高原、亚高原训练对世居亚高原运动员运动能力的影响及其机制研究
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摘要
目的:通过观察世居亚高原赛艇运动员在高原和亚高原训练期间及其后续平原训练期间的生理生化指标和运动能力的变化,系统研究高原和亚高原训练对运动能力的影响及其影响机制,探索高原和亚高原训练的特点及规律。
方法:赛艇运动员16人,随机分为高原组(8人)和亚高原组(8人),高原组到2260米高原训练25天,同期亚高原组在1250米亚高原训练,然后两组到平原训练24天。在历时55天的实验期间,每周测试一次血液指标(共9次),每二天测试一次体重、血氧饱和度、晨肌氧含量、身体成份、尿十项等无创指标,分别于实验前、高原末及平原末用核磁共振技术测试了运动员股四头肌和股二头肌的横断面积,并采用赛艇专项方法定期测试了运动员的有氧运动能力、无氧运动能力及力量素质能力。实验期间运动员采用常规手段训练,三组训练计划相同,但负荷以当地最好成绩的百分比制定。
结果:
高原组:经过高原训练及后续平原训练后,其赛艇测功仪6000米成绩男女分别提高5.7%和4.1%,2000米成绩分别提高4.1%和1.5%,20秒最大能力分别提高3.7%和3.1%,最大卧拉力量分别提高11.1%和11.4%,最大深蹲力量分别提高2.1%和1.4%,3分钟卧拉分别提高21.3%和12.9%,3分钟深蹲分别提高9.0%和8.7%,高原组男子的股四头肌横断面积在高原末减小6.7%,乳酸无氧阈速度在男女分别提高3.6%和2.7%。
亚高原组:经过亚高原训练及后续平原训练后,其赛艇测功仪6000米成绩男女分别提高7.4%和4.1%,2000米成绩分别提高4.5%和3.9%,20秒最大能力分别提高1.1%和3.8%,最大卧拉力量分别提高6.9%和8.2%,最大深蹲力量分别提高11.1%和14%,3分钟卧拉分别提高15.4%和18.1%,3分钟深蹲分别提高11.0%和9.1%,男女运动员的股四头肌和股二头肌横断面积均无明显变化,乳酸无氧阈速度在男女分别提高6.1%和5.1%。
结论:
1,高原训练提高了运动员的血液携带氧的能力和骨骼肌利用氧的能力,从而使有氧运动能力和专项运动能力均提高,但由于不能保持较大的训练负荷,造成骨骼肌原有训练效果的退行性变化,使主要做功肌横断面积减小,虽然经训练使其最大力量得以保持,但亦无明显提高;
2,亚高原训练期间运动员的血液携带氧的能力变化不甚明显,但由于保持了较大的训练负荷,运动员的骨骼肌利用氧的能力得到明显改善,也表现为有氧运动能力和专项运动能力均明显提高,并且运动员的主要做功肌横断面积得以保持,故下肢最大力量素质亦明显提高;
3,高原训练与亚高原训练相比较,亚高原组的有氧运动能力、主要做功肌群的最大力量及专项综合能力提高幅度均大于高原组,说明亚高原尽管有低氧刺激不深的缺陷,但对运动能力的影响是可以通过训练来给予弥补的;
4,高原组和亚高原组到平原后的最佳效应期均为平原第7天和第21天左右;
5,本研究的受试者是长期生活和训练在亚高原的运动员,到高原后适应期较短,高原反应较小,因此认为亚高原训练可以作为高原训练前的有效过渡平台。
Purpose: to observe the changes of physiological indexes and performance during altitude training and sub-altitude training, and systematic investigations were carried to insight into the mechanism of altitude and sub-altitude training and explore the characteristic and its regulating manner of these trainings.
Methods: 16 rowers who long-term living in sub-altitude participated in the study. The subjects were separated into two groups randomly: altitude group (N=8, male 4 and female 4) and sub-altitude group(N=8, male 4 and female 4). Altitude group trained at altitude of 2260m and sub-altitude group at sub-sltitude of 1250m for 25 days, then both groups went to plain to train for 24 days. During the period, blood indexes (Hb, RBC, Hct, Ret, EPO, TTes, Cort, GH and IGF-1,etc) were monitered once a week and other indexes (weight, SaO2, skeletal muscle oxygenation in early morning, body composition and urine test, etc) were tested once two days. Before the experiment, after the period of altitude and sub-altitude training, and after the period of plain training the muscle cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris and biceps femoris were measured with magnetic resonance imaging. The aerobic capacity, anerobic capacity and strength were tested during the period.
Results and conclusions:
1) After the altitude training, the capacity of blood transporting oxygen and skeletal muscle consuming oxygen elevated in altitude group, so the aerobic and anerobic performance increased. But the maximum strength did not increase because the exercise intension decrease and the skeletal muscle detraining.
2) Sub-altitude training didn’t increase the blood transporting capacity. But, the capacity of skeletal muscle consuming oxygen increased obviously because the exercise intension was maintained. So, the capacity of aerobic and anerobic elevated obviously. Another, the rowers’muscle cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris didn’t decrease, so the maximum strength of the lower limb increased obviously.
3) Compared with altitude training, the increasing extent of performance in sub-altitude training group was larger than altitude group. It is obvious that the performance can increase through larger intension exercise in sub-altitude.
4) The 7th day and the 21th day in plain were the best effector phase both altitude group and sub-altitude group.
5) The subjects of this study lived at the sub-altitude for a long term. After they went to altitude, their altitude reactions were lighter, and the adaptation period was shorter. So, sub-altitude training can serve as the transition period before altitude training.
方法:赛艇运动员16人,随机分为高原组(8人)和亚高原组(8人),高原组到2260米高原训练25天,同期亚高原组在1250米亚高原训练,然后两组到平原训练24天。在历时55天的实验期间,每周测试一次血液指标(共9次),每二天测试一次体重、血氧饱和度、晨肌氧含量、身体成份、尿十项等无创指标,分别于实验前、高原末及平原末用核磁共振技术测试了运动员股四头肌和股二头肌的横断面积,并采用赛艇专项方法定期测试了运动员的有氧运动能力、无氧运动能力及力量素质能力。实验期间运动员采用常规手段训练,三组训练计划相同,但负荷以当地最好成绩的百分比制定。
结果:
高原组:经过高原训练及后续平原训练后,其赛艇测功仪6000米成绩男女分别提高5.7%和4.1%,2000米成绩分别提高4.1%和1.5%,20秒最大能力分别提高3.7%和3.1%,最大卧拉力量分别提高11.1%和11.4%,最大深蹲力量分别提高2.1%和1.4%,3分钟卧拉分别提高21.3%和12.9%,3分钟深蹲分别提高9.0%和8.7%,高原组男子的股四头肌横断面积在高原末减小6.7%,乳酸无氧阈速度在男女分别提高3.6%和2.7%。
亚高原组:经过亚高原训练及后续平原训练后,其赛艇测功仪6000米成绩男女分别提高7.4%和4.1%,2000米成绩分别提高4.5%和3.9%,20秒最大能力分别提高1.1%和3.8%,最大卧拉力量分别提高6.9%和8.2%,最大深蹲力量分别提高11.1%和14%,3分钟卧拉分别提高15.4%和18.1%,3分钟深蹲分别提高11.0%和9.1%,男女运动员的股四头肌和股二头肌横断面积均无明显变化,乳酸无氧阈速度在男女分别提高6.1%和5.1%。
结论:
1,高原训练提高了运动员的血液携带氧的能力和骨骼肌利用氧的能力,从而使有氧运动能力和专项运动能力均提高,但由于不能保持较大的训练负荷,造成骨骼肌原有训练效果的退行性变化,使主要做功肌横断面积减小,虽然经训练使其最大力量得以保持,但亦无明显提高;
2,亚高原训练期间运动员的血液携带氧的能力变化不甚明显,但由于保持了较大的训练负荷,运动员的骨骼肌利用氧的能力得到明显改善,也表现为有氧运动能力和专项运动能力均明显提高,并且运动员的主要做功肌横断面积得以保持,故下肢最大力量素质亦明显提高;
3,高原训练与亚高原训练相比较,亚高原组的有氧运动能力、主要做功肌群的最大力量及专项综合能力提高幅度均大于高原组,说明亚高原尽管有低氧刺激不深的缺陷,但对运动能力的影响是可以通过训练来给予弥补的;
4,高原组和亚高原组到平原后的最佳效应期均为平原第7天和第21天左右;
5,本研究的受试者是长期生活和训练在亚高原的运动员,到高原后适应期较短,高原反应较小,因此认为亚高原训练可以作为高原训练前的有效过渡平台。
Purpose: to observe the changes of physiological indexes and performance during altitude training and sub-altitude training, and systematic investigations were carried to insight into the mechanism of altitude and sub-altitude training and explore the characteristic and its regulating manner of these trainings.
Methods: 16 rowers who long-term living in sub-altitude participated in the study. The subjects were separated into two groups randomly: altitude group (N=8, male 4 and female 4) and sub-altitude group(N=8, male 4 and female 4). Altitude group trained at altitude of 2260m and sub-altitude group at sub-sltitude of 1250m for 25 days, then both groups went to plain to train for 24 days. During the period, blood indexes (Hb, RBC, Hct, Ret, EPO, TTes, Cort, GH and IGF-1,etc) were monitered once a week and other indexes (weight, SaO2, skeletal muscle oxygenation in early morning, body composition and urine test, etc) were tested once two days. Before the experiment, after the period of altitude and sub-altitude training, and after the period of plain training the muscle cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris and biceps femoris were measured with magnetic resonance imaging. The aerobic capacity, anerobic capacity and strength were tested during the period.
Results and conclusions:
1) After the altitude training, the capacity of blood transporting oxygen and skeletal muscle consuming oxygen elevated in altitude group, so the aerobic and anerobic performance increased. But the maximum strength did not increase because the exercise intension decrease and the skeletal muscle detraining.
2) Sub-altitude training didn’t increase the blood transporting capacity. But, the capacity of skeletal muscle consuming oxygen increased obviously because the exercise intension was maintained. So, the capacity of aerobic and anerobic elevated obviously. Another, the rowers’muscle cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris didn’t decrease, so the maximum strength of the lower limb increased obviously.
3) Compared with altitude training, the increasing extent of performance in sub-altitude training group was larger than altitude group. It is obvious that the performance can increase through larger intension exercise in sub-altitude.
4) The 7th day and the 21th day in plain were the best effector phase both altitude group and sub-altitude group.
5) The subjects of this study lived at the sub-altitude for a long term. After they went to altitude, their altitude reactions were lighter, and the adaptation period was shorter. So, sub-altitude training can serve as the transition period before altitude training.
引文
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