桥梁吊索的结构行为分析
摘要
桥梁吊索又称吊杆主要运用于中、下承式拱桥和悬索桥。近20年来,带吊杆的中、下承式拱桥发展迅速。吊杆是重要的传力构件,尺寸小、构件组成部分多、对疲劳、腐蚀等因素比较敏感,吊杆及其组件的运营状态相当复杂。它的正常与否,关系着整个桥梁的运营安全和寿命。但是目前的桥梁设计理论却没有跟上桥型的发展,拱桥吊杆的设计准则、服役损伤、安全判据等都没有统一而科学的规范,以往的大多工程实践均是凭设计者的主观判断,在设计中通常只是采用一个安全系数来控制其最大应力,忽视对疲劳和腐蚀问题的控制,对影响吊杆疲劳的因素及其变化规律,几乎没有进行过系统全面的研究,因此吊杆破损屡屡发生。
为此,本文在参考和总结已有成果和现状的基础上,以某中承式拱桥为背景,对吊杆的结构行为作了计算分析。本文的主要内容和结论如下:
①吊杆静力动力分析。根据对简支和连续两种桥道系分析,发现简支桥道系的对于吊杆是极其不利的。讨论了温度变化及混凝土收缩、徐变对吊杆受力的影响;论述了吊杆自振频率的计算方法,在此基础上研究了桥梁振动和吊杆与拱肋和横梁的连接方式对其动力行为的影响。运用有限元法建立了桥梁模型,并验证了前述相关理论。
②吊杆的损伤分析。通过对吊杆普遍存在的破损现状的分析,总结出吊杆防护不当可能导致吊杆受到腐蚀产生破损,而疲劳是破损发生的主要原因,腐蚀和疲劳是导致吊杆损坏的重要原因,并介绍相关防腐蚀的方法。
③吊杆的疲劳分析。疲劳是吊杆破坏的另一大原因,因此,从抗疲劳设计理论、抗疲劳设计方法等几个方面介绍了吊杆疲劳破坏的机理,参考其它有关索(杆)的抗疲劳设计规范,说明应力幅是控制吊杆疲劳的关键因素。通过对安全系数取值范围的讨论,认为目前的吊杆设计不能保证吊杆使用过程中的安全性,应尽快建立适合吊杆设计的理论和方法。
④吊杆疲劳影响因素的分析。从结构设计的角度,通过对影响吊杆疲劳的因素进行对比计算分析,包括吊杆的位置、吊杆的间距、边吊杆至拱脚的距离、吊杆截面积,得到有利于改善吊杆疲劳的结构设计方法。
Bridge suspenders are mainly used in through-arch bridges,half-through arch bridges and suspension bridge. In the recent twenty years,through-arch bridges and half-through arch bridges with suspenders developed rapidly.The suspenders are important force transmission components,which have characteristics of small size,multiple component parts,sensitive to many factors such ascorrosion and fatigue,and the operation state of suspenders and its components is fairly complex.It works normally or not,affects the operation safety and lifetime of the wholebridge.However,the current bridge design theory has not kept pace with the development of the bridge,there is no uniform and scientific standard for design criterion of the suspender,the service injury,safety criteria,life prediction,removal and replacement scheme and so on,and most of the past engineering practice is based on the subjective judgment of the designers.In addition,the bridge designers paid little attention to the force of suspenders.They usually adopt a safety factor to control itsmaximum stress in the design,but ignored the control of fatigue and corrosion problems.As to the factors affecting fatigue of suspenders and its changes law,there are almost no comprehensive and systematic researches,so the suspenders’breakage occurred frequently.
Therefore,on the basis of referring and summarizing the having achievements and present status,this article takes a certain half-through arch bridge as the background.And structural behaviors of suspenders were calculated and analyzed.The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
①Static and dynamic analysis of suspenders.On the one hand,that the simply supported beam model is incorrect and model of continuous beam with elastic supports should be adopted is explained.Also,influence of shrinkage and creep of concrete on suspender is analyzed.On the other hand,influence of bridge vibration and connection ways of suspenders with ribs and lateral beams on suspenders is introduced on the basis of method to calculate vibration frequency of suspenders.Besides,basis theory of FEA method is introduced in this paper,with which the Midas/Civle model of bridge example is built.
②Failure analysis of suspenders.Through the analysis of the widespread dilapidation phenomena of the hangers,combining the construction features of the hangers of the steel pipe concrete arch bridges,a conclusion is reached in the thesis that corrosion and fatigue are the most important causes for the dilapidation of the hangers.The improper protection measures of the hangers may lead to their corrosion and dilapidation,and the fatigue due to the stresses caused by the live loads could mainly explain the dilapidations.Protection measures are proposed in the paper.
③Fatigue analysis of suspenders.Fatigue is another reason to damage of suspenders,so damage mechanism of suspenders including theory and method of anti-fatigue design is introduced in this paper.Also,the same as anti-fatigue design code of cables,it says stress scope is the key to control fatigue of suspenders. Through the discussion of the range of safety factor,we think that the current design can not guarantee the security of suspender in service,and we should establish an appropriate design theory and method as soon as possible.
④Fatigue factors analysis of suspenders.From the perspective of structural design,we analyze and compare the factors that affect the suspender fatigue under load, and obtain structural design methods that are conducive to improve suspender fatigue.
为此,本文在参考和总结已有成果和现状的基础上,以某中承式拱桥为背景,对吊杆的结构行为作了计算分析。本文的主要内容和结论如下:
①吊杆静力动力分析。根据对简支和连续两种桥道系分析,发现简支桥道系的对于吊杆是极其不利的。讨论了温度变化及混凝土收缩、徐变对吊杆受力的影响;论述了吊杆自振频率的计算方法,在此基础上研究了桥梁振动和吊杆与拱肋和横梁的连接方式对其动力行为的影响。运用有限元法建立了桥梁模型,并验证了前述相关理论。
②吊杆的损伤分析。通过对吊杆普遍存在的破损现状的分析,总结出吊杆防护不当可能导致吊杆受到腐蚀产生破损,而疲劳是破损发生的主要原因,腐蚀和疲劳是导致吊杆损坏的重要原因,并介绍相关防腐蚀的方法。
③吊杆的疲劳分析。疲劳是吊杆破坏的另一大原因,因此,从抗疲劳设计理论、抗疲劳设计方法等几个方面介绍了吊杆疲劳破坏的机理,参考其它有关索(杆)的抗疲劳设计规范,说明应力幅是控制吊杆疲劳的关键因素。通过对安全系数取值范围的讨论,认为目前的吊杆设计不能保证吊杆使用过程中的安全性,应尽快建立适合吊杆设计的理论和方法。
④吊杆疲劳影响因素的分析。从结构设计的角度,通过对影响吊杆疲劳的因素进行对比计算分析,包括吊杆的位置、吊杆的间距、边吊杆至拱脚的距离、吊杆截面积,得到有利于改善吊杆疲劳的结构设计方法。
Bridge suspenders are mainly used in through-arch bridges,half-through arch bridges and suspension bridge. In the recent twenty years,through-arch bridges and half-through arch bridges with suspenders developed rapidly.The suspenders are important force transmission components,which have characteristics of small size,multiple component parts,sensitive to many factors such ascorrosion and fatigue,and the operation state of suspenders and its components is fairly complex.It works normally or not,affects the operation safety and lifetime of the wholebridge.However,the current bridge design theory has not kept pace with the development of the bridge,there is no uniform and scientific standard for design criterion of the suspender,the service injury,safety criteria,life prediction,removal and replacement scheme and so on,and most of the past engineering practice is based on the subjective judgment of the designers.In addition,the bridge designers paid little attention to the force of suspenders.They usually adopt a safety factor to control itsmaximum stress in the design,but ignored the control of fatigue and corrosion problems.As to the factors affecting fatigue of suspenders and its changes law,there are almost no comprehensive and systematic researches,so the suspenders’breakage occurred frequently.
Therefore,on the basis of referring and summarizing the having achievements and present status,this article takes a certain half-through arch bridge as the background.And structural behaviors of suspenders were calculated and analyzed.The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
①Static and dynamic analysis of suspenders.On the one hand,that the simply supported beam model is incorrect and model of continuous beam with elastic supports should be adopted is explained.Also,influence of shrinkage and creep of concrete on suspender is analyzed.On the other hand,influence of bridge vibration and connection ways of suspenders with ribs and lateral beams on suspenders is introduced on the basis of method to calculate vibration frequency of suspenders.Besides,basis theory of FEA method is introduced in this paper,with which the Midas/Civle model of bridge example is built.
②Failure analysis of suspenders.Through the analysis of the widespread dilapidation phenomena of the hangers,combining the construction features of the hangers of the steel pipe concrete arch bridges,a conclusion is reached in the thesis that corrosion and fatigue are the most important causes for the dilapidation of the hangers.The improper protection measures of the hangers may lead to their corrosion and dilapidation,and the fatigue due to the stresses caused by the live loads could mainly explain the dilapidations.Protection measures are proposed in the paper.
③Fatigue analysis of suspenders.Fatigue is another reason to damage of suspenders,so damage mechanism of suspenders including theory and method of anti-fatigue design is introduced in this paper.Also,the same as anti-fatigue design code of cables,it says stress scope is the key to control fatigue of suspenders. Through the discussion of the range of safety factor,we think that the current design can not guarantee the security of suspender in service,and we should establish an appropriate design theory and method as soon as possible.
④Fatigue factors analysis of suspenders.From the perspective of structural design,we analyze and compare the factors that affect the suspender fatigue under load, and obtain structural design methods that are conducive to improve suspender fatigue.
引文
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[2]周水兴,向中富.桥梁工程[M].重庆:重庆大学山版社,2001.
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[21]周水兴,陈山林.桥道系对钢管混凝土拱桥吊杆受力影响的研究[J].桥梁建设.2007(2): 28-31.
[22]魏建东.宜宾小南门大桥的抢修加固与恢复工程[J].公路,2003(4): 34-38.
[23]张挺.广西邕宁邕江大桥短吊杆更换施工.山西交通科技,2004(6):47-49
[24]李乃强.大跨中承式拱桥吊杆索力检测及更换研究.优秀硕士论文,2008
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[2]周水兴,向中富.桥梁工程[M].重庆:重庆大学山版社,2001.
[3]钟善桐.钢管混凝土拱桥设计中的几个问题[J].哈尔滨建筑大学学报,2000(4):13-17
[4]陈宝春.钢管混凝土拱桥计算理论研究进展[J].土木工程学报,2003(2):47-55
[5]张治成,徐芸青,王云峰等.大跨度中承式拱桥侧向稳定的空间有限元分析[J].中南公路工程2003(3):10-14
[6]陈宝春.钢管混凝土拱桥设计与施工[M].人民交通出版社,1999.
[7]刘钊,吕志涛.竖吊杆与斜吊杆系杆拱结构的桥式研究[J].土木工程学报,第35卷,5.
[8]王文涛.斜拉桥的换索工程[M].人民交通出版社,2006.
[9]金成棣.预应力混凝土梁拱组合桥——设计研究与实践[M].人民交通出版社,2001.
[10]林顺洪.中下承式拱桥吊索(杆)系静张力有限元分析.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[11]丁建华,谢用九,魏泳涛.高等结构动力学[M].四川大学出版社,2001.
[12]范立础主编.桥梁工程(上册) [M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001,7
[13]中华人民共和国交通部标准.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTJ0201-89).北京:人民交通出版社,2000.
[13]李国豪主编.桥梁结构稳定与振动[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1996.
[14]顾安邦,徐君兰.中下承式拱桥短吊杆结构行为分析[J].重庆交通学院学报,2002(12),1-3.
[15]李庆华.材料力学[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,1994.
[16]Emil Simiu , Robert H. Scanlan.风对结构的作用风工程导论[M].同济大学山版社.
[17]Davenport A.G.The Prediction of Risk Under Wind Loading.Proceedings and International Conference on Struetural Safety and Reliability.Munich,West Germany,September 1977.
[18]项海帆,林志兴,鲍卫刚,陈艾荣,顾明.公路桥梁抗风指南[M].人民交通出版社,1996.
[19]殷学刚,姚建军中承式拱桥吊索损伤对吊索系静张力的影响[J].中国公路学报,2004(1):45-48
[20]吴绍波.中下承式拱桥吊杆的疲劳安全研究与设计探讨.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[21]周水兴,陈山林.桥道系对钢管混凝土拱桥吊杆受力影响的研究[J].桥梁建设.2007(2): 28-31.
[22]魏建东.宜宾小南门大桥的抢修加固与恢复工程[J].公路,2003(4): 34-38.
[23]张挺.广西邕宁邕江大桥短吊杆更换施工.山西交通科技,2004(6):47-49
[24]李乃强.大跨中承式拱桥吊杆索力检测及更换研究.优秀硕士论文,2008
[25]塑料护套半平行钢丝拉索(CJ3058-1996).中华人民共和国建设部.1996.
[26]中华人民共和国交通部部标准.《公路斜拉桥设计规范(试行)》(JTJ027—96).北京:人民交通出版社,1997.
[27]梁奎基.济南黄河公路大桥换索工程施工工艺[M].华东公路.1996(6).
[28]王中光,李家宝.材料的疲劳[M].北京:国防工业出版社.1993.
[29]范钦珊,庄茁,王波,薛克宗.工程力学教程(Ⅱ) [M].高等教育出版社,1998
[30]陈传尧.疲劳与断裂[M].武汉;华中科技大学出版社,2002.1
[31]赵少汴,王忠保.抗疲劳设计[M].北京:机械下业出版社,1997.1
[32]中华人民共和国交通部标准.《公路桥涵钢结构及木结构设计规范》(JTJ025-86).北京:人民交通出版社,1988
[33]陈纠器.钢结构设计原理(第二版) [M].科学出版社,2003
[34][美]林同炎,NEDH.BURNS著,路湛沁,黄棠,马誉美译.预应力混凝十结构设计(第二版) [M].中国铁道出版社,1983
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