The skopos of a translation influences the whole translating process, including the choosing of materials to be translated, the adoption of translating methods, and the standard of evaluation. Skopostheorie brings a lot of changes to the field of translation studies. It's revolutionary nature is manifested in many aspects:first, the status of the original text is lowered; second, the skopos of a translation determines the translator's choice of translation strategies; third, equivalence is no longer the only principle of translation; four, the standard of evaluation is changed to the extent to which the translated text fulfills the skopos of the translation. For that, Skopostheorie offers a brand new approach to translating studies.
After its appearance, many scholars have realized its values in guiding practical translations. But as to the question whether this theory can be applied to the translation of literary works which usually lack an explicit purpose, opinions differ. Based on Skopostheorie, this article intends to use Chi-Chen Wang's Dream of the Red Chamber as the target of the case study, with an aim to prove that Chi-Chen Wang's translation was influenced by the skopos of his translation. The political, cultural environments at the time of his translation determined the target readers' expectations which again exerted a profound impact on Chi-Chen Wang's skopos of translation, which is to create a common reading material for common English readers. This skopos influenced Chi-Chen Wang's whole process of translation.
The paper first introduces the theoretical foundation and, based on that, explores the political, cultural backgrounds and the target readers'expectation to help analyze the skopos of Chi-Chen Wang's translation. After this analysis, the paper tries to identify the influences this skopos exerts on Chi-Chen Wang's translation by following the three principles put forward by Vermeer and then locates the places that manifest this influence. Through detailed investigation, the paper concludes that Chi-Chen Wang's translation was influenced by the skopso of his translation and this skopos determined the choice of contents to be translated and the strategies to be adopted by the translator. The great success of Chi-Chen Wang's translation attests to his fulfillment of the purpose of the translation. At the same time, we can also conclude from the analysis that Skopostheorie is an effective theory in guiding all kinds of translations, literary translation included.
该理论出现后,很多学者认识到其在实用翻译领域的实用价值,但是对于它是否适用于目的性并不明确的文学翻译,各家观点不一。本文以王际真1958年出版的《红楼梦》英译本为例,结合弗米尔所提出的目的论,证明王际真在《红楼梦》英译本成书过程中受到了其翻译目的的影响。当时的政治文化环境决定了目标语读者的期待,这一期待决定了王际真翻译的目的,即翻译一本面向普通英语读者的普通读物。这一目的在各个层面对王际真的译本产生影响。
本文首先介绍了研究的理论基础,之后根据该理论文章着重分析了王际真翻译《红楼梦》时的历史,社会背景及读者期待,以及由之形成的翻译目的,其后文章以目的论的三原则为主线,深入分析这一特定翻译目的对王际真翻译过程的影响及表现。通过分析作者发现翻译目的决定了王际真对《红楼梦》原文内容的取舍以及他所采用的删节,改写、增译等各种翻译方法。译本问世后受到普通读者的广泛欢迎证明了王际真成功的实现了翻译目的,达到译本预期效果,同时也从侧面证明翻译目的论是指导文学翻译和翻译批评行之有效的理论。
The Functionalist Translation Theory was established in Germany in the1970s. Skopostheorie put forward by Vermeer is its most important theory. Skopostheorie first redefines the meaning of translation. According to Vermeer, translation is a purposeful, source text-based, cross-cultural human action. In the framework of Skopostheorie, the guiding principle of translation is no longer equivalence, but the skopos of the translation. The skopos of a translation influences the whole translating process, including the choosing of materials to be translated, the adoption of translating methods, and the standard of evaluation. Skopostheorie brings a lot of changes to the field of translation studies. It's revolutionary nature is manifested in many aspects:first, the status of the original text is lowered; second, the skopos of a translation determines the translator's choice of translation strategies; third, equivalence is no longer the only principle of translation; four, the standard of evaluation is changed to the extent to which the translated text fulfills the skopos of the translation. For that, Skopostheorie offers a brand new approach to translating studies.
After its appearance, many scholars have realized its values in guiding practical translations. But as to the question whether this theory can be applied to the translation of literary works which usually lack an explicit purpose, opinions differ. Based on Skopostheorie, this article intends to use Chi-Chen Wang's Dream of the Red Chamber as the target of the case study, with an aim to prove that Chi-Chen Wang's translation was influenced by the skopos of his translation. The political, cultural environments at the time of his translation determined the target readers' expectations which again exerted a profound impact on Chi-Chen Wang's skopos of translation, which is to create a common reading material for common English readers. This skopos influenced Chi-Chen Wang's whole process of translation.
The paper first introduces the theoretical foundation and, based on that, explores the political, cultural backgrounds and the target readers'expectation to help analyze the skopos of Chi-Chen Wang's translation. After this analysis, the paper tries to identify the influences this skopos exerts on Chi-Chen Wang's translation by following the three principles put forward by Vermeer and then locates the places that manifest this influence. Through detailed investigation, the paper concludes that Chi-Chen Wang's translation was influenced by the skopso of his translation and this skopos determined the choice of contents to be translated and the strategies to be adopted by the translator. The great success of Chi-Chen Wang's translation attests to his fulfillment of the purpose of the translation. At the same time, we can also conclude from the analysis that Skopostheorie is an effective theory in guiding all kinds of translations, literary translation included.
引文
Bassnett, Susan. Tanslation Studies [M]. London:Routledge,1993.
Chi-Chen, Wang. Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. New York:Doubleday Doran Co., 1929.
Chi-Chen, Wang. Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. New York:Twayne Publishers, 1958.
Doren, Mark Van. Preface [A]. In Chi-Chen Wang. Translation:Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. New York:Twayne Publishers.1958.
Hawkes, D. The Story of the Stone (Vol Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) [M]. London:Penguin Books,1980.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewiriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Reiss, Katherina. Translation Criticism:The Potentials and Limitations [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Nida, Eugene A. A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation [M]. New York:Gardner Press,1976.
Nida, Eugene A. & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Reiss, Katherina. Translation Criticism:The Potentials and Limitations [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Waley, Arthur. Preface [A]. In Chi-Chen Wang. Translation: Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. London:George Routledge &Sons, limited.1929.
卞建华.《传承与超越-功能主义翻译目的论研究》[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2008.
曹雪芹、无名氏.《红楼梦》[M].北京：人民文学出版社,2008.
陈宏薇、江帆.《难忘的历程一<红楼梦>英译事业的描述性研究》[J].《中国翻 译》,2003,24(5)：46-52.
范圣宇.《红楼梦管窥—英译、语言与文化》[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004
冯庆华.《红译艺坛-<红楼梦>翻译艺术研究》[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
冯其庸,李希凡.《红楼梦大辞典》[M].北京：文化艺术出版社,1991.
胡适.《中国章回小说考证》[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,1999.
胡文彬.《红楼梦在国外》[M].北京：中华书局,1993.
胡文彬.《<红楼梦>在西方的流传和研究概述》[J].《北方论丛》1980,(1)：46-53.
江帆.《他乡的石头记：<红楼梦>百年英译史研究》[D].上海：复旦大学,2006.
姜其煌.《红楼梦西文译本一瞥》[J].《读书》,1980(4)：99-106.
姜其煌.《欧美红学》[M].北京：大象出版社,2005.
李希凡、蓝翎.《红楼梦评论集》[M].北京：人民文学出版社,1973.
牛艳.《论意识形态在红楼梦翻译中的作用-王际真两个译本研究》[D].苏州：苏州大学,2010.
曲纯.《操纵论视角下<红楼梦>王际真英译本之翻译策略研究》[D].成都：西安交通大学,2010.
帅雯霖.《英语世界<红楼梦>译本综述》[A].《汉学研究》第二集[G]：503-509.
王丽娜.《红楼梦外文译本介绍》[J].《文献》,1979(1)：153-156.
魏芳.《翻译策略：译者在特定翻译情境下的选择》[A].刘士聪.《红楼译评—<红
楼梦>翻译研究论文集》[C].天津：南开大学出版社,2004：107-121.
杨宪益,戴乃迭.《A Dream of Red Mansions》(Volumes Ⅰ&Ⅱ)[M].北京：外文出版社,2001.
馀生(吴宓).《王际真英译红楼梦述评》[J].天津《大公报文学副刊》,192975.
张爱玲.《红楼梦魔》[M].合肥：安徽文艺出版社,1992.
周汝昌.《红楼梦新证》[M].北京：人民文学出版,1976.
Chi-Chen, Wang. Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. New York:Doubleday Doran Co., 1929.
Chi-Chen, Wang. Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. New York:Twayne Publishers, 1958.
Doren, Mark Van. Preface [A]. In Chi-Chen Wang. Translation:Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. New York:Twayne Publishers.1958.
Hawkes, D. The Story of the Stone (Vol Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) [M]. London:Penguin Books,1980.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewiriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Reiss, Katherina. Translation Criticism:The Potentials and Limitations [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Nida, Eugene A. A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation [M]. New York:Gardner Press,1976.
Nida, Eugene A. & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Reiss, Katherina. Translation Criticism:The Potentials and Limitations [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Waley, Arthur. Preface [A]. In Chi-Chen Wang. Translation: Dream of the Red Chamber [Z]. London:George Routledge &Sons, limited.1929.
卞建华.《传承与超越-功能主义翻译目的论研究》[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2008.
曹雪芹、无名氏.《红楼梦》[M].北京：人民文学出版社,2008.
陈宏薇、江帆.《难忘的历程一<红楼梦>英译事业的描述性研究》[J].《中国翻 译》,2003,24(5)：46-52.
范圣宇.《红楼梦管窥—英译、语言与文化》[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004
冯庆华.《红译艺坛-<红楼梦>翻译艺术研究》[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
冯其庸,李希凡.《红楼梦大辞典》[M].北京：文化艺术出版社,1991.
胡适.《中国章回小说考证》[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,1999.
胡文彬.《红楼梦在国外》[M].北京：中华书局,1993.
胡文彬.《<红楼梦>在西方的流传和研究概述》[J].《北方论丛》1980,(1)：46-53.
江帆.《他乡的石头记：<红楼梦>百年英译史研究》[D].上海：复旦大学,2006.
姜其煌.《红楼梦西文译本一瞥》[J].《读书》,1980(4)：99-106.
姜其煌.《欧美红学》[M].北京：大象出版社,2005.
李希凡、蓝翎.《红楼梦评论集》[M].北京：人民文学出版社,1973.
牛艳.《论意识形态在红楼梦翻译中的作用-王际真两个译本研究》[D].苏州：苏州大学,2010.
曲纯.《操纵论视角下<红楼梦>王际真英译本之翻译策略研究》[D].成都：西安交通大学,2010.
帅雯霖.《英语世界<红楼梦>译本综述》[A].《汉学研究》第二集[G]：503-509.
王丽娜.《红楼梦外文译本介绍》[J].《文献》,1979(1)：153-156.
魏芳.《翻译策略：译者在特定翻译情境下的选择》[A].刘士聪.《红楼译评—<红
楼梦>翻译研究论文集》[C].天津：南开大学出版社,2004：107-121.
杨宪益,戴乃迭.《A Dream of Red Mansions》(Volumes Ⅰ&Ⅱ)[M].北京：外文出版社,2001.
馀生(吴宓).《王际真英译红楼梦述评》[J].天津《大公报文学副刊》,192975.
张爱玲.《红楼梦魔》[M].合肥：安徽文艺出版社,1992.
周汝昌.《红楼梦新证》[M].北京：人民文学出版,1976.
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