预应力混凝土连续箱梁局部应力分析及拉—压杆设计
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摘要
针对目前预应力混凝土连续箱梁腹板及锚固区附近开裂现象比较普遍，已严重影响该类桥梁的安全性和耐久性这一问题，从预应力混凝土箱梁应力非规则区域设计角度查找开裂原因。首先，采用实体单元建立了箱梁空间有限元模型，对箱梁的应力分布规律进行比较深入的分析，并与梁单元计算结果进行对比，进而将预应力混凝土箱梁分为应力规则区(B区)和应力非规则区(D区)。在此基础上，提出采用拉—压杆模型法对预应力混凝土连续箱梁应力非规则区域进行设计，为此本文主要做了如下主要工作：
(1)对比国内外混凝土及预应力混凝土设计规范，针对混凝土应力限值、温度荷载、抗剪设计以及局部承压设计等规定进行了比较全面的对比。分析了公路桥规与其它规范之间存在的差异，并讨论了新公路桥规各项混凝土应力限值之间的协调性。
(2)总结国内外拉—压杆理论研究现状，以最小余能原理为基础，提出采用余能偏差系数作为拉—压杆模型合理性量化评价指标，并通过实例验证了该评价指标的可行性。
(3)以保证混凝土压杆破坏不先于箍筋屈服为条件，推导了拉—压杆夹角范围与腹板配筋率、腹板钢筋屈服强度和混凝土极限抗压强度等因素之间的关系。
(4)以具体预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为例，采用实体单元建立空间有限元模型分析腹板应力分布情况，并与梁单元计算结果进行对比，在此基础上，提出对不符合平截面假定的区域采用拉—压杆模型进行分析。
(5)对预应力混凝土连续箱梁端锚和中间锚等不符合平截面假定的区域进行局部应力分析，在此基础上，建立了预应力混凝土连续箱梁端锚和中间锚拉—压杆模型。
(6)在分析顶、底板纵向搭接索“反拱石”产生机理的基础上，以具体预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为例，建立了顶、底板纵向索搭接梁段拉—压杆模型，对顶、底板纵向搭接索引起的腹板竖向拉力进行了分析，并提出了设计注意事项。
(7)针对目前纵向布索方式存在较大争议这一问题，对不同布索方式的优缺点进行了理论对比分析和考虑到预应力损失及超载等因素后对比分析。
The phenomenon of web and anchorage zone cracks of continuous PC boxgirder is fairly common and has influenced the bridge's safety and durability. Thisdissertation intends to find the cause of cracks phenomenon from stress disturbedzone design methods. So three dimensions solid element FEM models were built andthe regularity of box girder's stress was analyzed. Base on the contrast of stressobtained by solid element FEM analysis and beam element FEM analysis respectively, box girder was divided into stress regular region(B) and disturbed region(D). Andthen, the Strut-and-Tie method is proposed to conduct the analysis and design for PCbox girder's stress disturbed zone. To obtain above objective, the main works of thisdissertation are described as follows.
●The comparison between Chinese reinforced concrete and prestressedconcrete specifications and foreign reinforced concrete and prestressedconcrete specifications was made. The main contrast clauses includeconcrete stress limitation, the specifications of temperature loads, sheardesign methods and anchorage zone. The differences between code fordesign of highway reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridges andculverts of China and other codes were contrasted. The compatibility of allkinds of concrete stress limitations specified by Chinese code for design ofhighway reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridges and culverts(2004) was analyzed.
●Summarizing of strut-and-tie study state, bases on the principle of minimumcomplementary potential energy, propose to take quantity of deviation ofcomplementary potential energy as the evaluating indicator of the rationalityof strut-and-tie models and its feasibility was verified by two examples.
●In order to avoid the compression failure of concrete strut happens beforethe failure of stirrup yield, the relations of minimum angle, between start and tie, with ratio of stirrup reinforcement, the yield strength of stirrupreinforcement, the compress strength of concrete.
●Takes a continuous PC box girder bridge as an example, the web stress wasanalyzed and contrasted through solid element three dimensions model andbeam element plane model respectively. Base on the analysis results, proposto use strut-and-tie models to analyze the disturbed regions.
●The local region stress analysis was conducted of continuous PC boxgirder's end anchorage zone and middle anchorage zone. Bases on theregulation of local stress, the strut-and-tie models used to analyze anchoragezone were built.
●Bases on the analysis of the mechanism of inverse key-stone caused by topand bottom longitudinal overlapping cables, take two continuous PC boxgirder bridges as examples, the strut-and-tie used to analyze the verticaltension force caused by top and bottom longitudinal overlapping cableswere given and strut-and-tie analysis was conducted. The designingattentions were pointed out.
●For different standpoints of longitudinal cable layout types, the theoryanalysis of different longitudinal cable layout types' merits and faults wasdone. And then, the analysis, which consider the influence of prestressinglose and overload factors, was conducted too.
(1)对比国内外混凝土及预应力混凝土设计规范，针对混凝土应力限值、温度荷载、抗剪设计以及局部承压设计等规定进行了比较全面的对比。分析了公路桥规与其它规范之间存在的差异，并讨论了新公路桥规各项混凝土应力限值之间的协调性。
(2)总结国内外拉—压杆理论研究现状，以最小余能原理为基础，提出采用余能偏差系数作为拉—压杆模型合理性量化评价指标，并通过实例验证了该评价指标的可行性。
(3)以保证混凝土压杆破坏不先于箍筋屈服为条件，推导了拉—压杆夹角范围与腹板配筋率、腹板钢筋屈服强度和混凝土极限抗压强度等因素之间的关系。
(4)以具体预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为例，采用实体单元建立空间有限元模型分析腹板应力分布情况，并与梁单元计算结果进行对比，在此基础上，提出对不符合平截面假定的区域采用拉—压杆模型进行分析。
(5)对预应力混凝土连续箱梁端锚和中间锚等不符合平截面假定的区域进行局部应力分析，在此基础上，建立了预应力混凝土连续箱梁端锚和中间锚拉—压杆模型。
(6)在分析顶、底板纵向搭接索“反拱石”产生机理的基础上，以具体预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为例，建立了顶、底板纵向索搭接梁段拉—压杆模型，对顶、底板纵向搭接索引起的腹板竖向拉力进行了分析，并提出了设计注意事项。
(7)针对目前纵向布索方式存在较大争议这一问题，对不同布索方式的优缺点进行了理论对比分析和考虑到预应力损失及超载等因素后对比分析。
The phenomenon of web and anchorage zone cracks of continuous PC boxgirder is fairly common and has influenced the bridge's safety and durability. Thisdissertation intends to find the cause of cracks phenomenon from stress disturbedzone design methods. So three dimensions solid element FEM models were built andthe regularity of box girder's stress was analyzed. Base on the contrast of stressobtained by solid element FEM analysis and beam element FEM analysis respectively, box girder was divided into stress regular region(B) and disturbed region(D). Andthen, the Strut-and-Tie method is proposed to conduct the analysis and design for PCbox girder's stress disturbed zone. To obtain above objective, the main works of thisdissertation are described as follows.
●The comparison between Chinese reinforced concrete and prestressedconcrete specifications and foreign reinforced concrete and prestressedconcrete specifications was made. The main contrast clauses includeconcrete stress limitation, the specifications of temperature loads, sheardesign methods and anchorage zone. The differences between code fordesign of highway reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridges andculverts of China and other codes were contrasted. The compatibility of allkinds of concrete stress limitations specified by Chinese code for design ofhighway reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridges and culverts(2004) was analyzed.
●Summarizing of strut-and-tie study state, bases on the principle of minimumcomplementary potential energy, propose to take quantity of deviation ofcomplementary potential energy as the evaluating indicator of the rationalityof strut-and-tie models and its feasibility was verified by two examples.
●In order to avoid the compression failure of concrete strut happens beforethe failure of stirrup yield, the relations of minimum angle, between start and tie, with ratio of stirrup reinforcement, the yield strength of stirrupreinforcement, the compress strength of concrete.
●Takes a continuous PC box girder bridge as an example, the web stress wasanalyzed and contrasted through solid element three dimensions model andbeam element plane model respectively. Base on the analysis results, proposto use strut-and-tie models to analyze the disturbed regions.
●The local region stress analysis was conducted of continuous PC boxgirder's end anchorage zone and middle anchorage zone. Bases on theregulation of local stress, the strut-and-tie models used to analyze anchoragezone were built.
●Bases on the analysis of the mechanism of inverse key-stone caused by topand bottom longitudinal overlapping cables, take two continuous PC boxgirder bridges as examples, the strut-and-tie used to analyze the verticaltension force caused by top and bottom longitudinal overlapping cableswere given and strut-and-tie analysis was conducted. The designingattentions were pointed out.
●For different standpoints of longitudinal cable layout types, the theoryanalysis of different longitudinal cable layout types' merits and faults wasdone. And then, the analysis, which consider the influence of prestressinglose and overload factors, was conducted too.
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