舰载高频地波OTH雷达电磁兼容特性仿真研究
摘要
高频地波雷达发射垂直极化的电磁波，其在海面上的传播路径是弯曲的，具有绕射效应，能够实现雷达的超视距.(oTH)探测，在军用和民用上都有很大的应用价值。舰载高频地波OTH雷达能够大大提高舰船的预警距离，提高其机动性能，但复杂的舰船上层建筑会对舰船上短波天线的电磁特性产生影响，舰船上安装的多部天线之间也会互相干扰。短波天线辐射电磁能量，它也是一类干扰源，它产生的复杂电磁环境会影响舰船电磁兼容性，如何预测和判断这些影响是布置天线时需要慎重考虑的问题。
在舰船上实测是研究舰船电磁兼容特性的一个基本方法，但实测法既耗费人力物力成本，还需要花费大量的时间。随着计算电磁学和计算机技术的快速发展，数值仿真力一法成为一种行之有效的力一法。数值方法中矩量法由于未知数目少、计算精度高而使用十分广泛，但山少其生成稠密矩阵，计算效率较低，人们在其基础上发展了多层快速多极子法力一法，大大提高了计算效率。
本文采用多层快速多极子法仿真研究舰载高频地波OTH雷达的电磁兼容特性。首先对矩量法和快速多极子方法的实现做了研究，推导舰载短波天线的辐射并分析舰船平台有限空间上布置短波天线的注意事项。要保证仿真所得舰船上电磁环境贴合实际，必须精确构造舰船电磁模型，而细小金属结构对电磁波传播特性的影响可以忽略不计，为了提高效率需要简化舰船儿何模型。本文使用专业的电磁计算软件建立全尺寸的舰船模型并仿真舰船电磁环境，分析舰载高频地波OTH雷达的电磁兼容性，包括舰载短波天线的电磁特性、舰船上表面电流以及敏感区域场强变化特点等。最后经过有效性检查，验证了本文仿真研究结果的正确性。
本文仿真研究了舰载高频地波OTH雷达电磁环境综合分布情况，为进一步研究舰船高频短波天线优化布局和舰船电磁安全性工程设计提供依据，具有较大的理论价值。
High Frequency Surface Wave Radar(HFSWR) transmitting a vertical polarization of electromagnetic wave, the path of this wave is curved when spread along the air-water interface, with a diffraction effect High Frequency Surface Wave Radar could detect and track targets over the horizon, in a great value on both military and civilian.Shipborne High Frequency Surface Wave OTH Radar can greatly enhance the ship's warning distance and improve its mobility.However, the ship's complex superstructure will have great impact on electromagnetic properties of the HF antenna which installed on the ship.The antennas on ship will also interfere with each other. HF antenna radiate electromagnetic energy, is is a class of interference source, which produce complex electromagnetic environment on ship and will impact ship’s EMC. How to predict and judge the impact is an important issues need to be carefully considered when design a ship.
Have a test on the real ship is a basic mehod to study the ship’s EMC,but this mothed not only spend both manpower and resources cost,but also need a lot of time. With the rapid development of electromagnetic numerical computation and computer technology, the numerical simulation technology becomes a useful method.Method of moments(MoM) above all numerical methods is widely used for its high precision,but because of its low efficiency, people developed multilevel fast multipole algorithm(MLFMA),which can greatly improve the computational efficiency.
In this paper, MLFMA has used to reaserch the electromagnetic compatibility of ship with High Frequency Surface Wave OTH Radar.The theory of MoM and MLFMA were studied detailedly at first, Studied the radiation of HF antenna and analysised the matters needing attention when it installed on a ship platform with limited space.To ensure simulation results fit the actual electromagnetic environment,it is very important to found accurate electromagnetic model of a ship,electrically small metal structure make hardly influence on propagation characteristic of electromagnetic wave,such the model need simplify in order to enhance the computational efficiency.This article utilized a professional electromagnetic calculation software to establish a full-scale ship model and simulate the ship’s electromagnetic environment,analysised the EMC of the ship with HFSWR,including the electromagnetic properties of HF antennas, the surface current on ship and the electric field’s change characteristics of sensitive areas and so on. Finally through validity check, verified the accuracy of simulation results. This article studied HF distribution characteristic of shipbome HF Surface Wave OTH Radar, provided theoretical basis for further study on optimizate the layout of HF antenna and electromagnetic safety of ship design,therefore this paper has some certain theoretical value.
在舰船上实测是研究舰船电磁兼容特性的一个基本方法，但实测法既耗费人力物力成本，还需要花费大量的时间。随着计算电磁学和计算机技术的快速发展，数值仿真力一法成为一种行之有效的力一法。数值方法中矩量法由于未知数目少、计算精度高而使用十分广泛，但山少其生成稠密矩阵，计算效率较低，人们在其基础上发展了多层快速多极子法力一法，大大提高了计算效率。
本文采用多层快速多极子法仿真研究舰载高频地波OTH雷达的电磁兼容特性。首先对矩量法和快速多极子方法的实现做了研究，推导舰载短波天线的辐射并分析舰船平台有限空间上布置短波天线的注意事项。要保证仿真所得舰船上电磁环境贴合实际，必须精确构造舰船电磁模型，而细小金属结构对电磁波传播特性的影响可以忽略不计，为了提高效率需要简化舰船儿何模型。本文使用专业的电磁计算软件建立全尺寸的舰船模型并仿真舰船电磁环境，分析舰载高频地波OTH雷达的电磁兼容性，包括舰载短波天线的电磁特性、舰船上表面电流以及敏感区域场强变化特点等。最后经过有效性检查，验证了本文仿真研究结果的正确性。
本文仿真研究了舰载高频地波OTH雷达电磁环境综合分布情况，为进一步研究舰船高频短波天线优化布局和舰船电磁安全性工程设计提供依据，具有较大的理论价值。
High Frequency Surface Wave Radar(HFSWR) transmitting a vertical polarization of electromagnetic wave, the path of this wave is curved when spread along the air-water interface, with a diffraction effect High Frequency Surface Wave Radar could detect and track targets over the horizon, in a great value on both military and civilian.Shipborne High Frequency Surface Wave OTH Radar can greatly enhance the ship's warning distance and improve its mobility.However, the ship's complex superstructure will have great impact on electromagnetic properties of the HF antenna which installed on the ship.The antennas on ship will also interfere with each other. HF antenna radiate electromagnetic energy, is is a class of interference source, which produce complex electromagnetic environment on ship and will impact ship’s EMC. How to predict and judge the impact is an important issues need to be carefully considered when design a ship.
Have a test on the real ship is a basic mehod to study the ship’s EMC,but this mothed not only spend both manpower and resources cost,but also need a lot of time. With the rapid development of electromagnetic numerical computation and computer technology, the numerical simulation technology becomes a useful method.Method of moments(MoM) above all numerical methods is widely used for its high precision,but because of its low efficiency, people developed multilevel fast multipole algorithm(MLFMA),which can greatly improve the computational efficiency.
In this paper, MLFMA has used to reaserch the electromagnetic compatibility of ship with High Frequency Surface Wave OTH Radar.The theory of MoM and MLFMA were studied detailedly at first, Studied the radiation of HF antenna and analysised the matters needing attention when it installed on a ship platform with limited space.To ensure simulation results fit the actual electromagnetic environment,it is very important to found accurate electromagnetic model of a ship,electrically small metal structure make hardly influence on propagation characteristic of electromagnetic wave,such the model need simplify in order to enhance the computational efficiency.This article utilized a professional electromagnetic calculation software to establish a full-scale ship model and simulate the ship’s electromagnetic environment,analysised the EMC of the ship with HFSWR,including the electromagnetic properties of HF antennas, the surface current on ship and the electric field’s change characteristics of sensitive areas and so on. Finally through validity check, verified the accuracy of simulation results. This article studied HF distribution characteristic of shipbome HF Surface Wave OTH Radar, provided theoretical basis for further study on optimizate the layout of HF antenna and electromagnetic safety of ship design,therefore this paper has some certain theoretical value.
引文
[1]邹逢兴，电磁兼容技术[M]，北京：国防工业出版社，2005：4-5.
[2] Krogstad H E,Wolf J,Thompson S P,Wyatt L R. The Methods ofIntercomparis- on of Wave Measurements[J]. CoastalEngineering,1999 235-257.
[3] Marmorino G O,ShayL K,Haus B K,Handler R A,Graberand H C,Horne M P.An EOF Analysis of HF Doppler Radar Current Measure of the ChesapeakeBay[J]. Continental Shelf Research,1999,19 271-288.
[4] Knight P J,Howarth M J.The Flow Through the North Channel of the IrishSea[J]. Continent Shelf Research,1999,19 693-716.
[5] C.F.de Valk. Estimation of 3-D Current Fields Near the Rhine Outflow fromHF Radar Surface Current Data[J]. Coastal Engineering,1999,37 487-511.
[6] Sentchev, Yaremchuk M. Tidal Motions in the Dover Straits as a VariationalInverse of the Sea Level and Surface Velocity Data[J]. Continental ShelfResearch,1999,19 1905-1926.
[7] Zhang Q, Zhao Gang. Optimizing Mode of Shipboard HF Antenna Placement[C]. Asia-Pacific Conference on App lied Electromagnetics,Malaysia,2005.
[8] Hoorfar A,Jamnejad V.Electromagnetic Modeling and Analysis of WirelessCommunication Antennas[J]. IEEE Microwave Magazine,2003,4(1) 51-67.
[9]周佳，谢康林.航船电磁兼容性仿真技术的发展与研究[J].计算机工程，2005,31(7) 205-206.
[10] Tam D W S,Azu C A.A Computer-aided Design Technique for EMC Analysis[J].Electromagnetic Compatibility,1995 234-235.
[11] Mittra R,Neng-Tien Huang, Wenhua Yu. A Novel Technique for SolvingEMI/EMC Problem Between Large Antennas Mounted on ComplexPlatforms[J].Antennas and Propagation Society,2006 111-114.
[12] Turetken B,Ustuner F, Demirel E,Dagdeviren A.EMI/EMC Analysis ofShipboard HF Antenna by Moment Method[J].Mathematical Methods inElectromagnetic Theory,2006 350-352.
[13] Pirich R, Basanez C, Anumolu P. Electromagnetic Environmental EffectsModeling,Simulation & Test Validation for Cosite Mitigation-anOverview[C].Systems, Applications and Technology Conference,2008.
[14] Aiello G,Alfonzetti S,Dilettoso E, Rizzo S A, Salerno N, Sindoni S.Numerical Simulations of the Electromagnetic Field Near the Conductors of aNaval PLC system[J].Power Line Communications and ItsApplications,2011 78-83.
[15]李伯虎，王行仁，黄柯棣.综合仿真系统研究[J].系统仿真学报，2000.12(s):429434.
[16]谢俊好.舰载高频地波雷达日标检测与估值研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文，2000: 95-101.
[17]赵勋旺，张玉，梁昌洪.舰载多天线系统电磁兼容性分析[J].电波科学学报，2008,23 (2):2s2-2s6.
[18]刘振吉，方重华，王志雄，赵刚.舰载短波单极天线辐射特性的MLFMA分析[J].装备环境工程，2009,6(1): 9-12.
[19]吴楠，黄松高，温定娥，王春.舰船短波电磁环境仿真建模的工程应用研究[J].舰船科学技术，2010,32(3) : 129-132.
[20]熊艳哗，王俐莉，毛滔.舰载多天线互祸分析与优化布局[J].舰船电子对抗，2010,33 (1) : 19-23.
[21] Fang ChongHua,Zhang Qi,Huang Qiong,XuanYuan YunJia.The PredictedTechnique of EMI for Ship Radars Based on the GTD Revision[J]. MicrowaveConference Proceedings,2011 1-3.
[22] Harrington R F.Field Computation by Moment Method[M].New YorkMacmillan,1968.
[23] Rao S M, Wilton D R, Glisson A W.Electromagnetic Scattering by Surfaces ofArbitrary Shape[J].IEEE Trans.On Antennas Propagation,1982,30 409-419.
[24] Song J M,Chew W C.Moment Method Solution Using ParametricGeometry[J]. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications,1995,971-83.
[25] Yee K S.Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems InvolvingMaxwell’s Equations in Isotropic[J]. IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagation,1966,14 302-307.
[26] Taflove A.Computational Electrodynamics:TheFinite-Difference Time-Domain Method[M].Norwood,MA Artech House,1995.
[27] Taflove A.Review of the Formulation and Applications of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method for Numercial Modeling of ElectromagneticWave Interzctions with Arbitrary Structures[J].Wave Motion,1998,10 547-582.
[28] Jin J M.The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetic[M].New YorkWiley,1993.
[29] Webb J P,Kanellopoulos V N.Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the FiniteElement Solution of the Vector Wave Equation[J].MicrowaveOpt.Tech.Lett.,1989,2(10) 370-372.
[30] Martin H C,Carey G F.Introduction to Finite Element Analysis:Theory andApplication[M].New York McGraw-Hill,1973.
[31] Keller J B.A Geometrical Theory of Diffraction[M]// Gaves L M. Calulus ofVariations and its Applications.New York Mc Graw-Hill Book Co.,1958.
[32] Keller J B, Levey B R.Diffraction by a Smooth Object[J].Commun.PureAppl.Math.,1959,12 159-209.
[33] Keller J B.Gemetrical Theory of Diffracion[J].Opt.Am.,1962,52 116-130.
[34] Konuyoumjian P G,Pathaak P H.A Geometrical Theory of Diffraction for anEdge in Perfect Conduting Surface[J].Proc.IEEE,1971,62(11) 1448-1461.
[35] Lec S W,Deschamps G A.A Uniform Asymptotic Theory of EM Diffraction bya Curved Wedge[J].IEEE trans.Antenna Propagatin,1976,AP-24 25-34.
[36] Pyan S W,Peters L.Evaluation of Edge Diffracted Fields Including EquivalentCurrents for Cautisc Regions[J].IEEE Trans.Antenna Propagation,1969,AP-7 292-299.
[37] YA P.Ufimtsev Method of Edge Waves in Physical Theoy ofDiffraction[J].IZD-Vo Sov.Radio,1962 1-243.
[38] Rao S M,Wilton D R,Glisson A W.Electromagnetic Scattering by Surfaces ofArbitrary Shape[J].IEEE Trans.Antenna Propagation,1982,AP-30 409-418.
[39] Hestenes M,Stiefel E.Method of Conjugate Gradients for Solving LinearSystem[J].Res.Nat.Bur.Stand,1952,49 409-436.
[40] Rokhlin V. Rapid Solution of integral equations of scattering theory in twodimensions [J]. Journal of Computational Physic1990, 86 414– 439.
[41] Chew W C,Jin J M,Michielssen E,et al.Fast and Efficient Algorithms inComputatinal Electromagnetics[M].Boston Aretch House,2001.
[42] Darve E. A Fast Multipole Method for Maxwell Equations stable at allFrequencies[J]. Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A.2004,362 1-27.
[43]聂在平，方大纲.日标与电磁环境电磁散射特性建模[M].北京:国防工业出版社，2009: 249-251.
[44]张崎，赵刚.舰船短波通信天线优化布置数学模型[J].舰船科学技术，2006,28(3):56-58.
[45]王玉龙.短波宽带天线在舰船上的应用分析[J].船舶电子工程，2007,1: 132- 135.
[46]马晓雷.车载天线电磁特性的仿真研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文，2007: 21-23.
[2] Krogstad H E,Wolf J,Thompson S P,Wyatt L R. The Methods ofIntercomparis- on of Wave Measurements[J]. CoastalEngineering,1999 235-257.
[3] Marmorino G O,ShayL K,Haus B K,Handler R A,Graberand H C,Horne M P.An EOF Analysis of HF Doppler Radar Current Measure of the ChesapeakeBay[J]. Continental Shelf Research,1999,19 271-288.
[4] Knight P J,Howarth M J.The Flow Through the North Channel of the IrishSea[J]. Continent Shelf Research,1999,19 693-716.
[5] C.F.de Valk. Estimation of 3-D Current Fields Near the Rhine Outflow fromHF Radar Surface Current Data[J]. Coastal Engineering,1999,37 487-511.
[6] Sentchev, Yaremchuk M. Tidal Motions in the Dover Straits as a VariationalInverse of the Sea Level and Surface Velocity Data[J]. Continental ShelfResearch,1999,19 1905-1926.
[7] Zhang Q, Zhao Gang. Optimizing Mode of Shipboard HF Antenna Placement[C]. Asia-Pacific Conference on App lied Electromagnetics,Malaysia,2005.
[8] Hoorfar A,Jamnejad V.Electromagnetic Modeling and Analysis of WirelessCommunication Antennas[J]. IEEE Microwave Magazine,2003,4(1) 51-67.
[9]周佳，谢康林.航船电磁兼容性仿真技术的发展与研究[J].计算机工程，2005,31(7) 205-206.
[10] Tam D W S,Azu C A.A Computer-aided Design Technique for EMC Analysis[J].Electromagnetic Compatibility,1995 234-235.
[11] Mittra R,Neng-Tien Huang, Wenhua Yu. A Novel Technique for SolvingEMI/EMC Problem Between Large Antennas Mounted on ComplexPlatforms[J].Antennas and Propagation Society,2006 111-114.
[12] Turetken B,Ustuner F, Demirel E,Dagdeviren A.EMI/EMC Analysis ofShipboard HF Antenna by Moment Method[J].Mathematical Methods inElectromagnetic Theory,2006 350-352.
[13] Pirich R, Basanez C, Anumolu P. Electromagnetic Environmental EffectsModeling,Simulation & Test Validation for Cosite Mitigation-anOverview[C].Systems, Applications and Technology Conference,2008.
[14] Aiello G,Alfonzetti S,Dilettoso E, Rizzo S A, Salerno N, Sindoni S.Numerical Simulations of the Electromagnetic Field Near the Conductors of aNaval PLC system[J].Power Line Communications and ItsApplications,2011 78-83.
[15]李伯虎，王行仁，黄柯棣.综合仿真系统研究[J].系统仿真学报，2000.12(s):429434.
[16]谢俊好.舰载高频地波雷达日标检测与估值研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文，2000: 95-101.
[17]赵勋旺，张玉，梁昌洪.舰载多天线系统电磁兼容性分析[J].电波科学学报，2008,23 (2):2s2-2s6.
[18]刘振吉，方重华，王志雄，赵刚.舰载短波单极天线辐射特性的MLFMA分析[J].装备环境工程，2009,6(1): 9-12.
[19]吴楠，黄松高，温定娥，王春.舰船短波电磁环境仿真建模的工程应用研究[J].舰船科学技术，2010,32(3) : 129-132.
[20]熊艳哗，王俐莉，毛滔.舰载多天线互祸分析与优化布局[J].舰船电子对抗，2010,33 (1) : 19-23.
[21] Fang ChongHua,Zhang Qi,Huang Qiong,XuanYuan YunJia.The PredictedTechnique of EMI for Ship Radars Based on the GTD Revision[J]. MicrowaveConference Proceedings,2011 1-3.
[22] Harrington R F.Field Computation by Moment Method[M].New YorkMacmillan,1968.
[23] Rao S M, Wilton D R, Glisson A W.Electromagnetic Scattering by Surfaces ofArbitrary Shape[J].IEEE Trans.On Antennas Propagation,1982,30 409-419.
[24] Song J M,Chew W C.Moment Method Solution Using ParametricGeometry[J]. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications,1995,971-83.
[25] Yee K S.Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems InvolvingMaxwell’s Equations in Isotropic[J]. IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagation,1966,14 302-307.
[26] Taflove A.Computational Electrodynamics:TheFinite-Difference Time-Domain Method[M].Norwood,MA Artech House,1995.
[27] Taflove A.Review of the Formulation and Applications of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method for Numercial Modeling of ElectromagneticWave Interzctions with Arbitrary Structures[J].Wave Motion,1998,10 547-582.
[28] Jin J M.The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetic[M].New YorkWiley,1993.
[29] Webb J P,Kanellopoulos V N.Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the FiniteElement Solution of the Vector Wave Equation[J].MicrowaveOpt.Tech.Lett.,1989,2(10) 370-372.
[30] Martin H C,Carey G F.Introduction to Finite Element Analysis:Theory andApplication[M].New York McGraw-Hill,1973.
[31] Keller J B.A Geometrical Theory of Diffraction[M]// Gaves L M. Calulus ofVariations and its Applications.New York Mc Graw-Hill Book Co.,1958.
[32] Keller J B, Levey B R.Diffraction by a Smooth Object[J].Commun.PureAppl.Math.,1959,12 159-209.
[33] Keller J B.Gemetrical Theory of Diffracion[J].Opt.Am.,1962,52 116-130.
[34] Konuyoumjian P G,Pathaak P H.A Geometrical Theory of Diffraction for anEdge in Perfect Conduting Surface[J].Proc.IEEE,1971,62(11) 1448-1461.
[35] Lec S W,Deschamps G A.A Uniform Asymptotic Theory of EM Diffraction bya Curved Wedge[J].IEEE trans.Antenna Propagatin,1976,AP-24 25-34.
[36] Pyan S W,Peters L.Evaluation of Edge Diffracted Fields Including EquivalentCurrents for Cautisc Regions[J].IEEE Trans.Antenna Propagation,1969,AP-7 292-299.
[37] YA P.Ufimtsev Method of Edge Waves in Physical Theoy ofDiffraction[J].IZD-Vo Sov.Radio,1962 1-243.
[38] Rao S M,Wilton D R,Glisson A W.Electromagnetic Scattering by Surfaces ofArbitrary Shape[J].IEEE Trans.Antenna Propagation,1982,AP-30 409-418.
[39] Hestenes M,Stiefel E.Method of Conjugate Gradients for Solving LinearSystem[J].Res.Nat.Bur.Stand,1952,49 409-436.
[40] Rokhlin V. Rapid Solution of integral equations of scattering theory in twodimensions [J]. Journal of Computational Physic1990, 86 414– 439.
[41] Chew W C,Jin J M,Michielssen E,et al.Fast and Efficient Algorithms inComputatinal Electromagnetics[M].Boston Aretch House,2001.
[42] Darve E. A Fast Multipole Method for Maxwell Equations stable at allFrequencies[J]. Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A.2004,362 1-27.
[43]聂在平，方大纲.日标与电磁环境电磁散射特性建模[M].北京:国防工业出版社，2009: 249-251.
[44]张崎，赵刚.舰船短波通信天线优化布置数学模型[J].舰船科学技术，2006,28(3):56-58.
[45]王玉龙.短波宽带天线在舰船上的应用分析[J].船舶电子工程，2007,1: 132- 135.
[46]马晓雷.车载天线电磁特性的仿真研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文，2007: 21-23.
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