风能—太阳能—沼气集成系统的性能研究
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摘要
太阳能、生物质能、风能等是农村可广泛获取的可再生能源，它们的高效低成本开发利用对改善农村人居环境、生态环境和实现农村经济的可持续发展有重要价值和意义。
太阳能低温集热技术、生物质厌氧发酵技术、户用风力发电技术是三项成熟的可再生能源技术，可分别满足人们对生活热水、生活燃气和电能的需求。然而，由于受到昼夜、季节、气候等不利因素的束缚，它们通常无法独立实现连续稳定供能。
基于这三种能源在时间、空间和品位方面的互补性，本课题首先构建了风能—太阳能—沼气集成系统。系统主要由太阳能集热器、恒温沼气池和户用风力发电机组成：太阳能集热器除了将收集的太阳能通过热水实现沼气池恒温厌氧发酵外，还为用户提供生活热水；恒温沼气池为用户提供生活燃气；户用风力发电机除了满足集成系统自身用电外，还为用户提供生活用电。继而，本课题研究了系统的各项性能，具体研究内容和结果如下：
（1）在景泰县民安新村搭建了集成系统试验台，研究了冬季工况和春季工况下系统的总体性能，基于热力学第一定律和第二定律分析了集成系统能量转换过程、能量输出量和能量转换效率。在冬季工况下，集成系统运行稳定。在料液TS为10.46%，发酵温度控制为26±2℃时，恒温沼气池日产气量平均为1.422m~3，池容产气率为0.647m~3/(m~3·d)，甲烷平均含量达到51.45%；266L太阳能储热水箱中的热水温度均保持在25℃以上；风力机对外日平均输出2.5kWh电，集成系统热效率为38.84%，火用效率达到了56.68%。在春季工况下，在料液TS为13.03%，发酵温度控制为28±2℃时，恒温沼气池日产气量平均为1.28m~3，池容产气率为0.582m~3/(m~3·d)，甲烷平均含量达到51.4%；266L太阳能储热水箱中的热水温度均保持在36℃以上；风力机对外日平均输出3.5kWh电，集成系统热效率为42.99%，火用效率达到了60.05%。新型集成系统满足了用户对生活热水、生活燃气和电能的需求。
（2）选用动态投资回收期方法评价了风能—太阳能—沼气集成系统的经济效益，并选用净现值、投资回收期、益本比及内部收益率来评价该系统直接经济效益。结果表明：系统的财务净现值NPV(i=10%)为8958.72元，益本比为1.94，动态投资回收期为5.4年，内部收益率为24.29%。
（3）装置每年可以节煤1351.63kg，减排CO_22930kg，SO211.49kg。
本课题的创新点在于：构建了风能-太阳能-沼气集成系统并揭示了系统热力性能、经济效益和环境效益。
风能-太阳能-沼气集成系统突破了北方地区时间、季节、气候变化对太阳能低温集热技术、生物质厌氧发酵技术、户用风力发电技术的束缚，多层次地满足了人们对生活热水、生活燃气和电能的需求，实现了电、沼气和生活热水的全年连续稳定供能。本课题的研究结果对改善农村人居环境、生态环境和实现农村经济的可持续发展有重要意义，具有巨大的推广应用前景。
本课题研究得到了国家自然科学基金项目（51166008/E0607）、国家科技支撑计划课题（2011BAD15B03）、国家科技部星火计划重点项目（2010GA860004）、甘肃省教育厅项目（0803-06）、―陇原青年创新人才扶持计划‖项目（09-0165）、甘肃省建设科技攻关项目（JK2010-29）和兰州理工大学―红柳杰出人才计划‖（Q201101）的资助。
Solar, biomass and wind are rural widely available renewable energies, whichcost-efficient development and utilization has an important value and significance toimprove rural living environment, ecological environment and the rural e conomy,sustainable development.
Solar low temperature collector technology, anaerobic fermentation of biomassand household wind power technology are the three mature renewable energytechnologies that can satisfy the demands for domestic hot water, living gas andelectricity, respectively. However, due to the circadian, seasons, climate and otheradverse factors, they usually can not continuous and stable supply energyindependently.
Based on these three complementary natures of the energy in time, space andtaste, this project built the integrated system with wind energy and solar e nergy andbiogas at first. The device structure consists of three parts, respectively, for the solarcollector device, digesters and household wind turbines: Solar collectors can not onlycollect solar hot water to achieve the digester temperature anaerobi c fermentation, butalso to provide users with hot water of life; constant temperature digesters provide gasfor users; the household wind turbines in addition to satisfy electricity consumption ofthe integrated system, provides users the electricity. And then, we study theperformance of the system. The contents and results are as follows:
(1) The integrated system test bed was built in Jingtai Minanxincun. We studiedthe overall system performance, and analysis the integrated system energy conversionprocesses, it's energy output and it's energy conversion efficiency, basing on the firstlaw of thermodynamics and second law. In winter conditions and stable operation,digesters in the TS of the solid to liquid to10.46%control of fermentationtemperature of26±2℃, the stable operation of the system when the average daily gasproduction1.422m~3pool capacity gas production rate of0.647m~3/(m~3·d), averagemethane content of51.45%. Solar heat storage tank hot water temperature ismaintained at above25℃with266L. The wind turbine can produce2.5kWh ofelectricity in the local conditions, the system thermal efficiency of38.84%, the exergyefficiency of56.68%, with system conditions and stable operation in the winter. Inspring, the TS and the controlling temperature are13.03%and28±2℃. The averagebiogas production is1.28m~3containing51.4%methane, production rate of 0.582m~3/(m~3·d). Solar heat storage tank hot water temperature is maintained at above36℃. The output electrical energy is3.5kWh.
(2) Economic benefits of wind energy and solar energy and biogas integratedsystems is evaluated using financial net present value, benefit cost ratio, dynamicinvestment recovery period and internal rate of return. The financial net present valueof the NPV of the system devices (i=10%) was8958.72yuan, benefit cost ratio is1.94,the dynamic investment recovery period is5.4years, the internal rate of return is24.29%.
(3) Devices each year the economizer1351.63kg, reduction of CO_22930kg andSO_211.49kg.
The subject innovation is: building a wind energy and solar energyand biogasintegrated system and revealing the system thermal performance, economic andenvironmental benefits.
The integrated system with wind energy and solar energyand biogasbreakthroughs time of the northern region, season, climate change, biomass, anaerobicfermentation bound to solar low temperature collector technology, anaerobicfermentation of biomass and household wind power technology, and satisfies thedemands for domestic hot water, living gas and electricity. The electricity, biogas anddomestic hot water are continuous and stable energy supply a full year.
The results of this study have a great significance for achieving the sustainabledevelopment of rural economy, and great application prospects.
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51166008/E0607), Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2011BAD15B03),China Spark Program (2010GA860004), Research Foundation of Education Bureau ofGansu (0803-06), Longyuan Youth Innovative Support Program (09-0165),Construction Science and Technology Development Program of Gansu (JK2010-29)，Tamarisk Outstanding Talent Program of Lanzhou University of Technology(Q201101).
太阳能低温集热技术、生物质厌氧发酵技术、户用风力发电技术是三项成熟的可再生能源技术，可分别满足人们对生活热水、生活燃气和电能的需求。然而，由于受到昼夜、季节、气候等不利因素的束缚，它们通常无法独立实现连续稳定供能。
基于这三种能源在时间、空间和品位方面的互补性，本课题首先构建了风能—太阳能—沼气集成系统。系统主要由太阳能集热器、恒温沼气池和户用风力发电机组成：太阳能集热器除了将收集的太阳能通过热水实现沼气池恒温厌氧发酵外，还为用户提供生活热水；恒温沼气池为用户提供生活燃气；户用风力发电机除了满足集成系统自身用电外，还为用户提供生活用电。继而，本课题研究了系统的各项性能，具体研究内容和结果如下：
（1）在景泰县民安新村搭建了集成系统试验台，研究了冬季工况和春季工况下系统的总体性能，基于热力学第一定律和第二定律分析了集成系统能量转换过程、能量输出量和能量转换效率。在冬季工况下，集成系统运行稳定。在料液TS为10.46%，发酵温度控制为26±2℃时，恒温沼气池日产气量平均为1.422m~3，池容产气率为0.647m~3/(m~3·d)，甲烷平均含量达到51.45%；266L太阳能储热水箱中的热水温度均保持在25℃以上；风力机对外日平均输出2.5kWh电，集成系统热效率为38.84%，火用效率达到了56.68%。在春季工况下，在料液TS为13.03%，发酵温度控制为28±2℃时，恒温沼气池日产气量平均为1.28m~3，池容产气率为0.582m~3/(m~3·d)，甲烷平均含量达到51.4%；266L太阳能储热水箱中的热水温度均保持在36℃以上；风力机对外日平均输出3.5kWh电，集成系统热效率为42.99%，火用效率达到了60.05%。新型集成系统满足了用户对生活热水、生活燃气和电能的需求。
（2）选用动态投资回收期方法评价了风能—太阳能—沼气集成系统的经济效益，并选用净现值、投资回收期、益本比及内部收益率来评价该系统直接经济效益。结果表明：系统的财务净现值NPV(i=10%)为8958.72元，益本比为1.94，动态投资回收期为5.4年，内部收益率为24.29%。
（3）装置每年可以节煤1351.63kg，减排CO_22930kg，SO211.49kg。
本课题的创新点在于：构建了风能-太阳能-沼气集成系统并揭示了系统热力性能、经济效益和环境效益。
风能-太阳能-沼气集成系统突破了北方地区时间、季节、气候变化对太阳能低温集热技术、生物质厌氧发酵技术、户用风力发电技术的束缚，多层次地满足了人们对生活热水、生活燃气和电能的需求，实现了电、沼气和生活热水的全年连续稳定供能。本课题的研究结果对改善农村人居环境、生态环境和实现农村经济的可持续发展有重要意义，具有巨大的推广应用前景。
本课题研究得到了国家自然科学基金项目（51166008/E0607）、国家科技支撑计划课题（2011BAD15B03）、国家科技部星火计划重点项目（2010GA860004）、甘肃省教育厅项目（0803-06）、―陇原青年创新人才扶持计划‖项目（09-0165）、甘肃省建设科技攻关项目（JK2010-29）和兰州理工大学―红柳杰出人才计划‖（Q201101）的资助。
Solar, biomass and wind are rural widely available renewable energies, whichcost-efficient development and utilization has an important value and significance toimprove rural living environment, ecological environment and the rural e conomy,sustainable development.
Solar low temperature collector technology, anaerobic fermentation of biomassand household wind power technology are the three mature renewable energytechnologies that can satisfy the demands for domestic hot water, living gas andelectricity, respectively. However, due to the circadian, seasons, climate and otheradverse factors, they usually can not continuous and stable supply energyindependently.
Based on these three complementary natures of the energy in time, space andtaste, this project built the integrated system with wind energy and solar e nergy andbiogas at first. The device structure consists of three parts, respectively, for the solarcollector device, digesters and household wind turbines: Solar collectors can not onlycollect solar hot water to achieve the digester temperature anaerobi c fermentation, butalso to provide users with hot water of life; constant temperature digesters provide gasfor users; the household wind turbines in addition to satisfy electricity consumption ofthe integrated system, provides users the electricity. And then, we study theperformance of the system. The contents and results are as follows:
(1) The integrated system test bed was built in Jingtai Minanxincun. We studiedthe overall system performance, and analysis the integrated system energy conversionprocesses, it's energy output and it's energy conversion efficiency, basing on the firstlaw of thermodynamics and second law. In winter conditions and stable operation,digesters in the TS of the solid to liquid to10.46%control of fermentationtemperature of26±2℃, the stable operation of the system when the average daily gasproduction1.422m~3pool capacity gas production rate of0.647m~3/(m~3·d), averagemethane content of51.45%. Solar heat storage tank hot water temperature ismaintained at above25℃with266L. The wind turbine can produce2.5kWh ofelectricity in the local conditions, the system thermal efficiency of38.84%, the exergyefficiency of56.68%, with system conditions and stable operation in the winter. Inspring, the TS and the controlling temperature are13.03%and28±2℃. The averagebiogas production is1.28m~3containing51.4%methane, production rate of 0.582m~3/(m~3·d). Solar heat storage tank hot water temperature is maintained at above36℃. The output electrical energy is3.5kWh.
(2) Economic benefits of wind energy and solar energy and biogas integratedsystems is evaluated using financial net present value, benefit cost ratio, dynamicinvestment recovery period and internal rate of return. The financial net present valueof the NPV of the system devices (i=10%) was8958.72yuan, benefit cost ratio is1.94,the dynamic investment recovery period is5.4years, the internal rate of return is24.29%.
(3) Devices each year the economizer1351.63kg, reduction of CO_22930kg andSO_211.49kg.
The subject innovation is: building a wind energy and solar energyand biogasintegrated system and revealing the system thermal performance, economic andenvironmental benefits.
The integrated system with wind energy and solar energyand biogasbreakthroughs time of the northern region, season, climate change, biomass, anaerobicfermentation bound to solar low temperature collector technology, anaerobicfermentation of biomass and household wind power technology, and satisfies thedemands for domestic hot water, living gas and electricity. The electricity, biogas anddomestic hot water are continuous and stable energy supply a full year.
The results of this study have a great significance for achieving the sustainabledevelopment of rural economy, and great application prospects.
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51166008/E0607), Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2011BAD15B03),China Spark Program (2010GA860004), Research Foundation of Education Bureau ofGansu (0803-06), Longyuan Youth Innovative Support Program (09-0165),Construction Science and Technology Development Program of Gansu (JK2010-29)，Tamarisk Outstanding Talent Program of Lanzhou University of Technology(Q201101).
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