尖晶石型金属氧化物（AB_2O_4）的合成、表征及性能
摘要
本文采用溶液燃烧法制备尖晶石型金属氧化物CoAl_2O_4，CoxZn1-xAl_2O_4，MnFe_2O_4和NiAl_2O_4并通过XRD、SEM、BET比表面积和UV-Vis DRS光谱等测试技术对产物进行表征，结果发现，燃料种类、燃料用量、燃料/硝酸根摩尔比、燃料/金属离子摩尔比等制备条件和硝酸铵辅助剂、盐辅助剂对产物的组成、晶相、晶粒大小、形貌、颜色和比表面积有重要影响。
1.以硝酸钴和硝酸镍为氧化剂，乙二醇为燃料，采用溶液燃烧法在300℃下分别合成了纳米CoO和NiO。结果表明：燃料种类和燃料/氧化剂比对合成产物晶相组成的影响显著，通过控制乙二醇的用量，可以合成出多孔网状结构的纯相纳米CoO和NiO晶体。
2.以硝酸铝和硝酸钴为氧化剂，以乙醇胺为燃料，硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，在300℃低温下采用溶液燃烧法一步合成出尖晶石结构的蓝色CoAl_2O_4粉末。实验结果表明：在研究的各种燃料中，以乙醇胺为燃料制备出的产物晶相最好且为纯相。燃料用量对合成产物晶相、形貌的影响，是F/NO_3~-和F/M两个因素共同作用的结果，当乙醇胺/硝酸根比例是在化学计量比0.38，对应F/M比例为1.03时，制备出的产物晶相最好，颜色最鲜艳。以硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，当F/M摩尔比为1.03，F/NO_3~-摩尔比为0.33时制备的产物晶相最好。
3.以乙醇胺为燃料，硝酸铵为辅助剂，在300℃低温下采用溶液燃烧法一步合成出Zn~(2+)掺杂Co_xZn_(1-x)Al_2O_4复合钴蓝颜料。与传统的固相反应技术相比，硝酸铵辅助溶液燃烧法的优点在于反应温度低，反应时间短，在300℃低温下一步就可以合成出掺杂的钴蓝颜料。利用Zn~(2+)掺杂替代Co~(2+)降低钴蓝颜料中钴元素的含量，既降低了生产成本，又减少了环境污染，使钴蓝颜料向更为经济和环保的方向发展。
4.通过一种简单的溶液燃烧法，在不需要任何煅烧的条件下，成功制备了多孔结构的尖晶石型铁酸锰粉末，并用紫外-可见吸收光谱对其吸附性能进行了研究。我们可以得到以下结论。
(1)燃料种类、燃烧用量对产物铁酸锰的晶相影响显著，在化学计量比时，以甘氨酸或丙氨酸为燃料时，产物的晶相最好。以甘氨酸为燃料合成铁酸锰，在化学计量比或富燃（+32%）条件下合成的产物晶相最好；而以丙氨酸为燃料合成铁酸锰，在贫燃（-33%）条件下合成的产物晶相最好。
(2)盐助对合成产物的性质有重要影响，相对于非盐助溶液燃烧法，盐助使得产物的晶粒大小从37.64变小为29.02nm，由大孔结构形貌变成小孔结构，比表面积从2.14大大增大至48.70m2/g，超过24倍的增加。
(3)用盐助溶液燃烧法制备的MnFe_2O_4在中性条件下对甘果红溶液具有很好的吸附作用，最大吸附量达到43.52mg甘果红/1g MnFe_2O_4，其吸附作用与样品MnFe_2O_4的比表面积有关，比表面积越大，吸附量越多。
5.以硝酸铝和硝酸镍为氧化剂，乙醇胺为燃料，硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，采用溶液燃烧法在300℃低温一步合成出尖晶石结构的NiAl_2O_4粉末。实验结果表明：在研究的燃料中，以乙醇胺为燃料制备出的产物晶相最好且杂相含量最少。燃料用量对合成产物晶相、形貌的影响，是F/NO_3~-和F/M两个因素共同作用的结果，当乙醇胺/硝酸根比例是在化学计量比0.38，对应F/M比例为1.03时，制备出的产物晶相最好。以硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，当F/M摩尔比为1.03，F/NO_3~-摩尔比为0.26时制备的产物晶相最好。
Spinel metal oxides CoAl_2O_4, CoxZn1-xAl_2O_4, MnFe_2O_4and NiAl_2O_4nanocrystals weresuccessfully synthesized by solution combustion. The effect of fuel type, amount of fuel,fuel/oxidant ratio and fuel/metal nitrates ratio on the phase composition and morphology of theas-synthesized products were systematically studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanningelectron microscope (SEM), BET, UV-Vis DRS. The result showed that fuel type, fuel dose,fuel/oxidant ratio and fuel/metal nitrates ratio played an important role in synthesis products.
1. Nano-crystalline CoO and NiO was synthesized by solution combustion method usingmetal nitrates as oxidant and ethylene glycol as fuel at300℃. The results showed that fuel typeand fuel-to-oxidant ratio played an important role in metal oxides synthesis. CoO and NiOnanocrystals could be directly synthesized through solution combustion synthesis by controllingthe ethylene glycol-to-oxidant ratio in air atmosphere without further calcination and reducingprocess.
2. Blue spinel CoAl_2O_4was synthesized by solution combustion method using Co(NO3)2and Al(NO3)3as oxidant and ethanolamine as fuel at300℃. The results showed that fuel type,fuel-to-oxidant ratio and fuel/metal nitrates ratio play a predominant role in CoAl_2O_4synthesis.Pure spinel CoAl_2O_4powders with a crystallite size of27nm could be directly synthesizedthrough solution combustion synthesis by controlling synthesis parameter in air atmosphere at300℃without further calcination process. Among all tested fuels, ethanolamine is the suitablefuels for CoAl_2O_4synthesis. The effect of fuel dose on the phase composition and morphology ofthe as-synthesized products was the result of both F/NO_3~-and F/M. CoAl_2O_4with the bestcrystalline form and bright-colored was prepared in stoichiometric ratio(F/NO_3~-is0.38),correspond F/M is1.03. When NH4NO3was used as NO_3~-regulator, CoAl_2O_4with the bestcrystalline form was prepared in F/NO_3of0.33and in F/M of1.03.
3. Zn ion doped CoxZn1-xAl_2O_4blue cobalt pigment was synthesized by NH4NO3-assistedsolution combustion method using Zn(NO_3)_2, Co(NO_3)_2and Al(NO3)3as oxidant andethanolamine as fuel at300℃. Compared with tradition solid state reaction, NH4NO3-assistedsolution combustion method have advantage of low reaction temperature, short reaction time andone-step synthesis without further calcination process. The CoxZn1-xAl_2O_4system allows for a reduction of the production costs and also for minimizing the environmental damage, as theamount of Co is reduced.
4. Spinel MnFe2O4power was synthesized by solution combustion method using Mn(NO_3)_2and Fe(NO_3)_3as oxidant and glycine as fuel at300℃without further calcination process. Theadsorption property was studied by UV-vis spectra.
(1). Fuel type and amount of fuel played an important role on the phase composition andmorphology of the as-synthesized products. Among all tested fuels, glycine and alanine are thesuitable fuels for MnFe2O4synthesis. For glycine, the optimal fuel-to-oxidant ratio isstoichiometric ratios or fuel rich ratio(+32%), which result in a suitable flame temperature forMnFe2O4formation, and for alanine is fuel lean ratio(-33%). Both too little fuel and too muchfuel would lead to poor of the MnFe_2O_4phase.
(2). Compared with traditional non salt-assisted solution combustion, a novel and facilsalt-assisted solution combustion was developed. The salt introdution inhibits the formation ofhard agglomerates during the combustion synthesis, results in drastic increase in specific surfaceareas of the resultants and also has apparent effect on the particle morphology.
(3). The as-synthesis MnFe2O4have a good adsorption capacity for Congo red at neutral pH.The adsorption capacity was measured as43.52mg Congo red per gram of MnFe_2O_4. This goodadsorption performance is mainly attributed to the electrostatic attraction between the surface ofthe particles and the Congo red species in solution and the high surface area available as a resultof the small particle size.
5. Spinel NiAl_2O_4was synthesized by solution combustion method using Ni(NO3)2andAl(NO_3)_3as oxidant and ethanolamine as fuel at300℃. The results showed that fuel type,amount of fuel and fuel-to-oxidant ratio play a predominant role in NiAl_2O_4synthesis. Amongall tested fuels, ethanolamine is the suitable fuels for NiAl_2O_4synthesis. The effect of amount offuel on the phase composition and morphology of the as-synthesized products was the result ofboth F/NO_3~-and F/M. NiAl_2O_4with the best crystalline form was prepared in stoichiometricratio(F/NO_3~-is0.38), correspond F/M is1.03. When NH4NO3was used as NO_3~-regulator andF/M is1.03, NiAl_2O_4with the best crystalline form was prepared in F/NO_3~-of0.26.
1.以硝酸钴和硝酸镍为氧化剂，乙二醇为燃料，采用溶液燃烧法在300℃下分别合成了纳米CoO和NiO。结果表明：燃料种类和燃料/氧化剂比对合成产物晶相组成的影响显著，通过控制乙二醇的用量，可以合成出多孔网状结构的纯相纳米CoO和NiO晶体。
2.以硝酸铝和硝酸钴为氧化剂，以乙醇胺为燃料，硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，在300℃低温下采用溶液燃烧法一步合成出尖晶石结构的蓝色CoAl_2O_4粉末。实验结果表明：在研究的各种燃料中，以乙醇胺为燃料制备出的产物晶相最好且为纯相。燃料用量对合成产物晶相、形貌的影响，是F/NO_3~-和F/M两个因素共同作用的结果，当乙醇胺/硝酸根比例是在化学计量比0.38，对应F/M比例为1.03时，制备出的产物晶相最好，颜色最鲜艳。以硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，当F/M摩尔比为1.03，F/NO_3~-摩尔比为0.33时制备的产物晶相最好。
3.以乙醇胺为燃料，硝酸铵为辅助剂，在300℃低温下采用溶液燃烧法一步合成出Zn~(2+)掺杂Co_xZn_(1-x)Al_2O_4复合钴蓝颜料。与传统的固相反应技术相比，硝酸铵辅助溶液燃烧法的优点在于反应温度低，反应时间短，在300℃低温下一步就可以合成出掺杂的钴蓝颜料。利用Zn~(2+)掺杂替代Co~(2+)降低钴蓝颜料中钴元素的含量，既降低了生产成本，又减少了环境污染，使钴蓝颜料向更为经济和环保的方向发展。
4.通过一种简单的溶液燃烧法，在不需要任何煅烧的条件下，成功制备了多孔结构的尖晶石型铁酸锰粉末，并用紫外-可见吸收光谱对其吸附性能进行了研究。我们可以得到以下结论。
(1)燃料种类、燃烧用量对产物铁酸锰的晶相影响显著，在化学计量比时，以甘氨酸或丙氨酸为燃料时，产物的晶相最好。以甘氨酸为燃料合成铁酸锰，在化学计量比或富燃（+32%）条件下合成的产物晶相最好；而以丙氨酸为燃料合成铁酸锰，在贫燃（-33%）条件下合成的产物晶相最好。
(2)盐助对合成产物的性质有重要影响，相对于非盐助溶液燃烧法，盐助使得产物的晶粒大小从37.64变小为29.02nm，由大孔结构形貌变成小孔结构，比表面积从2.14大大增大至48.70m2/g，超过24倍的增加。
(3)用盐助溶液燃烧法制备的MnFe_2O_4在中性条件下对甘果红溶液具有很好的吸附作用，最大吸附量达到43.52mg甘果红/1g MnFe_2O_4，其吸附作用与样品MnFe_2O_4的比表面积有关，比表面积越大，吸附量越多。
5.以硝酸铝和硝酸镍为氧化剂，乙醇胺为燃料，硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，采用溶液燃烧法在300℃低温一步合成出尖晶石结构的NiAl_2O_4粉末。实验结果表明：在研究的燃料中，以乙醇胺为燃料制备出的产物晶相最好且杂相含量最少。燃料用量对合成产物晶相、形貌的影响，是F/NO_3~-和F/M两个因素共同作用的结果，当乙醇胺/硝酸根比例是在化学计量比0.38，对应F/M比例为1.03时，制备出的产物晶相最好。以硝酸铵为硝酸根调节剂，当F/M摩尔比为1.03，F/NO_3~-摩尔比为0.26时制备的产物晶相最好。
Spinel metal oxides CoAl_2O_4, CoxZn1-xAl_2O_4, MnFe_2O_4and NiAl_2O_4nanocrystals weresuccessfully synthesized by solution combustion. The effect of fuel type, amount of fuel,fuel/oxidant ratio and fuel/metal nitrates ratio on the phase composition and morphology of theas-synthesized products were systematically studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanningelectron microscope (SEM), BET, UV-Vis DRS. The result showed that fuel type, fuel dose,fuel/oxidant ratio and fuel/metal nitrates ratio played an important role in synthesis products.
1. Nano-crystalline CoO and NiO was synthesized by solution combustion method usingmetal nitrates as oxidant and ethylene glycol as fuel at300℃. The results showed that fuel typeand fuel-to-oxidant ratio played an important role in metal oxides synthesis. CoO and NiOnanocrystals could be directly synthesized through solution combustion synthesis by controllingthe ethylene glycol-to-oxidant ratio in air atmosphere without further calcination and reducingprocess.
2. Blue spinel CoAl_2O_4was synthesized by solution combustion method using Co(NO3)2and Al(NO3)3as oxidant and ethanolamine as fuel at300℃. The results showed that fuel type,fuel-to-oxidant ratio and fuel/metal nitrates ratio play a predominant role in CoAl_2O_4synthesis.Pure spinel CoAl_2O_4powders with a crystallite size of27nm could be directly synthesizedthrough solution combustion synthesis by controlling synthesis parameter in air atmosphere at300℃without further calcination process. Among all tested fuels, ethanolamine is the suitablefuels for CoAl_2O_4synthesis. The effect of fuel dose on the phase composition and morphology ofthe as-synthesized products was the result of both F/NO_3~-and F/M. CoAl_2O_4with the bestcrystalline form and bright-colored was prepared in stoichiometric ratio(F/NO_3~-is0.38),correspond F/M is1.03. When NH4NO3was used as NO_3~-regulator, CoAl_2O_4with the bestcrystalline form was prepared in F/NO_3of0.33and in F/M of1.03.
3. Zn ion doped CoxZn1-xAl_2O_4blue cobalt pigment was synthesized by NH4NO3-assistedsolution combustion method using Zn(NO_3)_2, Co(NO_3)_2and Al(NO3)3as oxidant andethanolamine as fuel at300℃. Compared with tradition solid state reaction, NH4NO3-assistedsolution combustion method have advantage of low reaction temperature, short reaction time andone-step synthesis without further calcination process. The CoxZn1-xAl_2O_4system allows for a reduction of the production costs and also for minimizing the environmental damage, as theamount of Co is reduced.
4. Spinel MnFe2O4power was synthesized by solution combustion method using Mn(NO_3)_2and Fe(NO_3)_3as oxidant and glycine as fuel at300℃without further calcination process. Theadsorption property was studied by UV-vis spectra.
(1). Fuel type and amount of fuel played an important role on the phase composition andmorphology of the as-synthesized products. Among all tested fuels, glycine and alanine are thesuitable fuels for MnFe2O4synthesis. For glycine, the optimal fuel-to-oxidant ratio isstoichiometric ratios or fuel rich ratio(+32%), which result in a suitable flame temperature forMnFe2O4formation, and for alanine is fuel lean ratio(-33%). Both too little fuel and too muchfuel would lead to poor of the MnFe_2O_4phase.
(2). Compared with traditional non salt-assisted solution combustion, a novel and facilsalt-assisted solution combustion was developed. The salt introdution inhibits the formation ofhard agglomerates during the combustion synthesis, results in drastic increase in specific surfaceareas of the resultants and also has apparent effect on the particle morphology.
(3). The as-synthesis MnFe2O4have a good adsorption capacity for Congo red at neutral pH.The adsorption capacity was measured as43.52mg Congo red per gram of MnFe_2O_4. This goodadsorption performance is mainly attributed to the electrostatic attraction between the surface ofthe particles and the Congo red species in solution and the high surface area available as a resultof the small particle size.
5. Spinel NiAl_2O_4was synthesized by solution combustion method using Ni(NO3)2andAl(NO_3)_3as oxidant and ethanolamine as fuel at300℃. The results showed that fuel type,amount of fuel and fuel-to-oxidant ratio play a predominant role in NiAl_2O_4synthesis. Amongall tested fuels, ethanolamine is the suitable fuels for NiAl_2O_4synthesis. The effect of amount offuel on the phase composition and morphology of the as-synthesized products was the result ofboth F/NO_3~-and F/M. NiAl_2O_4with the best crystalline form was prepared in stoichiometricratio(F/NO_3~-is0.38), correspond F/M is1.03. When NH4NO3was used as NO_3~-regulator andF/M is1.03, NiAl_2O_4with the best crystalline form was prepared in F/NO_3~-of0.26.
引文
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