长江忠县、巫山考古遗址的古环境研究
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摘要
随着全球变化研究的深入,人类文化发展与自然地理环境演变的关系越来越多的成为科学界关注的热点。地理环境演变被认为是影响古代人地关系变迁的重要因素之一,文明的孕育、发展、衰落等与自然地理环境演变直接相关。利用考古遗址地层和自然地层整合来恢复历史环境、探求环境演变的信息以及阐述当前地理环境与人地关系的形成和特点具有重要意义,也是目前探讨区域文化发展对全球变化响应行之有效的方法。
重庆地处青藏高原与长江中下游平原的过渡地带,是西南季风和东亚季风的交界处,对气候变化响应非常敏感,也是中华文明孕育和发展的重要地区。对该区考古遗址的古环境研究对于研究区域文化发展与自然地理环境演变的关系及其对全球变化的响应具有重要意义。本文选择该区长江一级阶地上忠县甘蔗丘遗址和巫山县大石洞遗址,通过对遗址沉积物进行粒度、磁化率、孢粉等指标的综合分析,探讨考古遗址反映的文化发展与环境演变的关系,并同周边及其他地区的考古遗址地层和自然地层的气候记录进行广泛对比,进一步探讨区域人地关系对全球变化的响应机制。获得了一些新的认识:
甘蔗丘遗址在商周时期,气候较为温暖,先民在此活动;唐宋时期,气候较为温凉湿润,在唐宋中期后,该遗址或附近开始水稻种植,发展农耕;在明清时期,水稻型禾本科含量达到最大,人类活动频繁。大石洞遗址显示,在20-10ka.B.P.,该区气候环境经历了较为温暖湿润-冷凉偏干-气温回升,湿度加大的变化,古人类生活在较为温暖湿润的气候环境下。
甘蔗丘遗址位于长江一级阶地上,根据粒度分析结果,该区历史时期洪水发生较为频繁,该遗址主要是洪水的平流沉积,洪水对于该区农耕文明的影响并不明显。从大石洞遗址的粒度变化特征来看,该遗址沉积主要是洪水沉积;在950-720cm,推断可能有古人类活动,存在二次堆积。在720-320cm,主要是洪水平流沉积,320-100cm,洪水沉积外,也伴随泥石流爆发。
通过甘蔗丘遗址地层与其他遗址地层和自然地层的对比发现,该区文化较为繁荣发展的时期大都发生在气候较为温凉偏湿的气候环境下,与该区冬季风减弱,有效湿度增大时期相对应;大石洞遗址环境变化受西南季风和东亚季风在不同地质历史时期转换的影响较大,与东亚季风区的黄土沉积表现的气候环境变化有差别,与格陵兰冰芯和低纬度深海沉积略有不同,可能由于所处的纬度位置和受控的气候系统不同所致。
With the research on global change, the relationship between the development of civilization and the evolution of natural geographical environment has become a focus in the scientific field. It is universally acknowledged that the evolution of geographical environment is one of the main factors, which influences the man-land relationship. The integration of archaeological sites and natural formations plays a key role in restoring the historic environment, exploring the environmental evolution as well as elaborating the relationship between geographical environment and the formation of man-land and its characteristics. At the same time, it is efficient in studying the response of regional cultural development to global change.
Located in the transitional zone of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the middle-lower Yangtze plain, Chongqing is influenced by south-west monsoon and East Asia monsoon, which results in its sensitivity to climate change. It is also an important area of the birth and development of Chinese civilization. It is of great significance to do environmental archaeology research in this area to explore the responses of environmental evolution and the relation between man-land transference to the global change. This paper probed into the relationship between human - land and environment evolution by analyzing grain-size,magnetic susceptibility and pollen assemblage which stemmed from Ganzhe hill site and Big Cave site samples. Comparative study will also be carried out between other archaeological sites and natural accumulations to explore the mechanism response of relationship between human - land to global change.
The results of pollens and magnetic susceptibility showed that the climate of Ganzhe hill site was warmer in Shang dynasty, so it was suitable for ancestors to survive. During Tang and Song Dynasties, climate became cooler and more humid and agriculture civilization was produced in the middle of Tang Dynasty. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, it witnessed an advanced development. The climate went through three stages: warm and wet --cold and dry -- temperature rise, humidity increase during the end glacial period of the late Pleistocene in Big Cave site.
Ganzhe hill site is situated in the first terrace of Yangtze River. The results of grain-size showed that this area experienced frequent flood during Historical period, however, its effect on regional cultural development was not that apparent. According to the variation characteristics of grain-size in Big Cave site, it is reasonable to conclude that deposition of this site was mainly the fluvial deposits, however, its effect on regional cultural development is not that apparent。In the depth of 950-720cm, there were some secondary deposits because of ancient human activity. At the depth of 720-320cm, there was mainly flood deposits .At the depth of 320-100cm, there were mainly flood deposits, accompanied by the outbreak of debris flow.
Based on the comparisons between other archaeological sites and natural accumulations, it was easily found that the prosperity period of civilization had been mostly occurred in cool and humid climate in this area which was corresponded to the period when winter-monsoon abate and effective humidity increase. The alternative action of South-west monsoon and East Asian monsoon had a massive influence on environment change in Big Cave site in different geological epoch. The environment change had some relation with air-sea interactions in a the low-latitude tropical ocean and the relation with a high-altitude atmospheric circulation.
重庆地处青藏高原与长江中下游平原的过渡地带,是西南季风和东亚季风的交界处,对气候变化响应非常敏感,也是中华文明孕育和发展的重要地区。对该区考古遗址的古环境研究对于研究区域文化发展与自然地理环境演变的关系及其对全球变化的响应具有重要意义。本文选择该区长江一级阶地上忠县甘蔗丘遗址和巫山县大石洞遗址,通过对遗址沉积物进行粒度、磁化率、孢粉等指标的综合分析,探讨考古遗址反映的文化发展与环境演变的关系,并同周边及其他地区的考古遗址地层和自然地层的气候记录进行广泛对比,进一步探讨区域人地关系对全球变化的响应机制。获得了一些新的认识:
甘蔗丘遗址在商周时期,气候较为温暖,先民在此活动;唐宋时期,气候较为温凉湿润,在唐宋中期后,该遗址或附近开始水稻种植,发展农耕;在明清时期,水稻型禾本科含量达到最大,人类活动频繁。大石洞遗址显示,在20-10ka.B.P.,该区气候环境经历了较为温暖湿润-冷凉偏干-气温回升,湿度加大的变化,古人类生活在较为温暖湿润的气候环境下。
甘蔗丘遗址位于长江一级阶地上,根据粒度分析结果,该区历史时期洪水发生较为频繁,该遗址主要是洪水的平流沉积,洪水对于该区农耕文明的影响并不明显。从大石洞遗址的粒度变化特征来看,该遗址沉积主要是洪水沉积;在950-720cm,推断可能有古人类活动,存在二次堆积。在720-320cm,主要是洪水平流沉积,320-100cm,洪水沉积外,也伴随泥石流爆发。
通过甘蔗丘遗址地层与其他遗址地层和自然地层的对比发现,该区文化较为繁荣发展的时期大都发生在气候较为温凉偏湿的气候环境下,与该区冬季风减弱,有效湿度增大时期相对应;大石洞遗址环境变化受西南季风和东亚季风在不同地质历史时期转换的影响较大,与东亚季风区的黄土沉积表现的气候环境变化有差别,与格陵兰冰芯和低纬度深海沉积略有不同,可能由于所处的纬度位置和受控的气候系统不同所致。
With the research on global change, the relationship between the development of civilization and the evolution of natural geographical environment has become a focus in the scientific field. It is universally acknowledged that the evolution of geographical environment is one of the main factors, which influences the man-land relationship. The integration of archaeological sites and natural formations plays a key role in restoring the historic environment, exploring the environmental evolution as well as elaborating the relationship between geographical environment and the formation of man-land and its characteristics. At the same time, it is efficient in studying the response of regional cultural development to global change.
Located in the transitional zone of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the middle-lower Yangtze plain, Chongqing is influenced by south-west monsoon and East Asia monsoon, which results in its sensitivity to climate change. It is also an important area of the birth and development of Chinese civilization. It is of great significance to do environmental archaeology research in this area to explore the responses of environmental evolution and the relation between man-land transference to the global change. This paper probed into the relationship between human - land and environment evolution by analyzing grain-size,magnetic susceptibility and pollen assemblage which stemmed from Ganzhe hill site and Big Cave site samples. Comparative study will also be carried out between other archaeological sites and natural accumulations to explore the mechanism response of relationship between human - land to global change.
The results of pollens and magnetic susceptibility showed that the climate of Ganzhe hill site was warmer in Shang dynasty, so it was suitable for ancestors to survive. During Tang and Song Dynasties, climate became cooler and more humid and agriculture civilization was produced in the middle of Tang Dynasty. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, it witnessed an advanced development. The climate went through three stages: warm and wet --cold and dry -- temperature rise, humidity increase during the end glacial period of the late Pleistocene in Big Cave site.
Ganzhe hill site is situated in the first terrace of Yangtze River. The results of grain-size showed that this area experienced frequent flood during Historical period, however, its effect on regional cultural development was not that apparent. According to the variation characteristics of grain-size in Big Cave site, it is reasonable to conclude that deposition of this site was mainly the fluvial deposits, however, its effect on regional cultural development is not that apparent。In the depth of 950-720cm, there were some secondary deposits because of ancient human activity. At the depth of 720-320cm, there was mainly flood deposits .At the depth of 320-100cm, there were mainly flood deposits, accompanied by the outbreak of debris flow.
Based on the comparisons between other archaeological sites and natural accumulations, it was easily found that the prosperity period of civilization had been mostly occurred in cool and humid climate in this area which was corresponded to the period when winter-monsoon abate and effective humidity increase. The alternative action of South-west monsoon and East Asian monsoon had a massive influence on environment change in Big Cave site in different geological epoch. The environment change had some relation with air-sea interactions in a the low-latitude tropical ocean and the relation with a high-altitude atmospheric circulation.
引文
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