我国循环农业理论与发展模式研究
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摘要
循环经济是20世纪90年代后期发达国家针对工业化进程中出现的资源与环境问题,探索和建立的一种新的经济发展模式。我国农业发展面临严峻的资源和环境压力,研究和运用循环经济理念指导农业生产,创新发展模式,转变增长方式,实现人与自然的和谐共处,是当前一项重要而紧迫的任务,发展循环农业是我国农业发展的必然选择。本论文旨在系统阐述循环农业发展的理论基础,明确循环农业发展的基本原理和系统特征以及基本类型,重点从农户、乡村、园区、区域层次对循环农业模式进行系统分析,并进行案例实证研究,提出我国循环农业发展思路和对策。主要的研究内容和结论如下:
(1)循环农业发展的相关理论分析表明,循环农业是以资源的循环高效利用为核心的资源节约型农业,是以减少废弃物和污染物排放的环境友好型农业,是以产业链延伸和产业升级为目标的高效农业,是以科技进步与管理优化为支撑的现代农业。循环农业的理论基础包括循环经济理论、生态系统物质循环与能量流动原理、生态位与生物互补原理、系统工程与整体效应原理、农业区位及地域分异原理、农业可持续发展原理。循环农业是一个把农业生产、农村经济发展和生态环境保护、资源高效利用融为一体的新型综合农业体系,具有显著的系统性和层次性特征。
(2)农户庭院循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,我国农户庭院循环农业模式的空间结构、时间节律结构、食物链组合结构和产业结构与功能各具特色,且主要以沼气为纽带、重在强调生产与生活的有机结合。北方地区典型的“四位一体”农户庭院循环农业模式由种植、饲养、沼气亚系统和农户组成,典型案例中种植亚系统已经超过我国种植业人工辅助能产投比2.42的高产标准,达到4.44;系统总人工辅助能产投比为1.75。因地制宜建立不同的农户庭院循环农业模式前景广阔。
(3)乡村层次循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,乡村层次循环农业模式一般包括庭院、村落、农业、经济、社会等五个层次的生态系统,主要发挥生产、生活、生态、旅游、教育、示范等功能,重视庭院小循环和全村大循环两个层次,强调生产与生活废弃物的资源化利用。在山东省淄博市西单村循环农业模式案例中,种植亚系统人工辅助能的产投比为1.89,总系统人工辅助能产投比为1.13。各地农村可以选择适合的乡村循环农业模式,以推动新农村建设进程。
(4)园区系统循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,当前主要循环农业园区类型通常围绕主要农产品的生产为核心,通过建立农、林、牧、副、渔多种产业协调综合发展的大农业结构,延长了农业生态系统的食物链,增加了生产废弃物的资源化利用,增强了系统的稳定性,提高了生产力。济南市长清循环农业园区主要由种植、养殖和农产品加工三大亚系统构成,形成了循环产业链。其中种植亚系统的人工辅助能产投比为1.91,全系统的人工辅助能产投比为1.2。该系统以加工产品输出为主,提高了系统的经济效益。
(5)区域层次循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,与其它层次循环农业模式相比,区域层次循环农业模式的结构更加复杂,更多的亚系统加入到系统中来,实现了种养加和能源开发等多种功能;其主要特征是强调种养加产业耦合与生态产业链建设。在山东省五莲县的县域循环农业模式案例中,种植亚系统的人工辅助能产投比为1.81,系统总人工辅助能的产投比为0.51。下一步应注重通过提高农产品输出,尤其是加工产品的输出来提高系统的能量产投比。
(6)我国循环农业发展思路与对策研究表明,循环农业的发展关键要在发展目标、发展模式、技术体系和产业政策上实现转变。循环农业发展的重点领域包括:节约型技术集成与推广应用,重点生态农业模式提升和创新,农村清洁生产和生态环境建设,生态补偿和技术补贴机制探索,循环农业教育与培训。当前,加快推进循环农业发展的对策措施包括:制定循环农业发展规划,加快构建循环农业技术体系,开展循环农业技术研究与示范,加快制定循环农业相关的政策法规,加强循环农业的国际合作与交流,加大宣传教育与树立循环农业发展理念等。
In the late 1990s, developed countries explored and established a new economic development pattern called circular economy to solve resource and environmental problems, which appeared in the process of industrialization. In China, agricultural development faces with the stern pressures from resource scarcity and environmental pollution. Therefore, in order to guide agricultural production, create new development mode, transform growth pattern, and realize harmonious coexistence between human and nature, it is an important and urgent task to study and apply the idea of circular economy at present, and developing circular agriculture is the necessary choice for Chinese agricultural development. This dissertation aims to illustrate systematically the basic theory of circular agricultural development; determine the basic principles, systematic characteristics and basic patterns of circular agricultural development; carry out a system analysis as well as cases study on circular agriculture patterns at scale of household, village, park, and regional level respectively; and put forward some ideas and strategies for circular agricultural development. The main contents and results are as follows:
(1) The theoretical analysis of circular agricultural development indicates that circular agriculture is a type of resource-saving agriculture which takes cycle and efficient use of resources as its core, a type of environment-friendly agriculture which reduces wastes and pollutants emissions, a type of high-efficiency agriculture which takes industrial chain extension and upgrading as its objectives, and a type of modern agriculture which takes technological progress and management optimization as its support. The theoretical bases for circular agriculture include theory of circular economy, ecosystem material recycling and energy flow, and the principle of niche and biological complementarily, systems engineering and the overall effect, agricultural district and geographical differentiation, and agricultural sustainable development. Circular agriculture is a new type of integrated agricultural system with remarkable systematic and layered characteristic which incorporates agricultural production, rural economy development and ecological environment protection, and efficient use of resources.
(2) The systematic analysis and case study on farmer courtyard circular agriculture pattern show that its spatial structure, time rhythm structure, structure of the food chain composition and industrial structure and function are different, and that it mainly takes the methane as a link and emphasizes the combination of production and living. The“four in one”farmer courtyard pattern, which consists of planting, raising, methane sub-systems and farmers, is a typical one in the northern China. In the typical case of“four in one”, the energy output-input ratio has reached 4.44, which surpasses the high-yield standard 2.42 of that ratio for crop planting artificial supplementary energy; the ratio for the artificial supplementary energy of the whole system is 1.75. Therefore, the prospect of establishing different farmer courtyard circular agriculture patterns according to different local conditions is bright.
(3) The systematic analysis and case study on village-level circular agriculture pattern suggest that this pattern is usually composed of courtyard, village, agriculture, economy, and society systems, that it mainly perform functions of production, life, ecology, traveling, education, demonstration, etc., and that it stresses the small circulation of courtyard and the big circulation of the whole village, and emphasizes the resource utilization of wastes from production and living. In the case of Xishan Village, Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province, the output-input ratio for crop planting artificial supplementary energy is 1.89, the output-input ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the whole system is 1.13. The government in different regions may choose the appropriate village-level circular agriculture patterns to promote the process of building new countryside.
(4) The systematic analysis and case study on park-system circular agriculture pattern show that at present the current main types of circular agriculture park focus on the combination of crop-planting, animal breeding and biogas digester, mix culture of animals and crops, and et. al.. This pattern usually takes the production of main agricultural products as its core. It not only extends the food chain of agricultural ecosystem by establishing agricultural structure where cropping industry, forest industry, raising industry and fishing industry develop harmoniously, but also increases the utilization of production wastes, enhances the stability of the system, and improves the productivity. In Jinan City, Changqing circular agricultural park is mainly composed of three sub-systems of planting, raising and agricultural products processing, which forms the circulation industry chains. The output-input ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the planting sub-system is 1.91; and that ratio of the entire system is 1.2. This system takes products export as its main business, which improves its economic efficiency.
(5) The systematic analysis and case study on regional-level circular agriculture pattern suggest that regional-level pattern, compared to other patterns has more complex structure, incorporates more sub-systems, and performs multiple functions such as planting, raising, processing, and energy exploration, etc; and that the integration of planting, raising and processing, and establishment of ecological industry chains are its main properties. In the case of Wulian County in Shandong Province, The output-input ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the planting sub-system is 1.81, and that ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the entire system is 0.51. In order to raise the output-input ratio, the output of agricultural products, especially the processed products are encouraged.
(6) The research on ideas and strategies for circular agricultural development in China suggests that the key is to achieve the transformation of development goals, development patterns, technical system and industrial policies. Several significant fields of circular agricultural development include: integration and application of resources-saving technology, promotion and innovation of important ecological agriculture patterns, rural clean production and ecological environment construction, exploration on the mechanism of ecological compensation and technical subsides, and education and training of circular agriculture. At present, strategies for promoting the development of circular agriculture include: making development plans for circular agriculture, carrying out technology research and demonstration, speeding up the constitution of related policies and regulations, strengthening international cooperation and exchanges, enhancing the publicity and education of circular agriculture, and establishing the philosophy of circular agriculture.
(1)循环农业发展的相关理论分析表明,循环农业是以资源的循环高效利用为核心的资源节约型农业,是以减少废弃物和污染物排放的环境友好型农业,是以产业链延伸和产业升级为目标的高效农业,是以科技进步与管理优化为支撑的现代农业。循环农业的理论基础包括循环经济理论、生态系统物质循环与能量流动原理、生态位与生物互补原理、系统工程与整体效应原理、农业区位及地域分异原理、农业可持续发展原理。循环农业是一个把农业生产、农村经济发展和生态环境保护、资源高效利用融为一体的新型综合农业体系,具有显著的系统性和层次性特征。
(2)农户庭院循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,我国农户庭院循环农业模式的空间结构、时间节律结构、食物链组合结构和产业结构与功能各具特色,且主要以沼气为纽带、重在强调生产与生活的有机结合。北方地区典型的“四位一体”农户庭院循环农业模式由种植、饲养、沼气亚系统和农户组成,典型案例中种植亚系统已经超过我国种植业人工辅助能产投比2.42的高产标准,达到4.44;系统总人工辅助能产投比为1.75。因地制宜建立不同的农户庭院循环农业模式前景广阔。
(3)乡村层次循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,乡村层次循环农业模式一般包括庭院、村落、农业、经济、社会等五个层次的生态系统,主要发挥生产、生活、生态、旅游、教育、示范等功能,重视庭院小循环和全村大循环两个层次,强调生产与生活废弃物的资源化利用。在山东省淄博市西单村循环农业模式案例中,种植亚系统人工辅助能的产投比为1.89,总系统人工辅助能产投比为1.13。各地农村可以选择适合的乡村循环农业模式,以推动新农村建设进程。
(4)园区系统循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,当前主要循环农业园区类型通常围绕主要农产品的生产为核心,通过建立农、林、牧、副、渔多种产业协调综合发展的大农业结构,延长了农业生态系统的食物链,增加了生产废弃物的资源化利用,增强了系统的稳定性,提高了生产力。济南市长清循环农业园区主要由种植、养殖和农产品加工三大亚系统构成,形成了循环产业链。其中种植亚系统的人工辅助能产投比为1.91,全系统的人工辅助能产投比为1.2。该系统以加工产品输出为主,提高了系统的经济效益。
(5)区域层次循环农业模式系统分析和实证研究表明,与其它层次循环农业模式相比,区域层次循环农业模式的结构更加复杂,更多的亚系统加入到系统中来,实现了种养加和能源开发等多种功能;其主要特征是强调种养加产业耦合与生态产业链建设。在山东省五莲县的县域循环农业模式案例中,种植亚系统的人工辅助能产投比为1.81,系统总人工辅助能的产投比为0.51。下一步应注重通过提高农产品输出,尤其是加工产品的输出来提高系统的能量产投比。
(6)我国循环农业发展思路与对策研究表明,循环农业的发展关键要在发展目标、发展模式、技术体系和产业政策上实现转变。循环农业发展的重点领域包括:节约型技术集成与推广应用,重点生态农业模式提升和创新,农村清洁生产和生态环境建设,生态补偿和技术补贴机制探索,循环农业教育与培训。当前,加快推进循环农业发展的对策措施包括:制定循环农业发展规划,加快构建循环农业技术体系,开展循环农业技术研究与示范,加快制定循环农业相关的政策法规,加强循环农业的国际合作与交流,加大宣传教育与树立循环农业发展理念等。
In the late 1990s, developed countries explored and established a new economic development pattern called circular economy to solve resource and environmental problems, which appeared in the process of industrialization. In China, agricultural development faces with the stern pressures from resource scarcity and environmental pollution. Therefore, in order to guide agricultural production, create new development mode, transform growth pattern, and realize harmonious coexistence between human and nature, it is an important and urgent task to study and apply the idea of circular economy at present, and developing circular agriculture is the necessary choice for Chinese agricultural development. This dissertation aims to illustrate systematically the basic theory of circular agricultural development; determine the basic principles, systematic characteristics and basic patterns of circular agricultural development; carry out a system analysis as well as cases study on circular agriculture patterns at scale of household, village, park, and regional level respectively; and put forward some ideas and strategies for circular agricultural development. The main contents and results are as follows:
(1) The theoretical analysis of circular agricultural development indicates that circular agriculture is a type of resource-saving agriculture which takes cycle and efficient use of resources as its core, a type of environment-friendly agriculture which reduces wastes and pollutants emissions, a type of high-efficiency agriculture which takes industrial chain extension and upgrading as its objectives, and a type of modern agriculture which takes technological progress and management optimization as its support. The theoretical bases for circular agriculture include theory of circular economy, ecosystem material recycling and energy flow, and the principle of niche and biological complementarily, systems engineering and the overall effect, agricultural district and geographical differentiation, and agricultural sustainable development. Circular agriculture is a new type of integrated agricultural system with remarkable systematic and layered characteristic which incorporates agricultural production, rural economy development and ecological environment protection, and efficient use of resources.
(2) The systematic analysis and case study on farmer courtyard circular agriculture pattern show that its spatial structure, time rhythm structure, structure of the food chain composition and industrial structure and function are different, and that it mainly takes the methane as a link and emphasizes the combination of production and living. The“four in one”farmer courtyard pattern, which consists of planting, raising, methane sub-systems and farmers, is a typical one in the northern China. In the typical case of“four in one”, the energy output-input ratio has reached 4.44, which surpasses the high-yield standard 2.42 of that ratio for crop planting artificial supplementary energy; the ratio for the artificial supplementary energy of the whole system is 1.75. Therefore, the prospect of establishing different farmer courtyard circular agriculture patterns according to different local conditions is bright.
(3) The systematic analysis and case study on village-level circular agriculture pattern suggest that this pattern is usually composed of courtyard, village, agriculture, economy, and society systems, that it mainly perform functions of production, life, ecology, traveling, education, demonstration, etc., and that it stresses the small circulation of courtyard and the big circulation of the whole village, and emphasizes the resource utilization of wastes from production and living. In the case of Xishan Village, Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province, the output-input ratio for crop planting artificial supplementary energy is 1.89, the output-input ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the whole system is 1.13. The government in different regions may choose the appropriate village-level circular agriculture patterns to promote the process of building new countryside.
(4) The systematic analysis and case study on park-system circular agriculture pattern show that at present the current main types of circular agriculture park focus on the combination of crop-planting, animal breeding and biogas digester, mix culture of animals and crops, and et. al.. This pattern usually takes the production of main agricultural products as its core. It not only extends the food chain of agricultural ecosystem by establishing agricultural structure where cropping industry, forest industry, raising industry and fishing industry develop harmoniously, but also increases the utilization of production wastes, enhances the stability of the system, and improves the productivity. In Jinan City, Changqing circular agricultural park is mainly composed of three sub-systems of planting, raising and agricultural products processing, which forms the circulation industry chains. The output-input ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the planting sub-system is 1.91; and that ratio of the entire system is 1.2. This system takes products export as its main business, which improves its economic efficiency.
(5) The systematic analysis and case study on regional-level circular agriculture pattern suggest that regional-level pattern, compared to other patterns has more complex structure, incorporates more sub-systems, and performs multiple functions such as planting, raising, processing, and energy exploration, etc; and that the integration of planting, raising and processing, and establishment of ecological industry chains are its main properties. In the case of Wulian County in Shandong Province, The output-input ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the planting sub-system is 1.81, and that ratio for artificial supplementary energy of the entire system is 0.51. In order to raise the output-input ratio, the output of agricultural products, especially the processed products are encouraged.
(6) The research on ideas and strategies for circular agricultural development in China suggests that the key is to achieve the transformation of development goals, development patterns, technical system and industrial policies. Several significant fields of circular agricultural development include: integration and application of resources-saving technology, promotion and innovation of important ecological agriculture patterns, rural clean production and ecological environment construction, exploration on the mechanism of ecological compensation and technical subsides, and education and training of circular agriculture. At present, strategies for promoting the development of circular agriculture include: making development plans for circular agriculture, carrying out technology research and demonstration, speeding up the constitution of related policies and regulations, strengthening international cooperation and exchanges, enhancing the publicity and education of circular agriculture, and establishing the philosophy of circular agriculture.
引文
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