大跨度铁路钢桁斜拉桥传感器优化布置研究
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摘要
大跨桥梁的安全运营关系到国家的交通、经济发展、军事乃至人民生命财产安全,大跨桥梁的健康监测技术也成为研究和发展的一个重要领域,本文以韩家沱长江大桥(大跨度铁路钢桁斜拉桥)运营监测系统方案设计为背景,研究了运营监测系统的架构,在设计其硬件系统时,成功运用改进遗传算法对传感器进行寻优布点。主要完成了以下几个方面的工作：
(1)分析了传感器优化布置的数学模型及其约束条件,用二重结构遗传编码考虑传感器数目固定这一约束条件的满足问题,并对选择算子、交叉算子和变异算子进行相应改进,引入了自适应交叉概率和自适应变异概率,确保了改进遗传算法的收敛性,提高了效率。
(2)基于模态应变能准则和MAC准则针对不同构件(监测对象)和不同传感器(监测目的)设计了四种适应度函数,并比较分析了这两种准则。
(3)运用改进遗传算法对韩家沱长江大桥主要构件的传感器进行了优化布置,总结了结果的特点,讨论了对结果的影响因素。并运用韩家沱长江大桥有限元数值模型分析大桥的静动力特性对结果进行验证和必要的修改。
(4)对韩家沱长江大桥运营监测系统方案总体架构、硬件系统进行了设计,以及对结构状态预警进行了介绍。
The safe operation of large span bridges has close contact with the country's transportation, economic development, military and even people's lives and property safety, large span bridge health monitoring technology research and development have become an important field.In this paper, the design of operational monitoring systems for Han jiatuo Yangtze River Bridge (a large span railway steel truss cable stayed bridge) as background,I researched the framework of the operati,onal monitoring system,and successfully solved the problem of optimal placement of sensors using improved genetic algorithm in the design of the hardware system. I completed the following major areas:
(1) First, the mathematical model of optimal sensor placement and its constraints were analyzed,I used the dual structure of genetic code considering the fixed number of sensors, correspondingly selection operator, crossover operator and mutation operator were improved, the convergence of improved genetic algorithms was ensured and the efficiency was improved with the introduction of the probability of adaptive crossover and the probability of adaptive mutation.
(2) For different components (monitoring objects) and different sensors (monitoring purposes), Four fitness function were designed based on Modal Strain Energy criteria and MAC criteria, the two criteria was compared and analysised.
(3) I have done the optimal sensor placement for the main components of Han jiatuo Yangtze River Bridge, summarized the characteristics of results, discussed the factors of results, verified and necessarily changed the results using the static and dynamic characteristics of Han jiatuo Yangtze River Bridge finite element model.
(4) The the general framework of operational monitoring systems and hardware systems were designed, and the state warning of structure was introduced.
(1)分析了传感器优化布置的数学模型及其约束条件,用二重结构遗传编码考虑传感器数目固定这一约束条件的满足问题,并对选择算子、交叉算子和变异算子进行相应改进,引入了自适应交叉概率和自适应变异概率,确保了改进遗传算法的收敛性,提高了效率。
(2)基于模态应变能准则和MAC准则针对不同构件(监测对象)和不同传感器(监测目的)设计了四种适应度函数,并比较分析了这两种准则。
(3)运用改进遗传算法对韩家沱长江大桥主要构件的传感器进行了优化布置,总结了结果的特点,讨论了对结果的影响因素。并运用韩家沱长江大桥有限元数值模型分析大桥的静动力特性对结果进行验证和必要的修改。
(4)对韩家沱长江大桥运营监测系统方案总体架构、硬件系统进行了设计,以及对结构状态预警进行了介绍。
The safe operation of large span bridges has close contact with the country's transportation, economic development, military and even people's lives and property safety, large span bridge health monitoring technology research and development have become an important field.In this paper, the design of operational monitoring systems for Han jiatuo Yangtze River Bridge (a large span railway steel truss cable stayed bridge) as background,I researched the framework of the operati,onal monitoring system,and successfully solved the problem of optimal placement of sensors using improved genetic algorithm in the design of the hardware system. I completed the following major areas:
(1) First, the mathematical model of optimal sensor placement and its constraints were analyzed,I used the dual structure of genetic code considering the fixed number of sensors, correspondingly selection operator, crossover operator and mutation operator were improved, the convergence of improved genetic algorithms was ensured and the efficiency was improved with the introduction of the probability of adaptive crossover and the probability of adaptive mutation.
(2) For different components (monitoring objects) and different sensors (monitoring purposes), Four fitness function were designed based on Modal Strain Energy criteria and MAC criteria, the two criteria was compared and analysised.
(3) I have done the optimal sensor placement for the main components of Han jiatuo Yangtze River Bridge, summarized the characteristics of results, discussed the factors of results, verified and necessarily changed the results using the static and dynamic characteristics of Han jiatuo Yangtze River Bridge finite element model.
(4) The the general framework of operational monitoring systems and hardware systems were designed, and the state warning of structure was introduced.
引文
[1]Sumitro S,KonoM,Okamoto T,Fujii K,Matsui Y.Long span bridge health monitoring system in Japan[C].Proceedings of SP IE-The International Society for Optical Engineering,v4337,2001:517-524
[2]Ko J M,Ni Y Q.Technology developments in structural health monitoring of large-scale bridges [J].Engineering Structures,2005,27(12):715-725
[3]单德山,李乔等.智能桥梁健康监测与损伤评估[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2010：2-23
[4]Peter C.Chang,Alison Flatau,S.C.Liu.Review Paper:Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure [J]. Structural Health Monitoring,2003,2(3):0257-267
[5]E.Peter Carden,Paul Fanning.Vibration Based Condition Monitoring:A Review[J]. Structural Health Monitoring,2004,3(4):0355-377
[6]D.Barke,W.K.Chiu.Structural Health Monitoring in the Railway Industry:A Review [J]. Structural Health Monitoring,2005,4(l):0081-94
[7]李惠,周文松,欧进萍,杨永顺.大型桥梁结构智能健康监测系统集成技术研究[J].土木工程学报,2006,39(2)：46-52
[8]刘福强.柔性智能架结构振动主动控制及相关问题研究：(博士学位论文).南京：南京航空航天大学,1999
[9]崔飞,袁万城,史家钧.传感器优化布设在桥梁健康监测中的应用.同济大学学报.1999,27(2)：165-168
[10]刘娟.基于遗传算法的海洋平台传感器优化配置及损伤诊断研究(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2003
[11]Larson C B,Zimmerman D C,Marek E L.A comparison of modal test planning techniques:excitation and sensor placement using the NASN 8-bay truss.In:Allemang R ed.Proceedings of the 12th IWAC conference,1994.205-211
[12]Chung Y T,Moore D,On-orbit sensor placement and system identification of space station with limited instrumentations.In:MacDonald K L ed,Proceedings of 11th IMAC conference,1993.41-46
[13]Salama M,Rose T,Garba J.Optimal placement of exciters and sensor for verification of large dynamical systems,In:Kedward K T ed, Proceedings of SDMconference, AIAA-87-0782,1987.1024-1031
[14]Breitfelf T.A method for identification of a set of optimal measurement points for experimental modal analysis.Modal Analysis.The International Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis,1996,11:254-273
[15]Park Y S,Kim H B.Sensor placement guide for model comparison and improvement..In: Wick A L ed.proceedings of the 14th International Modal Analysis Conference,1996. 404-409
[16]Liu Chinchao,Tasker F A.Sensor placement for multi-input multi-output dynamic identification.In:Baker M ed.Proceedings of SDM conference.AIAA-95-1114-cp,1995. 3327-3337
[17]Lim T W.Actuator/sensor placement for modal parameter identification of flexible75 structures.Modal Analysis:the international Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis,1993,8(1):1-13
[18]Lim T W.sensor placement for on-orbit modal testing.Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1992,29(2):279-285
[19]刘中生,于民,王大钧等.模态参数识别中的激振点和测量点的布局.宇航学报,1995(2)：26-32
[20]Bayard B S,Hadaegh F Y,Meldrum D R.Optimal experiment design for identification of large space structures.Automatica,1988,24(3):357-364
[21]Tongco E,Meldrum D.Optimal sensor placement of large flexible space structures. Journal of Guidance,Control, and Dynamics,1996,19(4):961-963
[22]Flanigan C C,Botos C D.Automated selection of accelerometer location for modal survey Test.In:Demichele D J ed,Proceedings of the 10th IMAC conference, 1992,1205-1208
[23]Baruh H,Choe K,Sensor failure detection method for flexible structures.Journal of Control and Dynamics,1987,10(5):474-482
[24]Pape D A.Selection of measurement locations for experimental modal analysis,In: Allemang R ed,Proceedings of the 12th International Modal Analysis Conference,1994. 34-41
[25]Shih Y T,Lee A C,Chen J H.Sensor and actuator placement for modal identification. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,1998,12(5):641-659
[26]Xing guangqian,Bamum p M.Actuator placement using degree of controllability for discrete-time systems.Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement,and Control,1993,114: 508-516
[27]Reynier M,Hisham A K.Sensor location for updating problems.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,1999,13(2):297-314
[28]Lallement C,Ramanitranja A,Cogan S.Optimal sensor deployment:Application to modal updating. Journal of vibration and Control,1998,4:29-36
[29]Stabb M,Blelloch P.Application of flexibility shapes to sensor selection,In:Richardson M H ed.Proceedings of the 13th IMAC conference,1995.1255-1262
[30]刘福强,张令弥.作动器/传感器优化配置的研究进展.力学进展,2000(30)4：11-25
[31]Sunar M,Rao S S.Thermopiezoelectric control design and actuator placement. AIAA Journal,1997,35(2):534-539
[32]Guyan R J. Reduction of stiffness and mass matrices[J]. AIAA Journal,1995,3(2):380.
[33]Hafkta R T,Adelman H M.Selection of actuator locations for static shape control of large space structures by heuristic integer programming. Computers and structures, 1985.3506-3514
[34]Hakim S,Fuches M B.Optimal actuator placement with minimum worst case distortion criterion.In:Baker M ed.Proceedings of SDM Conference.AIAA-95-1137,1995. 3506-3514
[35]K.Worden,A.P.Burrows.Optimal sensor placement for fault detection Engineering Structure,2001,23:885-901
[36]Metropolis N,Rosenbluth A,Rosenbluth M, et al. Equation of state calculation by fast computing machines,Journal of Chemical Physics,1953,21(6):1092-1108
[37]Kirkpatrick S,Gelatt C,Vecchi M. Optimization by simulated annealing,Science,1983, 220:671-680
[38]宋雨,文晖.大桥健康监测与评估管理系统主要问题研究,杭州：浙江大学博士学位论 文,2003
[39]李戈,秦权,董聪.用遗传算法选择悬索桥监测系统中传感器的最优布点.工程力学,2000,17(2)：25-35
[40]赵翔,李爱群等.润扬大桥结构健康监测系统传感器测点布置.工业建筑,2005,35(1)
[41]黄民水,朱宏平.桥梁结构模态测试中传感器优化布置的序列法及应用.桥梁建设,2007,5
[42]黄民水,朱宏平,李炜明.基于改进遗传算法的桥梁结构传感器优化布置.振动与冲击,2008,27(3)
[43]马广,黄方林,王学敏.基于混合遗传算法的桥梁监测传感器优化布置.振动工程学报,2008,21(2)
[44]J E T Penny, M I Friswell,S D Garvey. Automatic choice of measurement location for dynamic testing [J]. AIAA Journal,1994,32(2):407-414
[45]李兆霞,李爱群.大跨桥梁结构以健康监测和状态评估为目标的有限元模拟.东南大学学报.2003,33(5)
[46]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法--理论、应用与软件实现.西安：西安交通大学出版社,2002.1
[47]刘效尧,蔡建,刘晖.桥梁损伤诊断[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2002.
[48]董聪,郭晓华.广义遗传算法的数学结构.中国科学基金,1999：77-80
[49]PaidoussisM P, SarkarA, Semler C. A horizontal fluidconveying cantilever:spatial coherent structures, beam modes and jumps in stability diagram[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,2005,280:141-157
[50]雷英杰,张善文,李续武,周创明.MATLAB遗传算法工具箱及应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2005：48-52
[51]Goldberg D E,Lingle R.Alleles,loci and the traveling salesman problem [C]. Proceedings of the first international conference on genetic algorithms and their App lications.154-159
[52]SrinivasM,Patnaik L M. Adap tive p robabilities of crossover and mutation in genetic algorithms [J]. IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cyb2ernetics,994,24 (4) 656-667
[53]辛馡,朱鳌鑫.遗传算法的适应度函数研究.系统工程与电子技术,1998,(11)：58-62
[54]Thomas G Carne,Clark R Dohmann. A modal test design strategy formodal correlation [C].Proceedings of 13 th InternationalModal Analysis Conference,New York:Union College, Schenectady,1995:927-933
[2]Ko J M,Ni Y Q.Technology developments in structural health monitoring of large-scale bridges [J].Engineering Structures,2005,27(12):715-725
[3]单德山,李乔等.智能桥梁健康监测与损伤评估[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2010：2-23
[4]Peter C.Chang,Alison Flatau,S.C.Liu.Review Paper:Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure [J]. Structural Health Monitoring,2003,2(3):0257-267
[5]E.Peter Carden,Paul Fanning.Vibration Based Condition Monitoring:A Review[J]. Structural Health Monitoring,2004,3(4):0355-377
[6]D.Barke,W.K.Chiu.Structural Health Monitoring in the Railway Industry:A Review [J]. Structural Health Monitoring,2005,4(l):0081-94
[7]李惠,周文松,欧进萍,杨永顺.大型桥梁结构智能健康监测系统集成技术研究[J].土木工程学报,2006,39(2)：46-52
[8]刘福强.柔性智能架结构振动主动控制及相关问题研究：(博士学位论文).南京：南京航空航天大学,1999
[9]崔飞,袁万城,史家钧.传感器优化布设在桥梁健康监测中的应用.同济大学学报.1999,27(2)：165-168
[10]刘娟.基于遗传算法的海洋平台传感器优化配置及损伤诊断研究(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2003
[11]Larson C B,Zimmerman D C,Marek E L.A comparison of modal test planning techniques:excitation and sensor placement using the NASN 8-bay truss.In:Allemang R ed.Proceedings of the 12th IWAC conference,1994.205-211
[12]Chung Y T,Moore D,On-orbit sensor placement and system identification of space station with limited instrumentations.In:MacDonald K L ed,Proceedings of 11th IMAC conference,1993.41-46
[13]Salama M,Rose T,Garba J.Optimal placement of exciters and sensor for verification of large dynamical systems,In:Kedward K T ed, Proceedings of SDMconference, AIAA-87-0782,1987.1024-1031
[14]Breitfelf T.A method for identification of a set of optimal measurement points for experimental modal analysis.Modal Analysis.The International Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis,1996,11:254-273
[15]Park Y S,Kim H B.Sensor placement guide for model comparison and improvement..In: Wick A L ed.proceedings of the 14th International Modal Analysis Conference,1996. 404-409
[16]Liu Chinchao,Tasker F A.Sensor placement for multi-input multi-output dynamic identification.In:Baker M ed.Proceedings of SDM conference.AIAA-95-1114-cp,1995. 3327-3337
[17]Lim T W.Actuator/sensor placement for modal parameter identification of flexible75 structures.Modal Analysis:the international Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis,1993,8(1):1-13
[18]Lim T W.sensor placement for on-orbit modal testing.Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1992,29(2):279-285
[19]刘中生,于民,王大钧等.模态参数识别中的激振点和测量点的布局.宇航学报,1995(2)：26-32
[20]Bayard B S,Hadaegh F Y,Meldrum D R.Optimal experiment design for identification of large space structures.Automatica,1988,24(3):357-364
[21]Tongco E,Meldrum D.Optimal sensor placement of large flexible space structures. Journal of Guidance,Control, and Dynamics,1996,19(4):961-963
[22]Flanigan C C,Botos C D.Automated selection of accelerometer location for modal survey Test.In:Demichele D J ed,Proceedings of the 10th IMAC conference, 1992,1205-1208
[23]Baruh H,Choe K,Sensor failure detection method for flexible structures.Journal of Control and Dynamics,1987,10(5):474-482
[24]Pape D A.Selection of measurement locations for experimental modal analysis,In: Allemang R ed,Proceedings of the 12th International Modal Analysis Conference,1994. 34-41
[25]Shih Y T,Lee A C,Chen J H.Sensor and actuator placement for modal identification. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,1998,12(5):641-659
[26]Xing guangqian,Bamum p M.Actuator placement using degree of controllability for discrete-time systems.Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement,and Control,1993,114: 508-516
[27]Reynier M,Hisham A K.Sensor location for updating problems.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,1999,13(2):297-314
[28]Lallement C,Ramanitranja A,Cogan S.Optimal sensor deployment:Application to modal updating. Journal of vibration and Control,1998,4:29-36
[29]Stabb M,Blelloch P.Application of flexibility shapes to sensor selection,In:Richardson M H ed.Proceedings of the 13th IMAC conference,1995.1255-1262
[30]刘福强,张令弥.作动器/传感器优化配置的研究进展.力学进展,2000(30)4：11-25
[31]Sunar M,Rao S S.Thermopiezoelectric control design and actuator placement. AIAA Journal,1997,35(2):534-539
[32]Guyan R J. Reduction of stiffness and mass matrices[J]. AIAA Journal,1995,3(2):380.
[33]Hafkta R T,Adelman H M.Selection of actuator locations for static shape control of large space structures by heuristic integer programming. Computers and structures, 1985.3506-3514
[34]Hakim S,Fuches M B.Optimal actuator placement with minimum worst case distortion criterion.In:Baker M ed.Proceedings of SDM Conference.AIAA-95-1137,1995. 3506-3514
[35]K.Worden,A.P.Burrows.Optimal sensor placement for fault detection Engineering Structure,2001,23:885-901
[36]Metropolis N,Rosenbluth A,Rosenbluth M, et al. Equation of state calculation by fast computing machines,Journal of Chemical Physics,1953,21(6):1092-1108
[37]Kirkpatrick S,Gelatt C,Vecchi M. Optimization by simulated annealing,Science,1983, 220:671-680
[38]宋雨,文晖.大桥健康监测与评估管理系统主要问题研究,杭州：浙江大学博士学位论 文,2003
[39]李戈,秦权,董聪.用遗传算法选择悬索桥监测系统中传感器的最优布点.工程力学,2000,17(2)：25-35
[40]赵翔,李爱群等.润扬大桥结构健康监测系统传感器测点布置.工业建筑,2005,35(1)
[41]黄民水,朱宏平.桥梁结构模态测试中传感器优化布置的序列法及应用.桥梁建设,2007,5
[42]黄民水,朱宏平,李炜明.基于改进遗传算法的桥梁结构传感器优化布置.振动与冲击,2008,27(3)
[43]马广,黄方林,王学敏.基于混合遗传算法的桥梁监测传感器优化布置.振动工程学报,2008,21(2)
[44]J E T Penny, M I Friswell,S D Garvey. Automatic choice of measurement location for dynamic testing [J]. AIAA Journal,1994,32(2):407-414
[45]李兆霞,李爱群.大跨桥梁结构以健康监测和状态评估为目标的有限元模拟.东南大学学报.2003,33(5)
[46]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法--理论、应用与软件实现.西安：西安交通大学出版社,2002.1
[47]刘效尧,蔡建,刘晖.桥梁损伤诊断[M],北京：人民交通出版社,2002.
[48]董聪,郭晓华.广义遗传算法的数学结构.中国科学基金,1999：77-80
[49]PaidoussisM P, SarkarA, Semler C. A horizontal fluidconveying cantilever:spatial coherent structures, beam modes and jumps in stability diagram[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,2005,280:141-157
[50]雷英杰,张善文,李续武,周创明.MATLAB遗传算法工具箱及应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2005：48-52
[51]Goldberg D E,Lingle R.Alleles,loci and the traveling salesman problem [C]. Proceedings of the first international conference on genetic algorithms and their App lications.154-159
[52]SrinivasM,Patnaik L M. Adap tive p robabilities of crossover and mutation in genetic algorithms [J]. IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cyb2ernetics,994,24 (4) 656-667
[53]辛馡,朱鳌鑫.遗传算法的适应度函数研究.系统工程与电子技术,1998,(11)：58-62
[54]Thomas G Carne,Clark R Dohmann. A modal test design strategy formodal correlation [C].Proceedings of 13 th InternationalModal Analysis Conference,New York:Union College, Schenectady,1995:927-933
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