人机交互学发展的科学计量研究
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摘要
当前科技革命蓬勃发展,新兴学科特别是新兴交叉学科日益成为科学技术研究领域中的热点。人机交互学是近些年快速发展的一门复杂交叉学科,它以计算机科学、认知心理学、人体工效学等作为基础,还涉及到社会学、生理学、医学、语言学、哲学等诸多领域。对人机交互学的发展特征及规律进行客观、定量的评价和研究,有助于科研机构和学者明确学科的方展趋势和方向,有助于提高学科的科研决策与管理水平,更有助于合理制定相关的国家科技发展政策。
针对目前人机交互学领域科定量评价的研究空白,本文希望通过运用科学计量学的知识,对人机交互技术在国内外的发展特征和规律进行深入、全面的定量评价和分析。本文的主要研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1、基于科学计量学的方法和指标,对世界领域内人机交互学的发展态势进行定量测度和分析。归纳出人机交互学基础研究的三个发展历程阶段,对文献产出的主要国家分布、类型分布、语种分布、学科学布等特征进行描述性统计,为国内外的科研机构和研究学者提供理论参考；
2、对人机交互学的产出文献进行引文分析,总结出人机交互学施引文献的产出途径、领先国家、主要被引作者以及涉及的相关元知识学科。以专利量作为衡量指标,得出人机交互学领域内科技创新的主要学科突破口；
3、本文将我国人机交互学的发展状况与国际领先国家进行对比分析,指出我国产出规模大但影响力偏低的现状,并提出了相关政策建议提升国内人机交互学的发展；
4、使用Bibexcel和Pajek软件构建了人机交互的学者合作网络,验证了其小世界网络效应。总结出人机交互领域的主要合作体和核心作者,为我国学者的国际合作方向提供了直观参考；
5、使用Bibexcel、Pajek和Netdraw软件构建了人机交互学领域中的学科交叉网络,验证了其小世界网络效应。将元知识的概念引入到交叉学科的科学评价中,确立了人机交互领域的元知识学科集群和可重点培养的核心学科。
Emerging disciplines, especially the emerging interdisciplines gradually become a hot issue in the academic area under the circumstance that science and technology develop rapidly. In recent years, one of the fastest developing subjects is Human-Computer Interaction which is based on Computer Science, Psychology, Ergonomics and concerned about some other aspects, Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics Sociology, Linguistics and philosophy, etc. Hence, it is really helpful to have researches and estimations in the characteristics and patterns of Human-Computer Interaction for ensuring the trend of this subject, promoting the level of management in this area and rationally publishing state's policies.
For the blank in researching Human-Computer Interaction, this paper proposes to have quantitative estimations and comprehensive analysis in the characteristics and patterns of Human-Computer Interaction by the application of Scientometric. There are a few of respects in this paper as given below:
1. This is the first time to conduct quantitative estimations and analysis in the worldwide developing trend of Human-Computer Interaction based on the approaches and indicators of Scientometric. In addition, this paper also includes the summary of the three stages in the Human-Computer Interaction's basic researches, the descriptive statistics of distributions of the output of literatures, types and science and useful theoretical references for research institutes and scholars both at home and aboard.
2. In the analysis of citation of literatures of Human-Computer Interaction, the phenomenon that amount of creative researches constantly emerge is found. This article summarizes the citation literature of Human-Computer Interaction, whose output channels, leading countries, the main cited authors and disciplines involved. The main outbreak of the creative output in Human-Computer Interaction is summarized by referring the indicator of Patent.
3. Compared with some leading countries in Human-Computer Interaction, this paper claims that the influence of output of China is relatively limited though the scale is large and makes suggestions to enhance the development of Human-Computer Interaction in China.
4. The effect of small-world network is verified by building the coauthor network of Human-Computer Interaction via software called Bibexcel and Pajek. It successfully provides a direct reference for the international cooperation of Chinese researchers.
5. The effect of mall-world network is also verified by building the interdiscipline network of Human-Computer Interaction via software called Bibexcel and Pajek. On the other hand, the concept of Metaknowledge is introduced into the scientific estimation of interdiscipline and the core subjects of Human-Computer Interaction have been established.
针对目前人机交互学领域科定量评价的研究空白,本文希望通过运用科学计量学的知识,对人机交互技术在国内外的发展特征和规律进行深入、全面的定量评价和分析。本文的主要研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1、基于科学计量学的方法和指标,对世界领域内人机交互学的发展态势进行定量测度和分析。归纳出人机交互学基础研究的三个发展历程阶段,对文献产出的主要国家分布、类型分布、语种分布、学科学布等特征进行描述性统计,为国内外的科研机构和研究学者提供理论参考；
2、对人机交互学的产出文献进行引文分析,总结出人机交互学施引文献的产出途径、领先国家、主要被引作者以及涉及的相关元知识学科。以专利量作为衡量指标,得出人机交互学领域内科技创新的主要学科突破口；
3、本文将我国人机交互学的发展状况与国际领先国家进行对比分析,指出我国产出规模大但影响力偏低的现状,并提出了相关政策建议提升国内人机交互学的发展；
4、使用Bibexcel和Pajek软件构建了人机交互的学者合作网络,验证了其小世界网络效应。总结出人机交互领域的主要合作体和核心作者,为我国学者的国际合作方向提供了直观参考；
5、使用Bibexcel、Pajek和Netdraw软件构建了人机交互学领域中的学科交叉网络,验证了其小世界网络效应。将元知识的概念引入到交叉学科的科学评价中,确立了人机交互领域的元知识学科集群和可重点培养的核心学科。
Emerging disciplines, especially the emerging interdisciplines gradually become a hot issue in the academic area under the circumstance that science and technology develop rapidly. In recent years, one of the fastest developing subjects is Human-Computer Interaction which is based on Computer Science, Psychology, Ergonomics and concerned about some other aspects, Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics Sociology, Linguistics and philosophy, etc. Hence, it is really helpful to have researches and estimations in the characteristics and patterns of Human-Computer Interaction for ensuring the trend of this subject, promoting the level of management in this area and rationally publishing state's policies.
For the blank in researching Human-Computer Interaction, this paper proposes to have quantitative estimations and comprehensive analysis in the characteristics and patterns of Human-Computer Interaction by the application of Scientometric. There are a few of respects in this paper as given below:
1. This is the first time to conduct quantitative estimations and analysis in the worldwide developing trend of Human-Computer Interaction based on the approaches and indicators of Scientometric. In addition, this paper also includes the summary of the three stages in the Human-Computer Interaction's basic researches, the descriptive statistics of distributions of the output of literatures, types and science and useful theoretical references for research institutes and scholars both at home and aboard.
2. In the analysis of citation of literatures of Human-Computer Interaction, the phenomenon that amount of creative researches constantly emerge is found. This article summarizes the citation literature of Human-Computer Interaction, whose output channels, leading countries, the main cited authors and disciplines involved. The main outbreak of the creative output in Human-Computer Interaction is summarized by referring the indicator of Patent.
3. Compared with some leading countries in Human-Computer Interaction, this paper claims that the influence of output of China is relatively limited though the scale is large and makes suggestions to enhance the development of Human-Computer Interaction in China.
4. The effect of small-world network is verified by building the coauthor network of Human-Computer Interaction via software called Bibexcel and Pajek. It successfully provides a direct reference for the international cooperation of Chinese researchers.
5. The effect of mall-world network is also verified by building the interdiscipline network of Human-Computer Interaction via software called Bibexcel and Pajek. On the other hand, the concept of Metaknowledge is introduced into the scientific estimation of interdiscipline and the core subjects of Human-Computer Interaction have been established.
引文
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[29]人机交互现状介绍[P].北京大学计算机系与多媒体研究室,2008.
[30]肖楠.人与机的对话——浅谈人机交互的人机关系及其发展趋势[J].中国经济信息网,2010.
[31]赵黎明,高杨,韩宇.专利引文分析在知识转移机制研究中的应用[J].科学学研究.2002,20(3).
[32]Guan J. C., Ma, N. (2004), A comparative study of research performance in computer science. Scientometrics,61(3):339-359.
[33]Frame J. D. Mainstream research in Latin America and Caribbean [J]. Interciencia,1997,2:143-198.
[34]Schubert A., Braun T. Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative assessment of publication output and citation impact[J].Scientometrics,1986,9:281-291.
[35]Glanzel W. Coauthorship patterns and trends in the sciences (1980-1998):A bibliometric study with implications for database indexing and search strategies[J]. Library Trends.2002,50:461-473.
[36]Kretschmer H.Author productivity and geodesic distance in bibliographic co-authorship networks,and visibility on the Web[J]. Scientometries.2004,60(3):1-12.
[37]Schubert A. The web of Scientometries:A statistical overview of the first 50 volumes of the journal [J]. Scientometries.2002,53:3-20.
[38]Dutt B, Garg KC, Bali A. Scientometires of the international journal Scientometires [J].Seientometires.2003,56(1):81-93.
[39]Newman M. The structure of scientific collaboration networks [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA.2001:404-409.
[40]Erdos P and Renyir A.On Random Graphs [J], Publ. Math. Debrecen,1959,6: 290-297.
[41]王续混.交叉科学结构论[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,2003.
[42]侯海燕.基于知识图谱的科学计量学进展研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006.
[43]董士海.人机交互的进展及面临的挑战[J],计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(1).
[44]谢彩霞.科学合作方式及其功能的科学计量学研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006.
[45]马楠.基于科学计量学的基础研究评价理论与方法[D].北京：北京航空航天大学,2007
[46]张婉宁.浅议诺贝尔生理医学奖同行评议制度[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2008,19：19-22
[47]Moed H.F. Measuring China's research performance using the Science Citation Index [J]. Scientometrics,2002,53(3):281-296
[48]许新军.h指数在人才评价中的应用——以经济学领域高被引学者为例[J].情报杂志,2008,27(10)：22-24
[49]邱均平,周春雷.发文量和h指数结合的高影响力作者评选方法研究——以图书情报学为例的实证分析[J].图书馆论,2008,6：44-49
[50]李红,孙绍荣.基于复杂网络的创新扩散研究[J].科技进步与对策,2007,24(4)：52-54
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[2]Price DJ. Science since Babylon [M].Yale,1961:21-25.
[3]Van Raan AFJ. Scientometrics:State-of-the-art[J].Scientometrics.1997,38(1):205-218.
[4]魏屹东《Scientometrics》文献计量研究[J].科学技术与辩证法,1995,12：40-44.
[5]罗伟.科学学研究,纪念中国科学学与科技政策研究会成立20周年专辑.北京：中国科学学与科技政策研究会,2002：120-127.
[6]Guan J.C., He Y. Comparison and evaluation of domestic and international outputs in Information Science & Technology research of China[J].Scientometrics,2005, 65(2):215-244.
[7]He Y., Guan J.C. Contribution of Chinese publications in computer science:a case study on LNCS [J].Scientometrics,2007:519-534.
[8]Guan J.C., MaN. China's emerging presence in nanoscience and nanotechnology [J].Research Policy,2007,36(6):880-886.
[9]Guan J.C., Ma N.A bibliometric study of China's semiconductor literature compared with other major Asian countries [J].Scientometrics,2007,70(1):107-124.
[10]Guan J. C.,Ma N. A comparative study of research performance in computer science [J].Scientometrics,2004,61 (3):339-359.
[11]路秋丽,田雨,魏顺平.教育技术领域关键学者研究[J].电化教育研究,2008,8：26-31.
[12]邱均平.文献信息引证规律和引文分析法[J].情报理论与实践.2001,4(3)：236-240.
[13]邱均平.信息计量学[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2007：364.
[14]Hirsch.J.E.An index to quantify an individual scientific research output [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,2005,102(46): 16569-16572.
[15]Braun, T., Glanzel, W.& Schubert, A.A Hirsch-type index for journals[J].The Scientist,2005,19(22):8-10.
[16]Egghe,L.,2006,Theory and Practice of the g-index[J].Scientometrics,69(1): 131-152.
[17]Sidiropoulos, A.,D. Katsaros, and Y.Manolopoulos,2007,Generalized Hirseh h-index for disclosing latent facts in citation networks[J].Scientometrics,72(2):253-280.
[18]Anderson, T.R., R.K.S. Hankin, and P.D. Killworth, Beyond the Durfee square: Enhancing the h-index to score total publication output[J].Scientometrics,2008,76(3): 577-588.
[19]Egghe, L. and Rousseau, R., An h-index weighted by citation impact[J]. Information Processing & Management,2008,44(2):770-780.
[20]Molinari,A. and J.F. Molinari,Mathematical aspects of a new criterion for ranking scientific institutions based on the h-index[J]. Scieniometrics,2008,75(2): 339-356.
[21]Schreiber, M., A Case Study of the Modified Hirseh Index hm. Accounting for Multiple Coauthors.2009:[Online].http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.4960.
[22]Braun T, Glallzel W, Schuben A.A Hirsch-type index for journals [J].The Scientist,2005,19(22):8-10.
[23]裴雷,马费成.社会网络分析在情报学中的应用和发展[J].图书馆论坛.2006,26(6).
[24]Spiegel-Rosing I. The Study of science, technology and society (SSTS):Recent trends and future challenges. In:Spiegel-Rosing, Price DJD. Science, Technology and Society [M].London:Sage Publications,1977:7-42.
[25]White HD, McCain KW.Visualizing a discipline:An author co-citation analysis of information science [J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science.1998,49(4):327-356.
[26]刘林青.作品共被引分析与科学地图的绘制[J].科学学研究.2005,23(2)：155-159.
[27]Fox MF. Gender, environmental milieu, and productivity in science In: ZUCKERMAN, H. et al (Eds) [M]. The Outer Circle, New York, W. W. Norton.1991.
[28]James A. Evans, et al. Metaknowledge[J].Science,2011,331.
[29]人机交互现状介绍[P].北京大学计算机系与多媒体研究室,2008.
[30]肖楠.人与机的对话——浅谈人机交互的人机关系及其发展趋势[J].中国经济信息网,2010.
[31]赵黎明,高杨,韩宇.专利引文分析在知识转移机制研究中的应用[J].科学学研究.2002,20(3).
[32]Guan J. C., Ma, N. (2004), A comparative study of research performance in computer science. Scientometrics,61(3):339-359.
[33]Frame J. D. Mainstream research in Latin America and Caribbean [J]. Interciencia,1997,2:143-198.
[34]Schubert A., Braun T. Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative assessment of publication output and citation impact[J].Scientometrics,1986,9:281-291.
[35]Glanzel W. Coauthorship patterns and trends in the sciences (1980-1998):A bibliometric study with implications for database indexing and search strategies[J]. Library Trends.2002,50:461-473.
[36]Kretschmer H.Author productivity and geodesic distance in bibliographic co-authorship networks,and visibility on the Web[J]. Scientometries.2004,60(3):1-12.
[37]Schubert A. The web of Scientometries:A statistical overview of the first 50 volumes of the journal [J]. Scientometries.2002,53:3-20.
[38]Dutt B, Garg KC, Bali A. Scientometires of the international journal Scientometires [J].Seientometires.2003,56(1):81-93.
[39]Newman M. The structure of scientific collaboration networks [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA.2001:404-409.
[40]Erdos P and Renyir A.On Random Graphs [J], Publ. Math. Debrecen,1959,6: 290-297.
[41]王续混.交叉科学结构论[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,2003.
[42]侯海燕.基于知识图谱的科学计量学进展研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006.
[43]董士海.人机交互的进展及面临的挑战[J],计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(1).
[44]谢彩霞.科学合作方式及其功能的科学计量学研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006.
[45]马楠.基于科学计量学的基础研究评价理论与方法[D].北京：北京航空航天大学,2007
[46]张婉宁.浅议诺贝尔生理医学奖同行评议制度[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2008,19：19-22
[47]Moed H.F. Measuring China's research performance using the Science Citation Index [J]. Scientometrics,2002,53(3):281-296
[48]许新军.h指数在人才评价中的应用——以经济学领域高被引学者为例[J].情报杂志,2008,27(10)：22-24
[49]邱均平,周春雷.发文量和h指数结合的高影响力作者评选方法研究——以图书情报学为例的实证分析[J].图书馆论,2008,6：44-49
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