基于制动距离的载货汽车制动系统危险状态辨识研究
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摘要
汽车公路运输事业随着我国国民经济的增长而承担着重要的作用,随着载货汽车数量的激增,道路安全问题已经成为一个重要的社会问题。本文从载货汽车的制动系统出发进行基于制动距离的危险状态辨识研究。
论文首先分析了制动系统的压力、磨损和温升对制动距离的影响,将影响制动距离的因素分为三个方面,即车辆制动系统参数、车辆状态因素和道路环境因素,建立了制动距离的影响体系和六参数的分析模型。并用一汽解放赛龙CA1169PK2L2EA80作为试验车进行了整车空挡滑行试验、怠速滑行试验和制动试验,对制动距离模型进行了标定,利用制动试验结果修正了制动力大于附着力条件下的制动距离模型。然后,在此基础上进行车辆制动性能仿真研究,在参数化建模之后利用制动距离试验确定了在制动系统正常工作状态下仿真软件Tesis_veDYNA的仿真精度,进行了制动系统出现危险状态下的仿真试验,定量分析了单参数单独变化下对制动的影响；设计了多参数的正交试验表,通过对仿真试验结果的处理,得出了影响制动距离的主次因素。并与制动距离模型计算数据相比较,修正了当制动力小于附着力条件下的制动距离计算模型。
以制动距离模型和阈值要求为基础,确定了制动系统单参数的阈值和多参数的阈值,给出了单参数的二维阈值曲线和多参数的三维阈值曲面；提出了危险度的定义,建立了两种危险度的计算模型,自定义了危险度模型和BP神经网络模型,可以根据实际状况选择应用；按照危险度的大小来辨识载货汽车的制动系统危险状态,给出了相应的预警流程。
Truck transportation plays an important role in our country economy, it activate the research of problem of truck safety, expecially when the massive traffic accident occurred. The braking performance of truck is the key factor to ensure safety of truck. Proceeding from the braking systemof truck, this paper has proposed an identification method of risk state based on braking distance.
After the main analysis of the effect of braking distance by the braking pipe pressure, wear and temperature, the effect factors can be divided into three areas, i.e., parameters of the vehicle braking system, vehicle condition factors and road environment factors, the effect system of braking distance has been given,then modeling the braking distance according to the six factors. A truck CA1169PK2L2EA80 which produced by FAW, has been used to as the test truck, we have done the neutral coasting test, idel coasting test,and braking test, to measure the deceleration which caused by resistance, then calibrated the the braking distance model, and modified the model when braking force is greater than the adhesion force by using the braking test results.
The simulation of braking performance is carried out with simulation software Tesis_veDYNA, parametric modeling to simulate the test truck, used the result of braking test to verify the simulation accuracy. The simulation accuracy was reliable, so we can use it to do the simulation when the truck in the risk state.According to the result to quantitative analysis of the influence of braking efficiency under single factor.The orthogonal test method was used to design a multi-parameters simulation test, the major-minor factor order which influence the braking distance can be determinded by processing the simulation results. The model when braking force is less than the adhesion force has been modified.
The braking distance model and threshold requirement were the condition to determine the threshold of single parameter and multi-parameters of braking system, the threshold curves and surfaces have been given. Proposed the definition of risk level, and two risk level calculation models have been designed, they are customize model and the BP neural network model, it can be selected according to the actual status of application. Risk level is used to identify risk status of brake system. The forewarning process has been presented at last.
论文首先分析了制动系统的压力、磨损和温升对制动距离的影响,将影响制动距离的因素分为三个方面,即车辆制动系统参数、车辆状态因素和道路环境因素,建立了制动距离的影响体系和六参数的分析模型。并用一汽解放赛龙CA1169PK2L2EA80作为试验车进行了整车空挡滑行试验、怠速滑行试验和制动试验,对制动距离模型进行了标定,利用制动试验结果修正了制动力大于附着力条件下的制动距离模型。然后,在此基础上进行车辆制动性能仿真研究,在参数化建模之后利用制动距离试验确定了在制动系统正常工作状态下仿真软件Tesis_veDYNA的仿真精度,进行了制动系统出现危险状态下的仿真试验,定量分析了单参数单独变化下对制动的影响；设计了多参数的正交试验表,通过对仿真试验结果的处理,得出了影响制动距离的主次因素。并与制动距离模型计算数据相比较,修正了当制动力小于附着力条件下的制动距离计算模型。
以制动距离模型和阈值要求为基础,确定了制动系统单参数的阈值和多参数的阈值,给出了单参数的二维阈值曲线和多参数的三维阈值曲面；提出了危险度的定义,建立了两种危险度的计算模型,自定义了危险度模型和BP神经网络模型,可以根据实际状况选择应用；按照危险度的大小来辨识载货汽车的制动系统危险状态,给出了相应的预警流程。
Truck transportation plays an important role in our country economy, it activate the research of problem of truck safety, expecially when the massive traffic accident occurred. The braking performance of truck is the key factor to ensure safety of truck. Proceeding from the braking systemof truck, this paper has proposed an identification method of risk state based on braking distance.
After the main analysis of the effect of braking distance by the braking pipe pressure, wear and temperature, the effect factors can be divided into three areas, i.e., parameters of the vehicle braking system, vehicle condition factors and road environment factors, the effect system of braking distance has been given,then modeling the braking distance according to the six factors. A truck CA1169PK2L2EA80 which produced by FAW, has been used to as the test truck, we have done the neutral coasting test, idel coasting test,and braking test, to measure the deceleration which caused by resistance, then calibrated the the braking distance model, and modified the model when braking force is greater than the adhesion force by using the braking test results.
The simulation of braking performance is carried out with simulation software Tesis_veDYNA, parametric modeling to simulate the test truck, used the result of braking test to verify the simulation accuracy. The simulation accuracy was reliable, so we can use it to do the simulation when the truck in the risk state.According to the result to quantitative analysis of the influence of braking efficiency under single factor.The orthogonal test method was used to design a multi-parameters simulation test, the major-minor factor order which influence the braking distance can be determinded by processing the simulation results. The model when braking force is less than the adhesion force has been modified.
The braking distance model and threshold requirement were the condition to determine the threshold of single parameter and multi-parameters of braking system, the threshold curves and surfaces have been given. Proposed the definition of risk level, and two risk level calculation models have been designed, they are customize model and the BP neural network model, it can be selected according to the actual status of application. Risk level is used to identify risk status of brake system. The forewarning process has been presented at last.
引文
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[13]王宣锋.鼓式制动器动力学性能的研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
[14]吴景铼.气压制动系统建模及其稳健性设计[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2009.
[15]陈家瑞.汽车构造(下))[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006：330-345.
[16]赖锋.重型汽车制动系统结构分析及其设计方法研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006.
[17]纪王芳.载重汽车行车制动器制动性能的研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2009.
[18]梁爽.车辆制动摩擦特性及摩擦颤振的研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2005.
[19]刘美玲.摩擦材料的温度场及其摩擦性能研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2007.
[20]Bhabani K. Satapathy, J. Bijwe.Wear data analysis of friction materials to investigate the simultaneous influence of operating parameters and compositions [J]. Wear 256 (2004) 797-804.
[21]朱攀.车辆制动摩擦材料关键特性的研究及检测方法[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006
[22]A. R. AbuBakar, H.J. Ouyang.Wear prediction of friction material and brake squeal using the finite element method [J].Wear 264 (2008) 1069-1076.
[23]Bhabani K. Satapathy, J. Bijwe.Wear data analysis of friction materials to investigate the simultaneous influence of operating parameters and compositions [J]. Wear 256 (2004) 797-804.
[24]Peter J. Blaua, Brian C. Jollyb. Wear of truck brake lining materials using three different test methods Wear259 (2005) 1022-1030.
[25]袁成清.磨损过程中的磨粒表面和磨损表面特征及其相互关系[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2005.
[26]马艳艳,王伟华等.短切玻璃纤维增强尼龙材料的摩擦与磨损[J].机械科学与技术,2003,22(6)：994-995.
[27]管明林.钦硅碳陶瓷材料的摩擦一磨损行为[D].北京：北京交通大学,2006.
[28]张涛.陶瓷晶须增强树脂基摩擦材料研究[D].济南：山东大学,2008.
[29]孙景阳.汽车制动器摩擦性能试验方法研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2006.
[30]袁伟.鼓式制动器温升计算模型及其应用研究[D].西安：长安大学,2003.
[31]郭应时,付锐等.鼓式制动器瞬态温度场数值模拟计算[J].长安大学学报：自然科学版,2006,26(3)：87-90.
[32]余国辉.汽车制动效能的热衰退[J].中南汽车运输,1997(12).
[33]顾永田.车辆长大下坡持续制动制动鼓温升试验研究[D].西安：长安大学,2008.
[34]M. Siroux, Anne-Lise Cristol-Bulthe, et al. Thermal analysis of periodic sliding contact on a braking tribometer [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,28 (2008) 2194-2202.
[35]P. Zagrodzk. Thermoelastic instability in friction clutches and brakes—Transient modal analysis revealing mechanisms of excitation of unstable modes[J].International Journal of Solids and Structures 46 (2009) 2463-2476.
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