景观视觉环境评价的理论、方法与应用研究
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摘要
随着世界范围内的城市化及工业、能源、交通等事业的迅速发展,景观视觉环境与人类的物质生活环境一样遭到了严重的破坏,景观视觉污染与其他环境污染一样,越来越严重的威胁着人类的身心健康。我国30多年来的EIA实践并没有将景观视觉环境的影响纳入到评价的体系之中,在战略环境评价(SEA)的层面也没有明确考虑景观视觉资源的可持续发展问题,也缺乏相应的法律法规、标准与实施的技术导则体系。
景观视觉资源自20世纪60年代中期在英美国家得到法律保护以来,国际上已经开展了大量的景观视觉环境评价(LVEA)的理论方法与实践工作,大多数发达国家已经建立了正式的景观视觉环境评价制度。我国的风景园林具有悠久的历史,曾以丰富的传统山水审美理论和实用的设计方法而雄踞世界。然而,就现代景观视觉资源的科学评价与保护的研究则起步较晚,由于对景观视觉环境影响的认识不足、评价的理论和方法尚不成熟、没有相应的法律法规的支持,目前我国的景观视觉环境评价没有象EIA与SEA一样广泛地开展起来。
我国已有的研究主要是对国外研究的引进介绍与部分实践经验的总结,缺乏理论系统性,景观视觉环境评价的概念与内涵没有得到明确与规范,缺乏一种结构化的方法学框架,缺少对指导性方法的研究。
因此,本文在大量调研国外的理论方法与实践经验的基础上,整合我国已有的成果和国情,从明确LVEA的概念、建立评价理论框架着手,探讨LVEA的方法与技术问题,从理论和实践两个方面探索了如何将LVEA纳入我国的环境评价与管理体系的可行途径。本论文的主要研究内容与创新点包括;
1)深入探讨了景观视觉环境评价(LVEA)的概念、类别与功能意义。景观视觉环境评价从时序上可分为回顾评价、现状评价与未来预测;从评价深度与性质上可分为景观视觉环境战略评价、景观视觉环境高精度评价(影响评价);从评价旨趣上可分为景观视觉环境客观价值评价(景观视觉环境质量、风景吸引力、景观视觉敏感度、景观视觉承载力、景观视觉环境适宜性、风景完整性)与公众喜好度评价。明确了景观视觉环境评价既是环境管理决策的监督与支持工具,又是科学的规划研究工具与思维方式,对改善环境管理决策质量、促进综合决策具有重要意义。
2)构建了多元复合的方法学理论框架。从评价方法学的理论层次入手,讨论了评价方法的基本问题,分析了评价方法的主要范式。依据景观视觉环境评价所具备的功能,指出了现有的方法无法满足所有的评价功能需求,需要多种评价方法的组合使用,提出了用于选择方法的决策途径。详细讨论了各种评价方法在景观视觉环境中的应用途径。
3)在方法学研究的基础上,以长江三峡(重庆段)为例,设计了适于我国国情的LVEA评价程序,探讨了评价过程的各个阶段使用的方法,详细讨论了基于3S技术、利用系统论与模糊数学理论,进行景观视觉环境战略评价与影响评价的方法及应用途径,评价结果符合实际。
4)在景观视觉环境评价的理论、方法与实践研究的基础上,以长江三峡(重庆段)为例,探索性地提出了我国景观规划与视觉资源管理的对策,建立了规划与管理评价体系的互动机制,并对景观视觉环境评价如何整合到SEA与EIA体系中进行了有益的探索。同时对多学科、多部门专家评价团队的组成、景观视觉环境评价监督委员会的建立和多部门协同管理提出了相应的建议。
本论文的意义在于;初步建立了适合我国国情的景观视觉环境评价(LVEA)的理论框架;提出了开放型景观视觉环境研究的方法体系,为景观规划与视觉资源管理提供了较为有效的研究工具;开展了世界级风景旅游资源——长江三峡库区景观视觉环境评价的案例研究,建立了长江三峡(重庆段)沿江景观视觉资源信息库,并对景观规划与视觉资源管理提出了相应的对策。为该地区风景旅游资源的环境管理和可持续发展提供了科学依据,也为同类型生态系统的视觉环境评价工作提供了参考。
限于时间和作者水平,本文对LVEA的研究还是初步的,所提的方法学框架还有必要进行更深入的研究。主要有以下几点;①LVEA方法学框架的应用研究。虽然以长江三峡(重庆段)作为案例,对其景观视觉环境进行了战略评价与影响评价,但一个应用实例只能涉及到部分内容,还需要有更多或更完整的实例来检验现有论点并给出改进意见。②多种评价方法的比较研究。由于时间与其他条件的限制,在评价方法上未能开展更多的比较研究,也未能对其应用途径进一步地深入探讨,有待以后在实践中积累更多资料后进行详细研究。
With the rapid development of worldwide urbanization and expansion in the fields of industry, energy, and communications both the landscape visual environment and the human material environment have suffered significant damage. Landscape visual pollution along with environmental pollutants poses an increasing threat to man's health, both physically and spiritually. In the last 30 years EIA implementation in China has failed to include the landscape visual environment in the assessment system. In the meantime, the sustainable development of landscape visual resources have not been clearly addressed in the Strategic Environment Assessment(SEA) and there are not sufficient corresponding laws, regulations or standards, neither are there and technology regulation system of implementation.
From 1960s when landscape visual resources first received legislative protection in the UK and the USA, there have been numerous theoretical methods and practices developed and implemented on the landscape visual environment assessment (LVEA), and a majority of developed countries have established formal landscape visibility environment assessment institutions. Landscape Architecture in China has a long history and received a worldwide reputation for its abundant traditional aesthetic theories and practical design methods. However, contemporary landscape visual environment scientific assessment and protection work is a relatively new field and coupled with an insufficient recognition of the landscape visual environment and a lack of assessment methods and theories, there are few legislative protections in support of it. For these reasons the landscape visual environment assessment is not popularly administered in China as the EIA and SEA.
The research work in the field of Landscape Visual Environment(LVE) in China primarily follows the methods and practices established in other countries .This has lead to a general lack of knowledge of the theoretical nature, concepts, and definitions of the landscape visual environment. For these reasons the LVE has not been clearly specified and regulated which has resulted in a lack of a well defined methodology framework and directional research methods.
Taking into account China's national situation; a thorough investigation of international theory and methods; as well as practical experience and documented achievements in China; was used as a basis to investigate the methods and technological problems of LVEA and to establish a clear understanding of LVEA concepts and assessment framework. And the paper also gives some probe into the question of how to introduce LVEA into our country's environment and management feasible ways. The main contents and innovative points of the paper are as followings:
1) Intensively investigate the concept, classification, and functional meanings of LEVA. The Landscape Visual Environment Assessment (LVEA) is divided into the Review Assessment, Current Situation Assessment and Future Assessment. Additionally, based on evaluation intensity and nature, the LEVA can be divided into the Landscape Visibility Environment Strategic Assessment and the Landscape Visual Environment Precision Assessment (impact assessment). For Assessment purposes, it can also be divided into the Landscape Visual Environment Objective Value Assessment (quality of landscape visual environment-LVEQ, scenic attractiveness -SA, landscape and visual carrying capacity-LVCC, landscape visual environment suitability-LVES, scenic integrity-SI) and Popularity Assessment. The paper makes it clear that landscape visual environment assessment(LVEA) is not only the support tool for environment management strategy but also a scientific planning tool and thought process and it has important significance to the improvement of the environment management strategy and the promotion of comprehensive strategy.
2) To construct a diverse and compound methodology framework. With respect to methodology, the paper discusses the basic problems of evaluation methodology and analyses the main paradigms of assessment methods. Problems exist with the current methodology in meeting all the requirements of all the assessments of the LVEA. The paper will discuss the need for multiple combinations of assessment methods and proposals for strategy trees in method selection. There will also be a detailed discussion of how different assessment methods are applied to the landscape visual environment
3) Based on methodology research and using the national situation of China; and specifically the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River; a process model of LVEA is proposed. The paper will discuss the methods used during different stages of assessment and also detail the use of 3S technology and how to best take advantage of system theory and fuzzy mathematic theory to carry out the landscape visual environment strategic assessment and impact assessment with application methods most suited to current reality.
4) Based on the foundation of theories, methods, and practical research of the landscape visual environment; and using the example of Three Gorges of Yangtze River (Chongqing Part); the paper provides several innovative suggestions for the response strategy of our landscape planning and visual resource management. The paper sets up an interactive system of planning and management assessment and also explores, with some examples, into how to integrate the LVEA into the SEA and EIA system. The paper provides several suggestions to multiple disciplines, diverse division expert assessment delegations, and the Committee of LVEA into how to improve cooperative management of the issue.
The purpose of the paper is to provide some preliminary theory framework of China's Landscape Visual Environment Assessment (LVEA) and propose some open method systems on LVEA. It provides some useful tools and case studies of landscape plannmg and visual resource management. It also provides a case study of the world class tourism resource, the Three Gorges of Yangtze River's LVEA. The information database of landscape visual resource along the Yangtze River in Three Gorges (Chongqing section) is established and some corresponding policies and suggestions are given for the landscape planning and management of the visual resources. The paper provides scientific evidence related to the region's landscape tourism resource and its sustainable development and makes reference to the visual environment assessment of similar ecosystems.
Due to the limitation of time and recourses, the paper's research is preliminary and the methodology framework proposed calls for further intensive research. The following points must to be considered in the future:①the application research of LVEA methodology framework. The paper is based on one case; the Three Gorges of Yangtze River (Chongqing Part). More integrative cases need to be done to test and verify the conclusions.②multiple assessment method research. Due to limitations and conditions, the paper does not carry out more comparative research on assessment methods and neither does it provide more intensive discussion on other application methods and will need more detailed research and accumulation of material.
景观视觉资源自20世纪60年代中期在英美国家得到法律保护以来,国际上已经开展了大量的景观视觉环境评价(LVEA)的理论方法与实践工作,大多数发达国家已经建立了正式的景观视觉环境评价制度。我国的风景园林具有悠久的历史,曾以丰富的传统山水审美理论和实用的设计方法而雄踞世界。然而,就现代景观视觉资源的科学评价与保护的研究则起步较晚,由于对景观视觉环境影响的认识不足、评价的理论和方法尚不成熟、没有相应的法律法规的支持,目前我国的景观视觉环境评价没有象EIA与SEA一样广泛地开展起来。
我国已有的研究主要是对国外研究的引进介绍与部分实践经验的总结,缺乏理论系统性,景观视觉环境评价的概念与内涵没有得到明确与规范,缺乏一种结构化的方法学框架,缺少对指导性方法的研究。
因此,本文在大量调研国外的理论方法与实践经验的基础上,整合我国已有的成果和国情,从明确LVEA的概念、建立评价理论框架着手,探讨LVEA的方法与技术问题,从理论和实践两个方面探索了如何将LVEA纳入我国的环境评价与管理体系的可行途径。本论文的主要研究内容与创新点包括;
1)深入探讨了景观视觉环境评价(LVEA)的概念、类别与功能意义。景观视觉环境评价从时序上可分为回顾评价、现状评价与未来预测;从评价深度与性质上可分为景观视觉环境战略评价、景观视觉环境高精度评价(影响评价);从评价旨趣上可分为景观视觉环境客观价值评价(景观视觉环境质量、风景吸引力、景观视觉敏感度、景观视觉承载力、景观视觉环境适宜性、风景完整性)与公众喜好度评价。明确了景观视觉环境评价既是环境管理决策的监督与支持工具,又是科学的规划研究工具与思维方式,对改善环境管理决策质量、促进综合决策具有重要意义。
2)构建了多元复合的方法学理论框架。从评价方法学的理论层次入手,讨论了评价方法的基本问题,分析了评价方法的主要范式。依据景观视觉环境评价所具备的功能,指出了现有的方法无法满足所有的评价功能需求,需要多种评价方法的组合使用,提出了用于选择方法的决策途径。详细讨论了各种评价方法在景观视觉环境中的应用途径。
3)在方法学研究的基础上,以长江三峡(重庆段)为例,设计了适于我国国情的LVEA评价程序,探讨了评价过程的各个阶段使用的方法,详细讨论了基于3S技术、利用系统论与模糊数学理论,进行景观视觉环境战略评价与影响评价的方法及应用途径,评价结果符合实际。
4)在景观视觉环境评价的理论、方法与实践研究的基础上,以长江三峡(重庆段)为例,探索性地提出了我国景观规划与视觉资源管理的对策,建立了规划与管理评价体系的互动机制,并对景观视觉环境评价如何整合到SEA与EIA体系中进行了有益的探索。同时对多学科、多部门专家评价团队的组成、景观视觉环境评价监督委员会的建立和多部门协同管理提出了相应的建议。
本论文的意义在于;初步建立了适合我国国情的景观视觉环境评价(LVEA)的理论框架;提出了开放型景观视觉环境研究的方法体系,为景观规划与视觉资源管理提供了较为有效的研究工具;开展了世界级风景旅游资源——长江三峡库区景观视觉环境评价的案例研究,建立了长江三峡(重庆段)沿江景观视觉资源信息库,并对景观规划与视觉资源管理提出了相应的对策。为该地区风景旅游资源的环境管理和可持续发展提供了科学依据,也为同类型生态系统的视觉环境评价工作提供了参考。
限于时间和作者水平,本文对LVEA的研究还是初步的,所提的方法学框架还有必要进行更深入的研究。主要有以下几点;①LVEA方法学框架的应用研究。虽然以长江三峡(重庆段)作为案例,对其景观视觉环境进行了战略评价与影响评价,但一个应用实例只能涉及到部分内容,还需要有更多或更完整的实例来检验现有论点并给出改进意见。②多种评价方法的比较研究。由于时间与其他条件的限制,在评价方法上未能开展更多的比较研究,也未能对其应用途径进一步地深入探讨,有待以后在实践中积累更多资料后进行详细研究。
With the rapid development of worldwide urbanization and expansion in the fields of industry, energy, and communications both the landscape visual environment and the human material environment have suffered significant damage. Landscape visual pollution along with environmental pollutants poses an increasing threat to man's health, both physically and spiritually. In the last 30 years EIA implementation in China has failed to include the landscape visual environment in the assessment system. In the meantime, the sustainable development of landscape visual resources have not been clearly addressed in the Strategic Environment Assessment(SEA) and there are not sufficient corresponding laws, regulations or standards, neither are there and technology regulation system of implementation.
From 1960s when landscape visual resources first received legislative protection in the UK and the USA, there have been numerous theoretical methods and practices developed and implemented on the landscape visual environment assessment (LVEA), and a majority of developed countries have established formal landscape visibility environment assessment institutions. Landscape Architecture in China has a long history and received a worldwide reputation for its abundant traditional aesthetic theories and practical design methods. However, contemporary landscape visual environment scientific assessment and protection work is a relatively new field and coupled with an insufficient recognition of the landscape visual environment and a lack of assessment methods and theories, there are few legislative protections in support of it. For these reasons the landscape visual environment assessment is not popularly administered in China as the EIA and SEA.
The research work in the field of Landscape Visual Environment(LVE) in China primarily follows the methods and practices established in other countries .This has lead to a general lack of knowledge of the theoretical nature, concepts, and definitions of the landscape visual environment. For these reasons the LVE has not been clearly specified and regulated which has resulted in a lack of a well defined methodology framework and directional research methods.
Taking into account China's national situation; a thorough investigation of international theory and methods; as well as practical experience and documented achievements in China; was used as a basis to investigate the methods and technological problems of LVEA and to establish a clear understanding of LVEA concepts and assessment framework. And the paper also gives some probe into the question of how to introduce LVEA into our country's environment and management feasible ways. The main contents and innovative points of the paper are as followings:
1) Intensively investigate the concept, classification, and functional meanings of LEVA. The Landscape Visual Environment Assessment (LVEA) is divided into the Review Assessment, Current Situation Assessment and Future Assessment. Additionally, based on evaluation intensity and nature, the LEVA can be divided into the Landscape Visibility Environment Strategic Assessment and the Landscape Visual Environment Precision Assessment (impact assessment). For Assessment purposes, it can also be divided into the Landscape Visual Environment Objective Value Assessment (quality of landscape visual environment-LVEQ, scenic attractiveness -SA, landscape and visual carrying capacity-LVCC, landscape visual environment suitability-LVES, scenic integrity-SI) and Popularity Assessment. The paper makes it clear that landscape visual environment assessment(LVEA) is not only the support tool for environment management strategy but also a scientific planning tool and thought process and it has important significance to the improvement of the environment management strategy and the promotion of comprehensive strategy.
2) To construct a diverse and compound methodology framework. With respect to methodology, the paper discusses the basic problems of evaluation methodology and analyses the main paradigms of assessment methods. Problems exist with the current methodology in meeting all the requirements of all the assessments of the LVEA. The paper will discuss the need for multiple combinations of assessment methods and proposals for strategy trees in method selection. There will also be a detailed discussion of how different assessment methods are applied to the landscape visual environment
3) Based on methodology research and using the national situation of China; and specifically the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River; a process model of LVEA is proposed. The paper will discuss the methods used during different stages of assessment and also detail the use of 3S technology and how to best take advantage of system theory and fuzzy mathematic theory to carry out the landscape visual environment strategic assessment and impact assessment with application methods most suited to current reality.
4) Based on the foundation of theories, methods, and practical research of the landscape visual environment; and using the example of Three Gorges of Yangtze River (Chongqing Part); the paper provides several innovative suggestions for the response strategy of our landscape planning and visual resource management. The paper sets up an interactive system of planning and management assessment and also explores, with some examples, into how to integrate the LVEA into the SEA and EIA system. The paper provides several suggestions to multiple disciplines, diverse division expert assessment delegations, and the Committee of LVEA into how to improve cooperative management of the issue.
The purpose of the paper is to provide some preliminary theory framework of China's Landscape Visual Environment Assessment (LVEA) and propose some open method systems on LVEA. It provides some useful tools and case studies of landscape plannmg and visual resource management. It also provides a case study of the world class tourism resource, the Three Gorges of Yangtze River's LVEA. The information database of landscape visual resource along the Yangtze River in Three Gorges (Chongqing section) is established and some corresponding policies and suggestions are given for the landscape planning and management of the visual resources. The paper provides scientific evidence related to the region's landscape tourism resource and its sustainable development and makes reference to the visual environment assessment of similar ecosystems.
Due to the limitation of time and recourses, the paper's research is preliminary and the methodology framework proposed calls for further intensive research. The following points must to be considered in the future:①the application research of LVEA methodology framework. The paper is based on one case; the Three Gorges of Yangtze River (Chongqing Part). More integrative cases need to be done to test and verify the conclusions.②multiple assessment method research. Due to limitations and conditions, the paper does not carry out more comparative research on assessment methods and neither does it provide more intensive discussion on other application methods and will need more detailed research and accumulation of material.
引文
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