摘要
关于无线传感器网络拓扑结构的研究由来已久。由静止节点和移动节点组成的新型的无线传感器网络,由于具有很好的自适应性和扩展性成为目前网络拓扑研究的热点。本文以这种混合型网络为研究对象,针对静态网络研究和设计了一种能量有效的分簇机制,针对移动节点研究设计了一种基于障碍物信息的高效的节点移动策略。研究的主要工作包括:
首先针对静态网络,以节能、延长网络生命周期为主要目的,在保证数据可靠传输的前提下,分别从簇的组建、簇的重建频率以及网络通信方式三个方面展开,提出适合无线传感器网络的节能型分簇机制。在簇首的选择过程中,利用节点的能量、邻节点数等参数设置节点当选簇首的优先度,保证簇首在网络中分布的均匀性;非簇首节点采用不规则成簇的方法,通过引入簇的价值度,均衡网络中负载的分布。同时为降低簇的重建频率,在新一轮的分簇开始前进行簇首以及簇的能量验证,当其能够保证网络运行时,网络将直接进入数据的通信阶段,减少由于簇的重建带来的能量消耗,提高能量的利用率。在稳定阶段的数据通信过程中,为降低网络中热区、热点等问题出现的概率,设置网络的通信方式,降低网络中热区、热点出现的概率;簇内的通信模型,根据节点的能量以及到簇首或基站的距离设置数据传输的跳数,由此降低节点的工作的负担;簇间的通信采用链式的结构,通过引入簇首间的价值度选择数据传输的下一跳簇首节点。实验表明,改进方案能够使网络的能量得到均衡的利用,有效地提高能量利用率,显著的延长网络寿命。
其次,在传感器网络中引入移动节点使网络具有良好的移动性、自适应性等特点,利用移动节点弥补随机部署传感器节点的缺陷,降低静止节点的负担。移动节点负责网络中事件信息的收集,本文利用节点的感知半径建立事件的分组策略,然后对环境中存在的障碍物问题以及障碍物信息的获取方式进行分析,由此确定移动节点的移动路径,通过对事件集信息收集过程的调整,减少移动节点收集数据的时间,提高节点的工作效率。实验表明该算法不仅能提高移动节点的工作效率,降低移动节点的能量消耗,而且能够显著的降低静态网络的负担,延长网络寿命。
最后,在研究无线传感器网络分簇算法以及节点移动性研究的基础上,探讨了一种用于湖泊水环境监测的无线传感器网络系统的拓扑实现机制。首先介绍了该系统的设计思想、原则、结构;然后重点针对该系统中第一、二级网络的拓扑实现机制进行了详尽的分析。
The research about the topology structure of wireless sensor network has been a long time. Composed of static nodes and mobile nodes, the new type of wireless sensor network, become the focus of research network topology, because of its good adaptability and scalability. In this paper, a kind of energy efficient clustering mechanism will be researched and designed for this hybrid network. And also the efficient mobile strategy will be designed for mobile nodes based on the information of obstacles. The main research will be shown as follows:
Firstly, to achieve the aims of saving energy and prolonging the network lifetime, an energy-saving clustering algorithm is proposed based on the stability of the data transmission, whose work will be focused on cluster organization, the reconstruction of the cluster frequency and network communication three aspects. During the cluster head selection, the parameters such as node energy, the number of adjacent nodes are used to balance the cluster heads distribution. And the method of irregular cluster formation and the value of cluster head are used to guarantee network load distributed evenly. To reduce the frequency of network reconstruction, the condition of the cluster rebuilding is set. That is to say, when the cluster energy can ensure the network operation, the network will go into the stage of data communication directly. During the stage of data communication, intra-cluster communication and inter-cluster communication will be discussed respectively according to the problem of hot nodes and hot areas. The multiple hop transmission which determined by the parameters of the nodes energy and the distances among the cluster heads will be used in the stage of intra-cluster communication while a kind of Chain structure will be used in the inter-cluster communication. And the feasibility of the algorithm will be proved in the experiments. The proposed algorithm can reduce the frequency of network reconstruction, balance the energy consumption and prolong network lifetime.
Secondly, the network with mobile nodes can make up for the faults of the sensor node random deployment; reduce the burden of static node because of its good mobility, adaptability and characteristics. The mobile nodes are responsible to collect the data information. In this paper, the method on events cluster is proposed based on the node perception model. And according to the distribution of obstacles, the mobile path will be reset to reduce the influence of obstacles. During the process of data collecting, the work pattern of mobile nodes will be proposed to improve the working efficiency. The experiment results prove that the algorithm proposed can improve the working efficiency, reduce the energy consumption of mobile node; prolong the network life of static wireless sensor network.
At last, a system used in monitoring the lake environment will be shown based on the cluster algorithm and nodes mobility in this paper. First the design idea, principle, structure of system network will be introduced. And then the nodes of topology realization mechanism will be discussed in detail about the first and the second level of the system.
引文
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