不同间作模式下杏树的生长发育规律研究
摘要
为探索杏树与农间作的合理模式,对轮台县哈尔巴克乡杏树与小麦、玉米间作果园的微气候环境变化规律和杏树生长发育规律进行调查。主要结果如下:
1.在各间作系统中,杏树越高,冠幅愈大,遮荫影响的间作物范围就越大。密度越大,行间交互遮荫范围也越大。
2.在杏农间作系统中,空气相对湿度在一天中呈现出“高-低-高”的变化规律。地表温度曲线都呈单峰状,最高值都出现在午后,最小值一般出现在日出时分。杏玉米间作系统中,行中距树干分别为80cm、120cm、160cm的土壤日耗水量均大于40cm,从纵向看,地表以下土壤日耗水量由大到小依次为10cm、20cm、40cm、60cm、80cm;杏棉间作系统中,土层深度为60-80cm的土壤日耗水量大于10-40cm的。
3.通过对杏树与间作物的物候进行观察,发现冬小麦与杏树的生理需水需肥期大体一致,给冬小麦灌水施肥时,与杏树不存在明显矛盾。但是,杏树从4月中下旬叶幕形成后,即会对小麦的光照环境造成影响。复播玉米会对杏树后期的通风透光不利,不宜与杏树间作。杏树在4月份萌芽期需要灌水,但是棉花在6月份浇第一水。二者间作时应考虑进行分别灌水以解决二者的灌水矛盾。
4.杏麦间作系统中,杏树平均树高从大到小依次为1.5m×4m、4m×6m、2m×8m;平均基径从大到小为4m×6m、2m×8m、1.5m×4m;平均冠幅最大的为4m×6m,其次为2m×8m和1.5m×4m。说明密度越大的杏树越高,基径越小,冠幅越小。
5.间作小麦条件下,不同栽植密度下的小白杏树,3m×6m和2m×8m的花芽越冬存活率普遍高于1.5m×4m、5m×6m和2m×4m,并且这两种栽植密度的花芽越冬存活率在不同类型结果枝上分布比较均匀。花器官主要以雌蕊等于雄蕊和雌蕊低于雄蕊两种为主,可育花比例以5m×6m的最高。由此可知,株行距为3m×6m和5m×6m的栽植密度更有利于杏树花芽分化和越冬存活。
6.1.5m×4m、2m×8m和4m×6m 3种栽植密度下的杏树新梢生长动态规律基本一致,都呈现“快-慢-快”的趋势。2m×8m栽植密度的单叶面积平均值普遍高于1.5m×4m及4m×6m,1.5m×4m栽植密度的单叶面积的平均值最小。叶绿素周年变化规律大致相同,均在9月中旬达到最大值,相较其他两种栽植密度,2m×8m的叶绿素含量总体偏高。
7.杏麦间作系统中,4m×6m的果实纵横径在整个发育过程中都大于1.5m×4m和2m×8m。杏树的栽植密度对杏果实产量有一定的影响。在本试验中,栽植密度越大,杏产量越高,反之越小。
In order to find the rational intercropping pattern for apricot-crop intercropping system, the growth regulation of 8-year-old apricot was investigation and analyzed in the apricot-wheat, apricot-maize and apricot-cotton intercropping system orchard at Harbake in Luntai county.The major results were summarized as follows:
1. In those intercropping system, the apricot trees were higher, the crowns of tree were bigger, the area of crops in shadow was wider. And the planting density was higher, the mutual area in shadow in row was wider.
2. In the apricot-crop intercropping system, the air relative humidity presented a“high-low-high”trend. Surface temperature curve both appeared single peak shape, the highest were in afternoon, the lowest in dawn. In apricot-maize intercropping system, diurnal consumption of soil water in 80cm, 120cm, 160cm from the trunk were higher than in 40cm. That from high to low was -10cm, -20cm, -40cm, -60cm, -80cm respectively in portrait. In apricot-cotton intercropping system, the diurnal consumption of soil water in 60-80cm was higher than 10-40cm.
3. Observing the different growth stage of apricot and crops, it could be found that wheat’s and apricot’s physiological period of fertilizer and water were superposition,thus, there was no contradiction between wheat and apricot in management of fertilizer and water. But, it would influenced intercrops’illumination from the middle and later of Apr when apricot tree had formed leaves curtain. Multiple cropping maize would influence apricot illumination and ventilation severely from elongation stage, therefore is not suitable intercropping with apricot. Apricot should irrigate in sprouting stage in Jun., but cotton’s first irrigation was in Jun.. So separate irrigation for cotton and apricot was prerequisite to solve the inconsistency.
4. In apricot-wheat intercropping systems, the average height of apricot tree from high to low was 1.5m×4m>4m×6m>2m×8m; the order from thick to thin of the average diameter of trunk was 4m×6m>2m×8m>1.5m×4m; the biggest crown of tree was 4m×6m followed by 2m×8m and 1.5m×4m. Compared tree characteristic between 2m×8m in apricot-wheat and 4.5m×8m in apricot-cotton at the same time, it showed that the biggest crown of tree was in 4m×6m.
5. In different planting densities in apricot-wheat, the livability of flower buds living through the winter in 3m×6m and 2m×8m was higher than 1.5m×4m, 2m×4m and 5m×6m universally, and it was uniformity in the different kinds of bearing shoots between 3m×6m and 2m×8m. The floral organs mainly were pistil equal to or under androecium, the highest ratio of fertile flower was in 5m×6m. It indicated that intercropping and planting density had a great impact on the formation and the livability of living through the winter of flower bud.
6. The growth regulation of current shoots were consistent basically in 1.5m×4m, 2m×8m and 4m×6m, presenting a“fast-slow-fast”trend. The order of average leaf area from big to small among that 3 kinds of densities was 2m×8m>4m×6m>1.5m×4m. The yearly cha- nge of chlorophyll content in 3 kinds of planting densities, all got top in Sep., compared with 1.5m×4m and 4m×6m, the chlorophyll content in 2m×8m was much higher.
7. In apricot-wheat intercropping systems, the fruits in 4m×6m were bigger than 1.5m×4m and 2m×8m almost in the whole development of fruit. The plangting density of apricot tree had some affection on the yield of apricot, the plangting density was bigger, the yield was higher, or the low.
1.在各间作系统中,杏树越高,冠幅愈大,遮荫影响的间作物范围就越大。密度越大,行间交互遮荫范围也越大。
2.在杏农间作系统中,空气相对湿度在一天中呈现出“高-低-高”的变化规律。地表温度曲线都呈单峰状,最高值都出现在午后,最小值一般出现在日出时分。杏玉米间作系统中,行中距树干分别为80cm、120cm、160cm的土壤日耗水量均大于40cm,从纵向看,地表以下土壤日耗水量由大到小依次为10cm、20cm、40cm、60cm、80cm;杏棉间作系统中,土层深度为60-80cm的土壤日耗水量大于10-40cm的。
3.通过对杏树与间作物的物候进行观察,发现冬小麦与杏树的生理需水需肥期大体一致,给冬小麦灌水施肥时,与杏树不存在明显矛盾。但是,杏树从4月中下旬叶幕形成后,即会对小麦的光照环境造成影响。复播玉米会对杏树后期的通风透光不利,不宜与杏树间作。杏树在4月份萌芽期需要灌水,但是棉花在6月份浇第一水。二者间作时应考虑进行分别灌水以解决二者的灌水矛盾。
4.杏麦间作系统中,杏树平均树高从大到小依次为1.5m×4m、4m×6m、2m×8m;平均基径从大到小为4m×6m、2m×8m、1.5m×4m;平均冠幅最大的为4m×6m,其次为2m×8m和1.5m×4m。说明密度越大的杏树越高,基径越小,冠幅越小。
5.间作小麦条件下,不同栽植密度下的小白杏树,3m×6m和2m×8m的花芽越冬存活率普遍高于1.5m×4m、5m×6m和2m×4m,并且这两种栽植密度的花芽越冬存活率在不同类型结果枝上分布比较均匀。花器官主要以雌蕊等于雄蕊和雌蕊低于雄蕊两种为主,可育花比例以5m×6m的最高。由此可知,株行距为3m×6m和5m×6m的栽植密度更有利于杏树花芽分化和越冬存活。
6.1.5m×4m、2m×8m和4m×6m 3种栽植密度下的杏树新梢生长动态规律基本一致,都呈现“快-慢-快”的趋势。2m×8m栽植密度的单叶面积平均值普遍高于1.5m×4m及4m×6m,1.5m×4m栽植密度的单叶面积的平均值最小。叶绿素周年变化规律大致相同,均在9月中旬达到最大值,相较其他两种栽植密度,2m×8m的叶绿素含量总体偏高。
7.杏麦间作系统中,4m×6m的果实纵横径在整个发育过程中都大于1.5m×4m和2m×8m。杏树的栽植密度对杏果实产量有一定的影响。在本试验中,栽植密度越大,杏产量越高,反之越小。
In order to find the rational intercropping pattern for apricot-crop intercropping system, the growth regulation of 8-year-old apricot was investigation and analyzed in the apricot-wheat, apricot-maize and apricot-cotton intercropping system orchard at Harbake in Luntai county.The major results were summarized as follows:
1. In those intercropping system, the apricot trees were higher, the crowns of tree were bigger, the area of crops in shadow was wider. And the planting density was higher, the mutual area in shadow in row was wider.
2. In the apricot-crop intercropping system, the air relative humidity presented a“high-low-high”trend. Surface temperature curve both appeared single peak shape, the highest were in afternoon, the lowest in dawn. In apricot-maize intercropping system, diurnal consumption of soil water in 80cm, 120cm, 160cm from the trunk were higher than in 40cm. That from high to low was -10cm, -20cm, -40cm, -60cm, -80cm respectively in portrait. In apricot-cotton intercropping system, the diurnal consumption of soil water in 60-80cm was higher than 10-40cm.
3. Observing the different growth stage of apricot and crops, it could be found that wheat’s and apricot’s physiological period of fertilizer and water were superposition,thus, there was no contradiction between wheat and apricot in management of fertilizer and water. But, it would influenced intercrops’illumination from the middle and later of Apr when apricot tree had formed leaves curtain. Multiple cropping maize would influence apricot illumination and ventilation severely from elongation stage, therefore is not suitable intercropping with apricot. Apricot should irrigate in sprouting stage in Jun., but cotton’s first irrigation was in Jun.. So separate irrigation for cotton and apricot was prerequisite to solve the inconsistency.
4. In apricot-wheat intercropping systems, the average height of apricot tree from high to low was 1.5m×4m>4m×6m>2m×8m; the order from thick to thin of the average diameter of trunk was 4m×6m>2m×8m>1.5m×4m; the biggest crown of tree was 4m×6m followed by 2m×8m and 1.5m×4m. Compared tree characteristic between 2m×8m in apricot-wheat and 4.5m×8m in apricot-cotton at the same time, it showed that the biggest crown of tree was in 4m×6m.
5. In different planting densities in apricot-wheat, the livability of flower buds living through the winter in 3m×6m and 2m×8m was higher than 1.5m×4m, 2m×4m and 5m×6m universally, and it was uniformity in the different kinds of bearing shoots between 3m×6m and 2m×8m. The floral organs mainly were pistil equal to or under androecium, the highest ratio of fertile flower was in 5m×6m. It indicated that intercropping and planting density had a great impact on the formation and the livability of living through the winter of flower bud.
6. The growth regulation of current shoots were consistent basically in 1.5m×4m, 2m×8m and 4m×6m, presenting a“fast-slow-fast”trend. The order of average leaf area from big to small among that 3 kinds of densities was 2m×8m>4m×6m>1.5m×4m. The yearly cha- nge of chlorophyll content in 3 kinds of planting densities, all got top in Sep., compared with 1.5m×4m and 4m×6m, the chlorophyll content in 2m×8m was much higher.
7. In apricot-wheat intercropping systems, the fruits in 4m×6m were bigger than 1.5m×4m and 2m×8m almost in the whole development of fruit. The plangting density of apricot tree had some affection on the yield of apricot, the plangting density was bigger, the yield was higher, or the low.
引文
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