建筑物生命周期的生态效率研究
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摘要
近年来,由于我国开始大规模的城市化建设,大量建筑拔地而起。在改善人民生活、美化城市外貌、促进经济发展的同时,建筑物消耗了大量的资源和能源,并对生态环境造成严重的影响。在全球推行可持续发展战略的大背景下,如何使建筑的投入与产出达到最佳状态,是现阶段应该要解决的重要问题之一。基于此,本研究提出用生态效率来衡量建筑的投入产出,通过对建筑物全生命周期生态效率的评估,探寻主要的影响因素,以期为提高建筑的资源利用效率、降低环境影响提供理论依据,并最终使建筑在其全生命周期的资源消耗与环境影响水平达到最优。
研究从生命周期理论出发,将生态效率的概念引入建筑系统,结合数据包络分析方法,建立了建筑物全生命周期各阶段的生态效率评估模型,并运用所建立的模型,从宏观方面对我国建筑系统的生命周期生态效率进行了投入角度的实证分析,得出:2009年我国建材准备阶段,生态效率DEA有效的省份仅有3个,全国平均效率值为0.813;2008年我国建筑施工建设阶段,生态效率DEA有效的省份仅有4个,且DEA平均效率只有0.656;2008年我国建筑使用阶段,全国平均效率值为0.767,但生态效率DEA有效的省份有10个。
通过模型分析,结合建筑物建材准备阶段、施工建设阶段和使用阶段生态效率DEA有效的省份比例偏低的现状,对于各阶段生态效率的提高给予相应的对策研究,总体来说,就是要提高资源利用率,降低环境排放,适当加大规模经济,从而达到投入与产出的协调发展,达到生态效率的DEA有效。
In recent years, a large number of new buildings have been built reasons for large-scale urban construction. This phenomenon is benefit to improve the life of people, beautify the appearance of urban and promote economic development, but on the other hand, buildings consume a lot of resources and energy, at the same time, serious environmental problems appeared together. In the context of sustainable development strategy is being implemented in the global, one of the important problems should be solved is how to make inputs and outputs of architecture to achieve the best state.Under this premise, the study proposes to measure inputs and outputs of building with eco-efficiency, through the assessment of eco-efficiency in building’s life cycle, explore the main factors, provide a theoretical basis for improve the building’s resource use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts, the ultimate goal is to make the level of resource consumption and environmental impacts are coordinate in the whole life cycle of buildings.
The study based on the theory of the life cycle evaluation, added the concept of eco-efficiency in buildings, combined with data envelopment analysis, established eco-efficiency evaluation model of each stage in building’s full life cycle, and use the model made some empirical analysis, the datas came from macro perspective and the results were based on input orientated DEA.The results showed that: in the materials preparation stage of 2009, only 3 provinces’eco-efficiency were DEA effective, the national average efficiency was 0.813; in the construction stage of 2008, there were 4 provinces’eco-efficiency were DEA effective, and the average efficiency was only 0.656; in the use stage of 2008, the national average efficiency value was 0.767, but there were 10 provinces’effective eco-efficiency were DEA effective.
The results of empirical analysis showed that the number of provinces which eco-efficiency in materials preparation stage, construction stage or use stage was DEA effective is so less. In order to improve eco-efficiency of each stage, the study provide appropriate measures, such as improve resource utilization, reduce environmental emissions and increase economies of scale, so as to achieve coordinated development of inputs and outputs, finally, achieve eco-efficiency DEA effective.
研究从生命周期理论出发,将生态效率的概念引入建筑系统,结合数据包络分析方法,建立了建筑物全生命周期各阶段的生态效率评估模型,并运用所建立的模型,从宏观方面对我国建筑系统的生命周期生态效率进行了投入角度的实证分析,得出:2009年我国建材准备阶段,生态效率DEA有效的省份仅有3个,全国平均效率值为0.813;2008年我国建筑施工建设阶段,生态效率DEA有效的省份仅有4个,且DEA平均效率只有0.656;2008年我国建筑使用阶段,全国平均效率值为0.767,但生态效率DEA有效的省份有10个。
通过模型分析,结合建筑物建材准备阶段、施工建设阶段和使用阶段生态效率DEA有效的省份比例偏低的现状,对于各阶段生态效率的提高给予相应的对策研究,总体来说,就是要提高资源利用率,降低环境排放,适当加大规模经济,从而达到投入与产出的协调发展,达到生态效率的DEA有效。
In recent years, a large number of new buildings have been built reasons for large-scale urban construction. This phenomenon is benefit to improve the life of people, beautify the appearance of urban and promote economic development, but on the other hand, buildings consume a lot of resources and energy, at the same time, serious environmental problems appeared together. In the context of sustainable development strategy is being implemented in the global, one of the important problems should be solved is how to make inputs and outputs of architecture to achieve the best state.Under this premise, the study proposes to measure inputs and outputs of building with eco-efficiency, through the assessment of eco-efficiency in building’s life cycle, explore the main factors, provide a theoretical basis for improve the building’s resource use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts, the ultimate goal is to make the level of resource consumption and environmental impacts are coordinate in the whole life cycle of buildings.
The study based on the theory of the life cycle evaluation, added the concept of eco-efficiency in buildings, combined with data envelopment analysis, established eco-efficiency evaluation model of each stage in building’s full life cycle, and use the model made some empirical analysis, the datas came from macro perspective and the results were based on input orientated DEA.The results showed that: in the materials preparation stage of 2009, only 3 provinces’eco-efficiency were DEA effective, the national average efficiency was 0.813; in the construction stage of 2008, there were 4 provinces’eco-efficiency were DEA effective, and the average efficiency was only 0.656; in the use stage of 2008, the national average efficiency value was 0.767, but there were 10 provinces’effective eco-efficiency were DEA effective.
The results of empirical analysis showed that the number of provinces which eco-efficiency in materials preparation stage, construction stage or use stage was DEA effective is so less. In order to improve eco-efficiency of each stage, the study provide appropriate measures, such as improve resource utilization, reduce environmental emissions and increase economies of scale, so as to achieve coordinated development of inputs and outputs, finally, achieve eco-efficiency DEA effective.
引文
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[8] Henri Jean-Francois,Journeault Marc . Eco-efficiency and organizational practices: an exploratory study of manufacturing firms. Environment & Planning C: Government & Policy,Oct2009, Vol. 27 Issue 5:894～921.
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