冷季母牛舍空气中CH_4、CO_2和NH_3等气体浓度的变化及影响因素的研究
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摘要
试验Ⅰ试验研究了不同日粮组成对冷季青年母牛舍空气中甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢浓度的影响。选取一栋有100头青年母牛(其中荷斯坦牛71头,瑞士褐牛29头)的牛舍,依次饲喂精粗比为A组(23：77玉米青贮和苜蓿干草)、B组(10：90玉米青贮)、C组(10：90苜蓿干草)、D组(60：40苜蓿干草)的日粮,采集测定甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢4种气体的浓度。结果表明：随着日粮中精料比例的增加,舍内甲烷浓度呈降低趋势,各组平均浓度依次为73.58、115.83、93.60和50.18mg/m3,各组之间差异显著(P<0.05),其中A组与B组、B组与D组、C组与D组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)；二氧化碳的各组平均浓度依次为3696、4061、5847和3162 mg/m3,C组与A组、D组之间差异显著(P<0.05)；氨气的平均浓度分别为2.63、2.62、5.38和4.09 mg/m3,除了A组与B组之间差异不显著外(P>0.05),其余各组之间均差异显著(P<0.05)；硫化氢的各组平均浓度分别为0.0481、0.0396、0.0352和0.0402mg/m3,各组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。4种气体在同一高度的浓度变化与牛舍内总浓度的变化呈现显著的相关性。研究表明：高精料日粮可使舍内甲烷和二氧化碳浓度降低；日粮蛋白质水平升高,则舍内氨气的浓度增加。
试验Ⅱ试验比较了冷季高产和中产奶牛牛舍空气中甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢的浓度。选取高产和中产奶牛牛舍各一栋,采集测定甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢4种气体的浓度。结果表明：高产奶牛牛舍中甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢4种气体的浓度比中产奶牛牛舍中的各气体浓度分别多2.69%、66.95%、32.65%和3.58%。每头高产奶牛每天排放CH4296.15g,摄入1NND能量排放CH45.97g,每产lkg标准乳排放CH411.43g,每采食lkg干物质排放CH412.18g。每头中产奶牛每天排放CH4210.54g,摄入1NND能量排放CH46.27g每产lkg标准乳排放CH412.08g,每采食lkg干物质排放CH412.54g。研究表明：采食量增加,牛舍中甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢的浓度也会增加。高产奶牛摄入1NND能量的CH4排放量比中产奶牛低4.72%,每产lkg标准乳的CH4排放量比中产奶牛低5.42%,每采食1kg干物质的CH4排放量比中产奶牛低2.81%。
试验Ⅲ试验研究了不同日粮组成对荷斯坦青年母牛粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)、氨态氮(AN)浓度和粪中NH3、H2S散发量的影响。选取71头荷斯坦青年母牛作为试验对象,依次饲喂精粗比为A组(23：77玉米青贮和苜蓿干草)、B组(10：90玉米青贮)、C组(10：90苜蓿干草)、D组(60：40苜蓿干草)的日粮,测定粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)氨态氮(TN)浓度以及粪中NH3和H2S气体散发量。结果表明：B组的粪便含水量显著高于D组(P<0.05)；C组的NH3散发量显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05),D组显著高于B组(P<0.05)；D组的H2S散发量显著高于B组(P<0.05)；C组和D组的粪中总氮含量极显著高于A组和B组(P<0.01)；D组尿中的总氮含量极显著高于其它三组(P<0.01)；C组与D组的粪中氨态氮浓度差异显著(P<0.05)；C组的尿中氨态氮浓度极显著高于D组(P<0.01),D组极显著高于A组和B组(P<0.01)。研究表明：日粮鲜重中水分的巨大差别,导致了其粪便含水量的不同。随着日粮中粗蛋白水平的增加,粪中NH3和H2S的散发量以及粪尿中总氮和氨态氮的浓度也会增加。
试验Ⅳ试验比较了荷斯坦高产和中产奶牛粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)、氨态氮(AN)浓度和粪中NH3、H2S的散发量。选取高产和中产奶牛牛舍各一栋,测定粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)氨态氮(TN)浓度以及粪中NH3和H2S气体的散发量。结果表明：高产荷斯坦奶牛的粪便含水量比中产荷斯坦奶牛低0.32%,粪中NH3散发量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高2.83%,粪中H2S散发量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高3.09%,鲜粪中TN含量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高4.04%,尿中TN含量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高12.53%,鲜粪中AN浓度比中产荷斯坦奶牛高3.48%,尿中AN浓度比中产荷斯坦奶牛高22.72%。研究表明：粗蛋白的摄入与需求比增加,奶牛粪尿中氮和硫的含量也会增加。超过动物蛋白质需要量的几乎所有的氮都是通过尿液排出体外,尿氮增加的幅度大于粪氮增加的幅度。减少粪氮不是降低氮污染的有效途径。
ExperimentⅠTest to study the impact of methane、carbon dioxide、ammonia & hydrogen sulfidewith different types of forage in young cows cowshed air in cold season. Selected one cowshed with 100 young cows (of which 71 Holstein, Brown Swiss cattle 29), followed by feeding forage to concentrate ratio of group A (23:77 corn silage and alfalfa hay), group B (10:90 corn silage), group C (10:90 alfalfa hay), group D (60:40 alfalfa hay) of the diet, analyze concentration of CH4,CO2,NH3,H2S in cowshed. Results showed that:with the proportion of dietary concentrate increased, CH4 concentrations decreased, the average concentration of each group were 73.58,115.83,93.60 and 50.18 mg/m3, significant differences among the groups (P<0.05), where group A & B, group B & D, group C & D were highly significant different (P<0.01);there was no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05); average concentrations of CO2 each group was 3696,4061,5847 and 3162 mg/m3, group C with group A & D were significant different (P<0.05); average concentration of NH3 were 2.63,2.62,5.38 and 4.09 mg/m3, except group A & B was no significant difference (P>0.05), the other groups were significantly different (P<0.05); average concentration of H2S in each group was 0.0481,0.0396,0.0352 and 0.0402 mg/m3. It was significant correlation between concentration of four kinds of gas at the same layer and total concentration of the cowshed. Test showed that high-concentrate diets reduce the concentration of CH4 and CO2; diets protein level increased, then the concentration of NH3 increased.
ExperimentⅡTest to compare methane、carbon dioxide、ammonia & hydrogen sulfidewith between high-yield and middle-yield dairy cows in the cowshed in cold season.Selected a high-yield and a middle-yield cowshed, analyzed concentration of CH4,CO2,NH3 and H2S in cowshed. Results showed that: high-yield dairy cows in the cowshed of each gas concentration increased by 2.69%,66.95%,32.65%and 3.58% with middle-yield dairy cows. Each high-yield dairy cow emissions CH4 296.15g per day, intake 1NND energy emissions CH4 5.97g, production lkg standard milk emissions CH4 11.43g, intake lkg of dry matter emissions CH4 12.18g. Each middle-yield dairy cow emissions CH4 210.54g per day, energy intake 1NND emissions CH4 6.27g, production lkg standard milk emissions CH4 12.08g, intake lkg of dry matter emissions CH4 12.54g. Test showed that concentrations of CH4, NH3, H2S and CO2 will increase by feed intake. Intake 1NND energy, high-yield dairy cow emissions CH4 lower 4.72% than middle-yield dairy cow, production lkg standard milk emissions CH4 lower 5.42% than middle-yield dairy cow, intake 1kg of dry matter emissions CH4 lower 2.81% than middle-yield dairy cow.
ExperimentⅢTest to study the effects of different types of forage diets on young Holstein cows' dung water content, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration from fecal and urine and emission of NH3, H2S from fecal. Selected 71 young Holstein cows for the trial, followed by feeding forage to concentrate ratio of group A (23:77 corn silage and alfalfa hay), group B (10:90 corn silage), group C (10:90 alfalfa hay), group D (60:40 alfalfa hay) of the diet, fecal water content, urine total nitrogen (TN) ammonia nitrogen (TN) concentrations and fecal emission of NH3 and H2S gas. The results showed that: Group B of fecal water content was significantly higher than Group D (P<0.05); NH3 emission of group C was significantly higher than group A & B (P<0.05), group D was significantly higher than group B (P<0.05); H2S emission of group D was significantly higher than group B (P<0.05); TN content of feces of group C & D was significantly higher than the group A & B (P<0.01); TN content in urine of group D was significantly higher than the other three groups (P<0.01); group C and group D in the fecal concentration of AN significantly different (P<0.05); concentration of group C of AN in the urine of most significantly higher than group D (P<0.01), group D was significantly higher than group A & B (P<0.01). Test showed that water content in fresh diet with huge differences, lead water content in fecal a little different. As the level of dietary crude protein increased, emission of NH3, H2S from fecal, fecal and urine in the concentration of TN and AN will increase.
ExperimentⅣTest to compare the high-yield and middle-yield Holstein dairy cows in feces water content, the total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration in feces and urine, NH3 and H2S emission content in feces. Selected a high-yield and a middle-yield cowshed, determination the feces water content, the total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration and NH3, H2S emission content in feces. The results showed that:high-yield Holstein dairy cows in the fecal water content was lower 0.32% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows, NH3 and H2S emission content in feces was higher 2.83% and 3.09% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows, TN concentration in fresh feces and urine was higher 4.04% and 12.53% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows, AN concentration in fresh feces and urine was higher 3.48% and 22.72% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows. Test showed that the ratio of crude protein intake and demand increase, the nitrogen and sulfur content in feces and urine will increase. Protein, which more than demand will almost all be excreted through urine, the rate of increase urine nitrogen is greater than the rate of increase fecal nitrogen. Reduce the fecal nitrogen is not an effective way to reduce nitrogen pollution.
试验Ⅱ试验比较了冷季高产和中产奶牛牛舍空气中甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢的浓度。选取高产和中产奶牛牛舍各一栋,采集测定甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢4种气体的浓度。结果表明：高产奶牛牛舍中甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢4种气体的浓度比中产奶牛牛舍中的各气体浓度分别多2.69%、66.95%、32.65%和3.58%。每头高产奶牛每天排放CH4296.15g,摄入1NND能量排放CH45.97g,每产lkg标准乳排放CH411.43g,每采食lkg干物质排放CH412.18g。每头中产奶牛每天排放CH4210.54g,摄入1NND能量排放CH46.27g每产lkg标准乳排放CH412.08g,每采食lkg干物质排放CH412.54g。研究表明：采食量增加,牛舍中甲烷、二氧化碳、氨气和硫化氢的浓度也会增加。高产奶牛摄入1NND能量的CH4排放量比中产奶牛低4.72%,每产lkg标准乳的CH4排放量比中产奶牛低5.42%,每采食1kg干物质的CH4排放量比中产奶牛低2.81%。
试验Ⅲ试验研究了不同日粮组成对荷斯坦青年母牛粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)、氨态氮(AN)浓度和粪中NH3、H2S散发量的影响。选取71头荷斯坦青年母牛作为试验对象,依次饲喂精粗比为A组(23：77玉米青贮和苜蓿干草)、B组(10：90玉米青贮)、C组(10：90苜蓿干草)、D组(60：40苜蓿干草)的日粮,测定粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)氨态氮(TN)浓度以及粪中NH3和H2S气体散发量。结果表明：B组的粪便含水量显著高于D组(P<0.05)；C组的NH3散发量显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05),D组显著高于B组(P<0.05)；D组的H2S散发量显著高于B组(P<0.05)；C组和D组的粪中总氮含量极显著高于A组和B组(P<0.01)；D组尿中的总氮含量极显著高于其它三组(P<0.01)；C组与D组的粪中氨态氮浓度差异显著(P<0.05)；C组的尿中氨态氮浓度极显著高于D组(P<0.01),D组极显著高于A组和B组(P<0.01)。研究表明：日粮鲜重中水分的巨大差别,导致了其粪便含水量的不同。随着日粮中粗蛋白水平的增加,粪中NH3和H2S的散发量以及粪尿中总氮和氨态氮的浓度也会增加。
试验Ⅳ试验比较了荷斯坦高产和中产奶牛粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)、氨态氮(AN)浓度和粪中NH3、H2S的散发量。选取高产和中产奶牛牛舍各一栋,测定粪便含水量、粪尿中总氮(TN)氨态氮(TN)浓度以及粪中NH3和H2S气体的散发量。结果表明：高产荷斯坦奶牛的粪便含水量比中产荷斯坦奶牛低0.32%,粪中NH3散发量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高2.83%,粪中H2S散发量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高3.09%,鲜粪中TN含量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高4.04%,尿中TN含量比中产荷斯坦奶牛高12.53%,鲜粪中AN浓度比中产荷斯坦奶牛高3.48%,尿中AN浓度比中产荷斯坦奶牛高22.72%。研究表明：粗蛋白的摄入与需求比增加,奶牛粪尿中氮和硫的含量也会增加。超过动物蛋白质需要量的几乎所有的氮都是通过尿液排出体外,尿氮增加的幅度大于粪氮增加的幅度。减少粪氮不是降低氮污染的有效途径。
ExperimentⅠTest to study the impact of methane、carbon dioxide、ammonia & hydrogen sulfidewith different types of forage in young cows cowshed air in cold season. Selected one cowshed with 100 young cows (of which 71 Holstein, Brown Swiss cattle 29), followed by feeding forage to concentrate ratio of group A (23:77 corn silage and alfalfa hay), group B (10:90 corn silage), group C (10:90 alfalfa hay), group D (60:40 alfalfa hay) of the diet, analyze concentration of CH4,CO2,NH3,H2S in cowshed. Results showed that:with the proportion of dietary concentrate increased, CH4 concentrations decreased, the average concentration of each group were 73.58,115.83,93.60 and 50.18 mg/m3, significant differences among the groups (P<0.05), where group A & B, group B & D, group C & D were highly significant different (P<0.01);there was no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05); average concentrations of CO2 each group was 3696,4061,5847 and 3162 mg/m3, group C with group A & D were significant different (P<0.05); average concentration of NH3 were 2.63,2.62,5.38 and 4.09 mg/m3, except group A & B was no significant difference (P>0.05), the other groups were significantly different (P<0.05); average concentration of H2S in each group was 0.0481,0.0396,0.0352 and 0.0402 mg/m3. It was significant correlation between concentration of four kinds of gas at the same layer and total concentration of the cowshed. Test showed that high-concentrate diets reduce the concentration of CH4 and CO2; diets protein level increased, then the concentration of NH3 increased.
ExperimentⅡTest to compare methane、carbon dioxide、ammonia & hydrogen sulfidewith between high-yield and middle-yield dairy cows in the cowshed in cold season.Selected a high-yield and a middle-yield cowshed, analyzed concentration of CH4,CO2,NH3 and H2S in cowshed. Results showed that: high-yield dairy cows in the cowshed of each gas concentration increased by 2.69%,66.95%,32.65%and 3.58% with middle-yield dairy cows. Each high-yield dairy cow emissions CH4 296.15g per day, intake 1NND energy emissions CH4 5.97g, production lkg standard milk emissions CH4 11.43g, intake lkg of dry matter emissions CH4 12.18g. Each middle-yield dairy cow emissions CH4 210.54g per day, energy intake 1NND emissions CH4 6.27g, production lkg standard milk emissions CH4 12.08g, intake lkg of dry matter emissions CH4 12.54g. Test showed that concentrations of CH4, NH3, H2S and CO2 will increase by feed intake. Intake 1NND energy, high-yield dairy cow emissions CH4 lower 4.72% than middle-yield dairy cow, production lkg standard milk emissions CH4 lower 5.42% than middle-yield dairy cow, intake 1kg of dry matter emissions CH4 lower 2.81% than middle-yield dairy cow.
ExperimentⅢTest to study the effects of different types of forage diets on young Holstein cows' dung water content, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration from fecal and urine and emission of NH3, H2S from fecal. Selected 71 young Holstein cows for the trial, followed by feeding forage to concentrate ratio of group A (23:77 corn silage and alfalfa hay), group B (10:90 corn silage), group C (10:90 alfalfa hay), group D (60:40 alfalfa hay) of the diet, fecal water content, urine total nitrogen (TN) ammonia nitrogen (TN) concentrations and fecal emission of NH3 and H2S gas. The results showed that: Group B of fecal water content was significantly higher than Group D (P<0.05); NH3 emission of group C was significantly higher than group A & B (P<0.05), group D was significantly higher than group B (P<0.05); H2S emission of group D was significantly higher than group B (P<0.05); TN content of feces of group C & D was significantly higher than the group A & B (P<0.01); TN content in urine of group D was significantly higher than the other three groups (P<0.01); group C and group D in the fecal concentration of AN significantly different (P<0.05); concentration of group C of AN in the urine of most significantly higher than group D (P<0.01), group D was significantly higher than group A & B (P<0.01). Test showed that water content in fresh diet with huge differences, lead water content in fecal a little different. As the level of dietary crude protein increased, emission of NH3, H2S from fecal, fecal and urine in the concentration of TN and AN will increase.
ExperimentⅣTest to compare the high-yield and middle-yield Holstein dairy cows in feces water content, the total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration in feces and urine, NH3 and H2S emission content in feces. Selected a high-yield and a middle-yield cowshed, determination the feces water content, the total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration and NH3, H2S emission content in feces. The results showed that:high-yield Holstein dairy cows in the fecal water content was lower 0.32% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows, NH3 and H2S emission content in feces was higher 2.83% and 3.09% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows, TN concentration in fresh feces and urine was higher 4.04% and 12.53% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows, AN concentration in fresh feces and urine was higher 3.48% and 22.72% than the middle-yield Holstein dairy cows. Test showed that the ratio of crude protein intake and demand increase, the nitrogen and sulfur content in feces and urine will increase. Protein, which more than demand will almost all be excreted through urine, the rate of increase urine nitrogen is greater than the rate of increase fecal nitrogen. Reduce the fecal nitrogen is not an effective way to reduce nitrogen pollution.
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