南京明城墙风光带重要节点园林植物景观研究
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摘要
本文将南京明城墙风光带作为研究区域,对其中相对稳定的50个典型群落进行样地法实地调查,对群落树种组成、物种数量特征、群落结构与类型、多样性进行系统调查和研究分析,选择8个典型群落,绘制平面图,从生态、美学等角度,分析群落植物配置应用的合理性,建立合理的评价体系,对南京明城墙随机选取的20个典型植物群落,选用10个评价因子,用层次分析法从群落内部和外部两个要素上进行综合评价,在此基础上,对现有植物景观提出进一步优化措施。研究结果有以下几个方面：
(1)在调查的50个南京明城墙风光带群落样地中,共有植物152科72属214种。乔木种类有32科46属56种,灌木种类有31科51属89种,竹类植物1科5属6种,藤本植物为10科11属13种,草本地被植物有20科44属52种。乔木层树种中香樟重要值最高,为16.041%,灌木层树种红花檵木重要值最高,为8.235%,草本层树种高羊茅重要值最高,为38.678%。
(2)南京明城墙风光带过渡性植被占优势,地带性特点不强的类型占有一定的比例,地带性植被不显著。群落结构基本是以乔、灌、草为主的复合群落。群落中灌木层树种密度比要大于乔木层树种。乔木与灌木密度比集中分布在1：4-4：1之间。乔木层常绿与落叶树种重要值比集中分布在1：4-2：1之间,灌木层常绿与落叶树种重要值比集中分布在1：2-6：1之间。
(3)南京明城墙风光带物种比较丰富,物种丰富度和多样性指数都比较高,调查的50个样地植物群落乔灌草三层丰富度S平均为6.26,Gleason物种丰富度指数平均为1.06015,生态优势度Simpson指数平均为0.34018,Shannon-Weiner指数平均为0.88327,均匀度Pielou指数平均为0.41435。群落各层中灌木层物种丰富度和多样性指数高于乔木层。
(4)南京明城墙风光带植物栽植方式以自然式栽植为主,规则式栽植为辅。乔木多为列植或对植,小乔木多为丛植或散植,灌木多为丛植呈带状,或修剪为球状散植；在空间横向方向上以增加群落层次性为主,纵向方向上则强调空间的序列性与连续性；但是植物景观与城墙文化呼应性不高。
(5)景观综合评价表明,南京明城墙风光带植物景观处于中等偏上水平,景观综合评价值平均为12.11608。
The plantscape of the Nanjing Ming dynasty city wall belt was studied in this paper.50 typical plant communities that were relatively steady were surveyed by quadrat method. The floristic composition of community and the quantitative features of species were studied firstly, and so did the species diversity and the type and characteristic of community.8 typical plant communities which were choosed from the Nanjing Ming dynasty city wall belt and the rationality of disposal and application of plant communities were further discussed from plant communities'ecology and aesthetics. Based on the thorough investigation and analysis,20 typical plant communities were appraisaled on 10 evaluation factors that refer to internal and external factors. Some advices were brought forward to improve the environment around the city wall. The main results were as follows:
(1)In 50 sample communities in the landscape area of the Ming dynasty city wall, there were 214 plants belonging to 152 genera in 72 families. The species of arbor was 56, belonging to 46 genera in 32 families, the species of shrub was 89, belonging to 51 genera in 31 families, the species of bamboo was 6, belonging to 5 genera in 1 family, the species of fujimoto was 13, belonging to 11 genera in 10 families, the species of herb was 52, belonging to 44 genera in families. It surveyed that the species of the arbor layer with the highest important value was Cinnamomum camphorai, the value was 16.041%, the species of the shrub layer with the highest important value was Loropetalum chinensei var. rubrum, the value was 8.235%, The herb layer was single, but it surveyed that the species with the highest important value was Festuca elata, the value was 38.678%.
(2) The type o f plant communities were dominated by transitional vegetation in the landscape area of the Ming dynasty city wall, and the type with little transitional character had a certain proportion. The structure of plant communities was multiple structure combined with arbor, shrub and herb on the whole. The species density of herb was denser than the arbor, among 1:4 and 4:1. The ratio of importance value in arbor layer between evergreen and defoliation species distributed among 1:4 and 2:1, the ratio of importance value in shrub layer between evergreen and defoliation species distributed among 1:2 and 6:1.
(3) The species abundance degree and diversity index of communities were very high in the landscape area of the Ming dynasty city wall. The average species abundance degree in sample communities was 6.26, the average Margalef index was 1.06015, the average Simpson index was 0.34018, the average Shannon-Weiner index was 0.88327, and the average Pielou index was 0.41435. The species abundance and diversity in bush layer were higer than that in arbor layer.
(4)The way of plant cultivated was natural mainly, rule-based secondary. The arbor was mainly column and symmetrical planted, the small arbor was mainly cluster planted, and the bush was mainly cluster planted, or dispersed planted. In space, the main method in horizontal direction was to increasing the level of community, and in longitudinal direction was to emphasizing on sequence and continuity. The link between the plant landscape and the city wall' culture was tiny.
(5) The result of multifactorial appraisal showed the landscape quality was above average. The average value of multifactorial appraisal on 20 communities was 12.11608.
(1)在调查的50个南京明城墙风光带群落样地中,共有植物152科72属214种。乔木种类有32科46属56种,灌木种类有31科51属89种,竹类植物1科5属6种,藤本植物为10科11属13种,草本地被植物有20科44属52种。乔木层树种中香樟重要值最高,为16.041%,灌木层树种红花檵木重要值最高,为8.235%,草本层树种高羊茅重要值最高,为38.678%。
(2)南京明城墙风光带过渡性植被占优势,地带性特点不强的类型占有一定的比例,地带性植被不显著。群落结构基本是以乔、灌、草为主的复合群落。群落中灌木层树种密度比要大于乔木层树种。乔木与灌木密度比集中分布在1：4-4：1之间。乔木层常绿与落叶树种重要值比集中分布在1：4-2：1之间,灌木层常绿与落叶树种重要值比集中分布在1：2-6：1之间。
(3)南京明城墙风光带物种比较丰富,物种丰富度和多样性指数都比较高,调查的50个样地植物群落乔灌草三层丰富度S平均为6.26,Gleason物种丰富度指数平均为1.06015,生态优势度Simpson指数平均为0.34018,Shannon-Weiner指数平均为0.88327,均匀度Pielou指数平均为0.41435。群落各层中灌木层物种丰富度和多样性指数高于乔木层。
(4)南京明城墙风光带植物栽植方式以自然式栽植为主,规则式栽植为辅。乔木多为列植或对植,小乔木多为丛植或散植,灌木多为丛植呈带状,或修剪为球状散植；在空间横向方向上以增加群落层次性为主,纵向方向上则强调空间的序列性与连续性；但是植物景观与城墙文化呼应性不高。
(5)景观综合评价表明,南京明城墙风光带植物景观处于中等偏上水平,景观综合评价值平均为12.11608。
The plantscape of the Nanjing Ming dynasty city wall belt was studied in this paper.50 typical plant communities that were relatively steady were surveyed by quadrat method. The floristic composition of community and the quantitative features of species were studied firstly, and so did the species diversity and the type and characteristic of community.8 typical plant communities which were choosed from the Nanjing Ming dynasty city wall belt and the rationality of disposal and application of plant communities were further discussed from plant communities'ecology and aesthetics. Based on the thorough investigation and analysis,20 typical plant communities were appraisaled on 10 evaluation factors that refer to internal and external factors. Some advices were brought forward to improve the environment around the city wall. The main results were as follows:
(1)In 50 sample communities in the landscape area of the Ming dynasty city wall, there were 214 plants belonging to 152 genera in 72 families. The species of arbor was 56, belonging to 46 genera in 32 families, the species of shrub was 89, belonging to 51 genera in 31 families, the species of bamboo was 6, belonging to 5 genera in 1 family, the species of fujimoto was 13, belonging to 11 genera in 10 families, the species of herb was 52, belonging to 44 genera in families. It surveyed that the species of the arbor layer with the highest important value was Cinnamomum camphorai, the value was 16.041%, the species of the shrub layer with the highest important value was Loropetalum chinensei var. rubrum, the value was 8.235%, The herb layer was single, but it surveyed that the species with the highest important value was Festuca elata, the value was 38.678%.
(2) The type o f plant communities were dominated by transitional vegetation in the landscape area of the Ming dynasty city wall, and the type with little transitional character had a certain proportion. The structure of plant communities was multiple structure combined with arbor, shrub and herb on the whole. The species density of herb was denser than the arbor, among 1:4 and 4:1. The ratio of importance value in arbor layer between evergreen and defoliation species distributed among 1:4 and 2:1, the ratio of importance value in shrub layer between evergreen and defoliation species distributed among 1:2 and 6:1.
(3) The species abundance degree and diversity index of communities were very high in the landscape area of the Ming dynasty city wall. The average species abundance degree in sample communities was 6.26, the average Margalef index was 1.06015, the average Simpson index was 0.34018, the average Shannon-Weiner index was 0.88327, and the average Pielou index was 0.41435. The species abundance and diversity in bush layer were higer than that in arbor layer.
(4)The way of plant cultivated was natural mainly, rule-based secondary. The arbor was mainly column and symmetrical planted, the small arbor was mainly cluster planted, and the bush was mainly cluster planted, or dispersed planted. In space, the main method in horizontal direction was to increasing the level of community, and in longitudinal direction was to emphasizing on sequence and continuity. The link between the plant landscape and the city wall' culture was tiny.
(5) The result of multifactorial appraisal showed the landscape quality was above average. The average value of multifactorial appraisal on 20 communities was 12.11608.
引文
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