农业劳动力老龄化背景下的土地流转研究
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摘要
在我国社会的发展进程中,“三农问题”始终是一个关系十三亿人口大国的经济社会国计民生的大问题。而农地流转对于农民增收、农业增长、农村稳定都有着重大的意义。随着社会的进步,我国人口老龄化的到来及农村劳动力的大量转移,农业劳动力老龄化问题逐渐凸显,农业劳动力老龄化不利于现代农业的发展、农村社会的稳定、“三农问题”的解决。农业劳动力老龄化使得农村土地流转更为迫切,以解决农业劳动力老龄化造成的土地利用效率低下,土地闲置、粗放利用等问题。因此,在农业劳动力老龄化的背景下研究农村土地流转具有现实意义。
目前国内外学者对-土地流转进行了大量的研究,但却少有研究农业劳动力老龄化与土地流转的关系问题。农业劳动力老龄化是目前农村发展的一种重要趋势,老龄劳动者已经成为农业从业人员的主力军。因此,研究农业劳动力老龄化背景下的土地流转意义重大。本文对样本区三个不同类型的村庄248户农户312位农业老龄劳动力进行了深入的调查研究。运用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法研究了样本区的农业劳动力老龄化状况及其影响；运用对比分析法研究了农业老龄劳动力的土地流转状况与原因；用logistic模型分析法研究了农业老龄劳动力土地流转的影响因素,在此基础上分析了农业老龄劳动力土地流转的驱动因子,并据此提出了促进农业老龄劳动力十地流转的相应措施。
本文主要得出以下结论：
1.调查样本中50岁以上的农业从业人员古农业从业人员总数的71.56%,远远超过了15%的国际标准,并且从2008年—2010年,该比例分别为68.08%,69.52%和71.56%,呈逐年上升趋势。因此可以判定,样本区农业劳动力老龄化问题严重。而中国西部地区50岁以上农业从业人员古农业从业人员的比例也达到了29.7%,可见整个西部地区都面临严重的农业劳动力老龄化问题。本文通过对调查数据的分析发现,农业劳动力老龄化不利于土地利用率的提高,不利于农业生产的发展,不利于农村老年人晚年生活质量的提高。
2.通过与农村其它群体的对比发现,农业老龄劳动力的土地流转意愿最低,为60.26%,而其他劳动力的土地流转意愿为63.12%,非农中青年劳动力的土地流转意愿为87.18%。而对土地流转原因的分析表明,农业老龄劳动力的土地流转原因与非农中青年劳动力的土地流转原因差异很大。农业老龄劳动力转出土地的原因主要是“年纪大了,做不了了”、“子女将来不会种地”及“子女上班了,家中没有负担了”。而中青年非农劳动力转出土地的原因主要是“在外打工,没有时间耕种土地”、“土地收益太少”等。可见农业老龄劳动力在土地流转意愿和流转原因上都与其他农村群体有所不同,应该对其进行针对性的研究。
3.农业老龄劳动力的土地流转意愿受多种因素影响,通过logistic模型分析,得出结论：农业收入比重、农业劳动力数量、耕种土地面积对农业老龄劳动力的土地转入意愿影响显著,且均为负相关；年龄、身体状况、农业收入比重、农业劳动力数量、耕种土地面积、子女赡养能力、是否有子女继承土地对农业老龄劳动力的土地转出意愿影响显著,其中年龄、子女赡养能力与土地转出意愿成止相关,其他为负相关。此外,农地流转租金水平、社会保障体系、社会经济条件、国家政策和政府行为等环境因素也对农业老龄劳动力的-土地流转意愿具有显著影响。
4.农地流转驱动力对于农村土地流转的发展具有重大意义,只有找到并刺激农地流转的驱动力因子,才能使土地流转从不愿流转变为愿意流转,从流转意愿变为流转行为。本文通过对农业老龄劳动力的土地流转意愿和影响因素的分析中得出结论：农业老龄劳动力土地流转的驱动力主要有农村劳动力转移、农地流转租金水平、社会保障体系、国家政策和政府行为。因此要促进农村十地流转,可以采取的措施包括：提高农村劳动力转移规模和速度、提高农地流转租金水平、健全农村社会和养老保障体系、强化国家和地方政府在农地流转中的引导作用。
"Agriculture, Countryside and Farmer" issues is always a big problem that relate to economic, social and the people's livelihood in a country with one billion three hundred million population. And farmland transference is on the significance of farmer increasing income, agricultural growth and rural stability. With the progress of the society,the aging of population in our country and the rural labor force transference, the issue of agricultural labor aging is highlighted gradually. Agricultural labor aging is conducive to the development of modern agriculture, the stability of rural and solving farming problem. Agricultural labor aging made farmland transference more urgent to solve the issues of the low efficiency of land utilization, land idle, extensive use which caused by agricultural labor aging. Therefore, studying farmland transference under the background of agricultural labor aging had a realistic significance.
At present, Scholars at home and abroad had done a lot of research on farmland circulation, but there are few studies on farmland transference under the background of agricultural labor aging. Agricultural labor aging is currently one of the most important trends in the countryside. The aging labor forces become the main part of agricultural workers. Therefore, studying on farmland transference under the background of agricultural labor aging is significant. This thesis investigates and studies 312 agricultural aging labor forces in 248 famers and three different types of villages. This thesis research the agriculture labor force aging status and influence in sample area using the method that combined with qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. And study on the status and causes of land circulation of agricultural aging labor force by comparative analysis. Study on the influence factors of land circulation of agricultural aging labor force by logistic model analysis method. Based on this, analysis the driving factor of the agricultural aging labor force's land circulation and put forward corresponding measures to promote farmland circulation of agricultural aging labor force.
This thesis takes conclusions as follows:
1. In the survey sample, the agricultural workers over 50 years accounted for 71.56% of the total number of agricultural workers, far more than international standard—15%, and the proportion is rising year by year from 2008 to 2010.Then, we can judge that the problem of agricultural labor aging is serious in sample area. The survey data shows that agricultural labor aging is not conductive to improve the land utilization ratio, develop agricultural production and improve the quality of life of older persons.
2. We find by contrast with the other rural groups that the ratio of agricultural aging labor force's farmland transference expectations is the lowest. And in different countryside, the transference expectations of agricultural aging labor force is different:it is the highest in working village, is to 80%.Secondly, is to 70% in scale of operation village, and it is the lowest in traditional village, is to 65.82%.The reasons of farmland transference analysis results show that the reason is very different between agricultural aging labor force and the youth blame farming force. The transference main reason of agricultural aging labor force is "too old to do farm work", "son or daughter will not sow", "they have to work, the family doesn't have a burden". And the youth blame farming force's main reason is "no time to sow because of working outside", "and accrual is too little". So, there are different transference expectation and reason between agricultural aging labor force and other groups in village, we should do targeted research on it.
3. The transference expectation of agricultural aging labor force will influence by many kinds of factors, we conclude through logistic model analysis that the proportion of non-agricultural income, amount of agricultural labor force, cultivated land area have significant influence on the transfer—into expectation of agricultural aging labor force; and age, health, non—agricultural income ratio, amount of agricultural labor force, cultivated land area, support ability, if there are children inherit the land have significant influence on the transfer—out expectation of agricultural aging labor force. In addition, the factors, such as farmland transference rent level, the social security system, social and economic conditions, the national policy and government behavior,also have significant impact on the transference expectation of agricultural aging labor force.
4. The driving force of farmland transference is very important to the development of farmland circulation. Only to find and to stimulate the driving force factor, we can make farmers change their willing, and become transfer behavior. This thesis concludes from the analysis on the transference expectation and influence factors of agricultural aging labor force that the transference driving factors of agricultural aging labor force is mainly the transfer of rural labor force, land transfer rent level, the social security system, the nation policy and government behavior. Therefore, in order to promote the rural land circulation, we should do our best to stimulate these driving factors.
目前国内外学者对-土地流转进行了大量的研究,但却少有研究农业劳动力老龄化与土地流转的关系问题。农业劳动力老龄化是目前农村发展的一种重要趋势,老龄劳动者已经成为农业从业人员的主力军。因此,研究农业劳动力老龄化背景下的土地流转意义重大。本文对样本区三个不同类型的村庄248户农户312位农业老龄劳动力进行了深入的调查研究。运用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法研究了样本区的农业劳动力老龄化状况及其影响；运用对比分析法研究了农业老龄劳动力的土地流转状况与原因；用logistic模型分析法研究了农业老龄劳动力土地流转的影响因素,在此基础上分析了农业老龄劳动力土地流转的驱动因子,并据此提出了促进农业老龄劳动力十地流转的相应措施。
本文主要得出以下结论：
1.调查样本中50岁以上的农业从业人员古农业从业人员总数的71.56%,远远超过了15%的国际标准,并且从2008年—2010年,该比例分别为68.08%,69.52%和71.56%,呈逐年上升趋势。因此可以判定,样本区农业劳动力老龄化问题严重。而中国西部地区50岁以上农业从业人员古农业从业人员的比例也达到了29.7%,可见整个西部地区都面临严重的农业劳动力老龄化问题。本文通过对调查数据的分析发现,农业劳动力老龄化不利于土地利用率的提高,不利于农业生产的发展,不利于农村老年人晚年生活质量的提高。
2.通过与农村其它群体的对比发现,农业老龄劳动力的土地流转意愿最低,为60.26%,而其他劳动力的土地流转意愿为63.12%,非农中青年劳动力的土地流转意愿为87.18%。而对土地流转原因的分析表明,农业老龄劳动力的土地流转原因与非农中青年劳动力的土地流转原因差异很大。农业老龄劳动力转出土地的原因主要是“年纪大了,做不了了”、“子女将来不会种地”及“子女上班了,家中没有负担了”。而中青年非农劳动力转出土地的原因主要是“在外打工,没有时间耕种土地”、“土地收益太少”等。可见农业老龄劳动力在土地流转意愿和流转原因上都与其他农村群体有所不同,应该对其进行针对性的研究。
3.农业老龄劳动力的土地流转意愿受多种因素影响,通过logistic模型分析,得出结论：农业收入比重、农业劳动力数量、耕种土地面积对农业老龄劳动力的土地转入意愿影响显著,且均为负相关；年龄、身体状况、农业收入比重、农业劳动力数量、耕种土地面积、子女赡养能力、是否有子女继承土地对农业老龄劳动力的土地转出意愿影响显著,其中年龄、子女赡养能力与土地转出意愿成止相关,其他为负相关。此外,农地流转租金水平、社会保障体系、社会经济条件、国家政策和政府行为等环境因素也对农业老龄劳动力的-土地流转意愿具有显著影响。
4.农地流转驱动力对于农村土地流转的发展具有重大意义,只有找到并刺激农地流转的驱动力因子,才能使土地流转从不愿流转变为愿意流转,从流转意愿变为流转行为。本文通过对农业老龄劳动力的土地流转意愿和影响因素的分析中得出结论：农业老龄劳动力土地流转的驱动力主要有农村劳动力转移、农地流转租金水平、社会保障体系、国家政策和政府行为。因此要促进农村十地流转,可以采取的措施包括：提高农村劳动力转移规模和速度、提高农地流转租金水平、健全农村社会和养老保障体系、强化国家和地方政府在农地流转中的引导作用。
"Agriculture, Countryside and Farmer" issues is always a big problem that relate to economic, social and the people's livelihood in a country with one billion three hundred million population. And farmland transference is on the significance of farmer increasing income, agricultural growth and rural stability. With the progress of the society,the aging of population in our country and the rural labor force transference, the issue of agricultural labor aging is highlighted gradually. Agricultural labor aging is conducive to the development of modern agriculture, the stability of rural and solving farming problem. Agricultural labor aging made farmland transference more urgent to solve the issues of the low efficiency of land utilization, land idle, extensive use which caused by agricultural labor aging. Therefore, studying farmland transference under the background of agricultural labor aging had a realistic significance.
At present, Scholars at home and abroad had done a lot of research on farmland circulation, but there are few studies on farmland transference under the background of agricultural labor aging. Agricultural labor aging is currently one of the most important trends in the countryside. The aging labor forces become the main part of agricultural workers. Therefore, studying on farmland transference under the background of agricultural labor aging is significant. This thesis investigates and studies 312 agricultural aging labor forces in 248 famers and three different types of villages. This thesis research the agriculture labor force aging status and influence in sample area using the method that combined with qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. And study on the status and causes of land circulation of agricultural aging labor force by comparative analysis. Study on the influence factors of land circulation of agricultural aging labor force by logistic model analysis method. Based on this, analysis the driving factor of the agricultural aging labor force's land circulation and put forward corresponding measures to promote farmland circulation of agricultural aging labor force.
This thesis takes conclusions as follows:
1. In the survey sample, the agricultural workers over 50 years accounted for 71.56% of the total number of agricultural workers, far more than international standard—15%, and the proportion is rising year by year from 2008 to 2010.Then, we can judge that the problem of agricultural labor aging is serious in sample area. The survey data shows that agricultural labor aging is not conductive to improve the land utilization ratio, develop agricultural production and improve the quality of life of older persons.
2. We find by contrast with the other rural groups that the ratio of agricultural aging labor force's farmland transference expectations is the lowest. And in different countryside, the transference expectations of agricultural aging labor force is different:it is the highest in working village, is to 80%.Secondly, is to 70% in scale of operation village, and it is the lowest in traditional village, is to 65.82%.The reasons of farmland transference analysis results show that the reason is very different between agricultural aging labor force and the youth blame farming force. The transference main reason of agricultural aging labor force is "too old to do farm work", "son or daughter will not sow", "they have to work, the family doesn't have a burden". And the youth blame farming force's main reason is "no time to sow because of working outside", "and accrual is too little". So, there are different transference expectation and reason between agricultural aging labor force and other groups in village, we should do targeted research on it.
3. The transference expectation of agricultural aging labor force will influence by many kinds of factors, we conclude through logistic model analysis that the proportion of non-agricultural income, amount of agricultural labor force, cultivated land area have significant influence on the transfer—into expectation of agricultural aging labor force; and age, health, non—agricultural income ratio, amount of agricultural labor force, cultivated land area, support ability, if there are children inherit the land have significant influence on the transfer—out expectation of agricultural aging labor force. In addition, the factors, such as farmland transference rent level, the social security system, social and economic conditions, the national policy and government behavior,also have significant impact on the transference expectation of agricultural aging labor force.
4. The driving force of farmland transference is very important to the development of farmland circulation. Only to find and to stimulate the driving force factor, we can make farmers change their willing, and become transfer behavior. This thesis concludes from the analysis on the transference expectation and influence factors of agricultural aging labor force that the transference driving factors of agricultural aging labor force is mainly the transfer of rural labor force, land transfer rent level, the social security system, the nation policy and government behavior. Therefore, in order to promote the rural land circulation, we should do our best to stimulate these driving factors.
引文
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