中小跨径PC简支梁桥超载超限运输适应性研究
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摘要
随着车辆大型化、拖挂化和集装箱化的发展,使得超载超限车辆越来越多,严重地威胁到公路桥梁的安全。超载超限运输车辆行驶即使不造成公路桥梁的直接破坏也可造成其结构损伤。这种损伤一般是累积性的,损伤的积累,达到一定程度会引起破坏,影响安全和使用,使桥梁寿命缩短,使一些桥梁成为危桥、险桥。当货物运输车辆的轴重和总重超过设计荷载时,对公路及其桥梁的安全储备和使用寿命将造成严重的影响。
我国公路桥梁车辆设计荷规载范经历了几次变化,《公路桥涵设计通用规范》(JTG D60—2004)(以下简称04规范)规定桥梁结构整体设计以车道荷载为设计荷载,模糊了桥梁通行车辆的超载超限标准,因此有必要在04规范的规定下,明确提出桥梁限载标准。本文以重庆市高速公路超载超限公路运输适应性研究项目为依托,主要做了以下工作:
①调查重庆市高速公路两个半月内车辆总重超过55吨的车辆通行现状,分析表明,重庆市高速公路超载超限运输车辆总重主要集中在55吨到80吨之间,运输车辆以四轴～六轴型车辆为主,超载超限运输主要集中在成渝高速公路、渝遂高速公路和渝涪高速公路。
②在查阅相关文献基础上,总结归纳国外桥梁超载超限标准,比较国内不同时期规范桥梁汽车荷载设计标准及桥梁超载超限标准,从75规范规定汽车荷载以汽车车队表示到04规范规定桥梁结构整体计算以车道荷载为设计荷载。汽车荷载以汽车车队表示到以车道荷载表示,桥梁限载标准由明确到模糊。
③根据重庆市高速公路通行车辆的调查结果,对通行车辆统计分析,确定了四种典型车辆类型,分别为四轴型车辆(1+1+22)、五轴型车辆(1+2+222)、六轴型车辆(1+22+222)和载重平板车。以典型车辆为分析对象,确定四种车辆轴距,车轮横向分布尺寸等参数,建立四种车辆模型。
④以四种车辆模型和以04规范为设计标准的16m、20m、30m三种跨径的预应力混凝土简支梁桥为分析对象,提出四种车辆类型在三种跨径桥梁下的整体和局部限载标准:桥梁结构整体限载标准即对四种车辆总重和轴重限制;桥梁结构局部限载标准即限制车辆轴重包括单轴轴重、双联轴轴重和三联轴轴重。
With the development of vehicles that are large-sized, have trailers, and shipcontainers, number of overload vehicles is increasing at a high speed, which is to harm safety of highway bridge. Even overload vehicles do not break bridge directly, they tends to lead some diseases to structure, which accumulated to someextend will eventually bring damage to structure. When load of vehicles beyond designed load, severe influence to safety and longevity of bridge is to be made.
In China,Highway bridge design load specifications was changed somewhat for several times. In General specification for highway bridge design(JTG D60—2004),the design of bridge structure takes roadway load as designed load, which obscures criterion of passing vehicles that are overload. So, it is necessary to make a clear and specific criterion for overload vehicles. Based on a project of adaptability of overload transportation in expressway of Chongqing, some work isdone as follows:
①The situation of all the vehicles that are over 55tons within two and a half months in Chongqing is investigated, which suggests that most of these vehicles are between 55tons and 80tons, whose axles are from four to six, transporting on Chengyu expressway, Yusui expressway and Yufu expressway.
②The criteria of overload vehicle in other countries are sumarized, which are compared to Chinese criterion of overload vehicle, suggesting that the indication of vehicle load was in terms of vehicle group and that is in terms of roadway load, which makes formal clear overall limit set out standards obscure.
③According to result of investigation of passing vehicles on Chongqing’s expressways, four types of vehicles are studied, which are four-axle vehicle(1+1+22), five-axle vehicle(1+2+222), six-axle vehicle(1+22+222) and load plate vehicle. By analysis of these vehicles samples, wheelbase of four types vehicles and some relative parameters are fixed on, and models of four types vehicles areestablished.
④The four types of vehicles and PC Simple beam bridge of three types of span (16m, 20m,30m) are studied in detail. Thus, the overall limits set-out standards and limited set of local standards of the bridge of the three types of spans on which the four types of vehicles steer are given.
我国公路桥梁车辆设计荷规载范经历了几次变化,《公路桥涵设计通用规范》(JTG D60—2004)(以下简称04规范)规定桥梁结构整体设计以车道荷载为设计荷载,模糊了桥梁通行车辆的超载超限标准,因此有必要在04规范的规定下,明确提出桥梁限载标准。本文以重庆市高速公路超载超限公路运输适应性研究项目为依托,主要做了以下工作:
①调查重庆市高速公路两个半月内车辆总重超过55吨的车辆通行现状,分析表明,重庆市高速公路超载超限运输车辆总重主要集中在55吨到80吨之间,运输车辆以四轴～六轴型车辆为主,超载超限运输主要集中在成渝高速公路、渝遂高速公路和渝涪高速公路。
②在查阅相关文献基础上,总结归纳国外桥梁超载超限标准,比较国内不同时期规范桥梁汽车荷载设计标准及桥梁超载超限标准,从75规范规定汽车荷载以汽车车队表示到04规范规定桥梁结构整体计算以车道荷载为设计荷载。汽车荷载以汽车车队表示到以车道荷载表示,桥梁限载标准由明确到模糊。
③根据重庆市高速公路通行车辆的调查结果,对通行车辆统计分析,确定了四种典型车辆类型,分别为四轴型车辆(1+1+22)、五轴型车辆(1+2+222)、六轴型车辆(1+22+222)和载重平板车。以典型车辆为分析对象,确定四种车辆轴距,车轮横向分布尺寸等参数,建立四种车辆模型。
④以四种车辆模型和以04规范为设计标准的16m、20m、30m三种跨径的预应力混凝土简支梁桥为分析对象,提出四种车辆类型在三种跨径桥梁下的整体和局部限载标准:桥梁结构整体限载标准即对四种车辆总重和轴重限制;桥梁结构局部限载标准即限制车辆轴重包括单轴轴重、双联轴轴重和三联轴轴重。
With the development of vehicles that are large-sized, have trailers, and shipcontainers, number of overload vehicles is increasing at a high speed, which is to harm safety of highway bridge. Even overload vehicles do not break bridge directly, they tends to lead some diseases to structure, which accumulated to someextend will eventually bring damage to structure. When load of vehicles beyond designed load, severe influence to safety and longevity of bridge is to be made.
In China,Highway bridge design load specifications was changed somewhat for several times. In General specification for highway bridge design(JTG D60—2004),the design of bridge structure takes roadway load as designed load, which obscures criterion of passing vehicles that are overload. So, it is necessary to make a clear and specific criterion for overload vehicles. Based on a project of adaptability of overload transportation in expressway of Chongqing, some work isdone as follows:
①The situation of all the vehicles that are over 55tons within two and a half months in Chongqing is investigated, which suggests that most of these vehicles are between 55tons and 80tons, whose axles are from four to six, transporting on Chengyu expressway, Yusui expressway and Yufu expressway.
②The criteria of overload vehicle in other countries are sumarized, which are compared to Chinese criterion of overload vehicle, suggesting that the indication of vehicle load was in terms of vehicle group and that is in terms of roadway load, which makes formal clear overall limit set out standards obscure.
③According to result of investigation of passing vehicles on Chongqing’s expressways, four types of vehicles are studied, which are four-axle vehicle(1+1+22), five-axle vehicle(1+2+222), six-axle vehicle(1+22+222) and load plate vehicle. By analysis of these vehicles samples, wheelbase of four types vehicles and some relative parameters are fixed on, and models of four types vehicles areestablished.
④The four types of vehicles and PC Simple beam bridge of three types of span (16m, 20m,30m) are studied in detail. Thus, the overall limits set-out standards and limited set of local standards of the bridge of the three types of spans on which the four types of vehicles steer are given.
引文
[1]李剑,孙建渊.超载对大型公路桥梁结构的损伤评估及诊断方法研究[J].重庆交通学院学报,2006-12(6):19-21.
[2]王建聪,毛保华.车辆超限超载的危害性与治理对策研究[J].中国安全科技学报,2004-14(11):53-56.
[3]李万恒.浅谈超载运输对公路桥梁的危害[J].公路交通科技,2004-4.
[4]王春生,陈惟珍.陈艾荣.桥梁损伤安全评定与维护管理策略[J].交通运输工程学报,2002-12.
[5]胡胜来,郑国华,刁荣亭.超重车辆运输中桥梁承载能力的评估[J].程建设与档案,2005 (6期):505-506.
[6]交通部公路规划设计院编.公路桥涵设计规范(试行)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1977.
[7]中华人民共和国交通部部标准.公路桥涵设计规范(JTJ 021—85)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1989.
[8]中交公路规划设计院主编.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTGD60—2004)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[9]蒋在文.道路超限超载运输治理的机理与对策[D].长安大学博士论文,2010.
[10]路成章.从超载超限说到运输市场的过度进入和运输行业的管理方针[J].公路交通科技,2006,23(6):166-170
[11]赵亚敏.超载运输对钢筋混凝土桥梁疲劳性能的影响研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2007-1.
[12]叶见曙.结构设计原理(第二版)[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2005-6.
[13]鲍鑫荣.日本车辆超限超载治理综述[J].交通世界,2005,(2):16-18.
[14]王振清.公路超限运输概论[M].北京:人民交通出版社.1997.
[15]Casavant K,LenziJ.An economic evaluation of the fee and fine structure for overload trucks in Washington[J]. Transportation Quarterly,1993,47(2):281-294
[16]杭文.公路货运车辆载重规制策略研究[D].南京:东南大学20.
[17]陈荫三.运用经济杠杆长效治理超载超限运输[J].中国公路学报,2004,17(2).
[18]姜海波,何柏青,周敬诚,关其华.大件运输桥梁加固及管理[J].中南公路工程,2006-6.
[19]钱鸿,蒙云,张会礼,刘艳珂.大件运输中桥上桥的特殊用法与工程实践[J].重庆交通学院学报,2005-10.
[20]蒙云,梁传波,戚志河.复合加固法提高石拱桥承载力在大件运输中的应用[J].重庆交通学院学报,2006-6.
[21]钟明全,路亚妮,曾文正编.大件公路设计验算研究报告[M].重庆市交通规划勘察设计院,2007-1.
[22]鲍卫刚著.《鲍卫刚文集》[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2003-7.
[23]孙晓燕,黄承逵,赵国藩,窦玉秋.超载对桥梁构件受弯性能影响的试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2005-6.
[24]顾发祥,田庆丰,劳远昌译.日本土木工程手册(桥梁)[M].中国铁道出版社1984.
[25]沙庆林.沙庆林院士论文选集[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2010.
[26]The south African roads agency.SA National BMS Version 3.10,January 2000
[27]AASHTO Standard Specifications for High Bredges,1977 with the 19780-1981 Interim Specifications,The American of State Highway and Transportation Officials
[28]美国各州公路和运输工作者协会编,曾威,黄京群,何修美等译校.公路桥梁标准规范[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1984-12.
[29]TRB.SPeeial RePort 267.Regulation of Weights.Lengths.and Widths of ComereialMotor Vehicles[R].Washington.D.C.2002
[30]R.Park and T.Paulay,Reinforced Concrete Structures[M],Wiley,New York,1975
[31]张建仁,刘扬,许福友,郝海霞.结构可靠度理论及其在桥梁工程中的应用[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003.
[32]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范JTGD062-2004[M].北京:人民交通出版社.
[33]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准.GB7550283-1999[M].北京:人民交通出版社.
[34]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程技术标准JTJ001-97[M].北京:人民交通出版社.
[35]范立础.桥梁工程(上册)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2006.
[36]廖昭鼎.超大件设备运输过桥验算及加固方案介绍[J].公路.2001-6.
[37]中华人民共和国国家标准.《道路车辆外廓尺寸、轴荷及质量限值(GB 1589-2004)》[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2005.
[2]王建聪,毛保华.车辆超限超载的危害性与治理对策研究[J].中国安全科技学报,2004-14(11):53-56.
[3]李万恒.浅谈超载运输对公路桥梁的危害[J].公路交通科技,2004-4.
[4]王春生,陈惟珍.陈艾荣.桥梁损伤安全评定与维护管理策略[J].交通运输工程学报,2002-12.
[5]胡胜来,郑国华,刁荣亭.超重车辆运输中桥梁承载能力的评估[J].程建设与档案,2005 (6期):505-506.
[6]交通部公路规划设计院编.公路桥涵设计规范(试行)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1977.
[7]中华人民共和国交通部部标准.公路桥涵设计规范(JTJ 021—85)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1989.
[8]中交公路规划设计院主编.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTGD60—2004)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[9]蒋在文.道路超限超载运输治理的机理与对策[D].长安大学博士论文,2010.
[10]路成章.从超载超限说到运输市场的过度进入和运输行业的管理方针[J].公路交通科技,2006,23(6):166-170
[11]赵亚敏.超载运输对钢筋混凝土桥梁疲劳性能的影响研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2007-1.
[12]叶见曙.结构设计原理(第二版)[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2005-6.
[13]鲍鑫荣.日本车辆超限超载治理综述[J].交通世界,2005,(2):16-18.
[14]王振清.公路超限运输概论[M].北京:人民交通出版社.1997.
[15]Casavant K,LenziJ.An economic evaluation of the fee and fine structure for overload trucks in Washington[J]. Transportation Quarterly,1993,47(2):281-294
[16]杭文.公路货运车辆载重规制策略研究[D].南京:东南大学20.
[17]陈荫三.运用经济杠杆长效治理超载超限运输[J].中国公路学报,2004,17(2).
[18]姜海波,何柏青,周敬诚,关其华.大件运输桥梁加固及管理[J].中南公路工程,2006-6.
[19]钱鸿,蒙云,张会礼,刘艳珂.大件运输中桥上桥的特殊用法与工程实践[J].重庆交通学院学报,2005-10.
[20]蒙云,梁传波,戚志河.复合加固法提高石拱桥承载力在大件运输中的应用[J].重庆交通学院学报,2006-6.
[21]钟明全,路亚妮,曾文正编.大件公路设计验算研究报告[M].重庆市交通规划勘察设计院,2007-1.
[22]鲍卫刚著.《鲍卫刚文集》[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2003-7.
[23]孙晓燕,黄承逵,赵国藩,窦玉秋.超载对桥梁构件受弯性能影响的试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2005-6.
[24]顾发祥,田庆丰,劳远昌译.日本土木工程手册(桥梁)[M].中国铁道出版社1984.
[25]沙庆林.沙庆林院士论文选集[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2010.
[26]The south African roads agency.SA National BMS Version 3.10,January 2000
[27]AASHTO Standard Specifications for High Bredges,1977 with the 19780-1981 Interim Specifications,The American of State Highway and Transportation Officials
[28]美国各州公路和运输工作者协会编,曾威,黄京群,何修美等译校.公路桥梁标准规范[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1984-12.
[29]TRB.SPeeial RePort 267.Regulation of Weights.Lengths.and Widths of ComereialMotor Vehicles[R].Washington.D.C.2002
[30]R.Park and T.Paulay,Reinforced Concrete Structures[M],Wiley,New York,1975
[31]张建仁,刘扬,许福友,郝海霞.结构可靠度理论及其在桥梁工程中的应用[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003.
[32]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范JTGD062-2004[M].北京:人民交通出版社.
[33]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准.GB7550283-1999[M].北京:人民交通出版社.
[34]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程技术标准JTJ001-97[M].北京:人民交通出版社.
[35]范立础.桥梁工程(上册)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2006.
[36]廖昭鼎.超大件设备运输过桥验算及加固方案介绍[J].公路.2001-6.
[37]中华人民共和国国家标准.《道路车辆外廓尺寸、轴荷及质量限值(GB 1589-2004)》[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2005.
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