地表水厂原水水质预警系统研究及应用
|
摘要
911事件后，供水系统的安全预警成为西方发达国家供水领域一个非常重要的研究方向。随着地表水厂原水水质污染恶化事件的不断发生，原水水质预警系统作为有效地保障供水安全的措施和系统，已受到国内外的普遍关注。目前虽对原水水质预警系统有一定的认识和实际应用，但仍局限于建立在水质在线监测基础上的高投入和理想化的原水水质预警系统上，同时鉴于理论的不足和与水厂实际结合不密切等缺点，在我国经济不发达的特定国情下，它在地表水厂推广应用还存在诸多障碍。
本文通过分析原水污染及水质恶化事件的特点，提出了按照原水水质恶化事件类别通过不同方式进行水质预警的理论框架。针对研究案例——天津芥园水厂的原水藻类高发特点，创造性地将聚类分析与神经网络(ANN)结合，建立了预测原水中叶绿素的优化ANN模型；在建立了原水水质在线监测系统基础上，运用GPRS网络实现监测系统与水厂调度之间点对点的数据传输，开发了远程原水水质监测软件，并首次采用决策树技术建立了基于在线监测系统的水质预测模型；结合中试试验，提出了针对藻类高发的芥园水厂净水预案及预警决策框图，为芥园及相似水厂运行提供指导和建议。论文的主要成果和创新性主要体现在以下几方面：
(1)完善了原水水质预警理论框架
地表水源污染可分为持续性污染、周期性污染和偶发性污染三大类，分别导致持续趋势性、周期间断性、偶发瞬时性水质变化，前两类可在水质预测和水质监测基础上进行原水水质预警，而后者只能在原水水质连续在线监测的基础上，进行预警；在目前我国持续性污染和周期性污染引起的原水水质恶化没有得到很好解决之前，没有足够资金支持情况下，可充分利用多年的原水水质监测资料，针对持续趋势性水质恶化和周期间断性水质恶化，建立基于传统监测的水质预警系统；在有资金来源或偶发性污染风险较大时，可在建立原水水质在线监测系统的基础上，建立原水水质预警系统。
(2)建立了基于水厂传统原水监测数据的藻类高发预测模型
在收集天津芥园水厂的日常规监测数据基础上，通过对数据相关分析及箱形图分析，研究了指标之间的表针关系及各月的水质指标异常线；通过对水质监测数据的逐月频率分析，研究了藻类逐月变化规律及警戒藻类高发时间；通过对原水叶绿素变化曲线的小波分析，研究了藻类变化的年变化规律及其主要的影响因素；通过ROC曲线分析，研究了常规指标与滞后数日原水中叶绿素的关系；建立了预测第3曰原水中叶绿素神经网络模型，模型输入变量为当前水质指标：叶绿素、浊度、氨氮、水温、pH值、总碱度，通过仿真验证，得到叶绿素的预测值与实测值间的相关系数达到0.88；预测的平均准确率达到85％以上。
(3)建立了基于在线监测的藻类高发预测模型
在芥园水厂的西河预沉池进口处建立原水水质在线监测系统，在线监测指标有：浊度、pH、溶解氧、水温、氧化还原电位、电导率、氨氮、正磷、大地照度，通过GPRS网络，开发远程原水水质监测软件实现了监测数据的在线采集以及在线监测系统与水厂调度中心之间点对点无线数据传输，优化了系统运行，建立了基于在线监测系统的预测原水中次日叶绿素的决策树模型，经仿真验证，模型的平均预测准确率可达到80％。
(4)提出了芥园水厂原水藻类高发的预案及预警决策框图
在调查了芥园水厂新改造工艺和水源系统后，详细分析了水厂处理高藻水的各种可能的潜在能力；结合中试试验研究，提出了藻类高发程度不同情况下，相应的水厂及水源相关部门应对预案，结合以上成果，提出芥园水厂针对藻类高发的水质预警决策框图。
Since the 911 incident, the research on security early warning of water supply system has become very important in western developed countries. The early-warning system (EWS) on raw water, being an effective safeguard technique for the water supply, has made more and more domestic and abroad scholars begin to study it as the result of series of incidents of source surface water, At present, based on the online monitoring system of raw water quality with high fund input, the research and application of EWS is still confined to idealization although there are some finite knowledge and practical applications on it. Moreover because of some obstacles such as lacking of theories and divorcing from the reality of the plant the EWS's large scale application on source surface water of drinking water utilities is still very difficult during the special status of not developed economy in our nation.
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the source water pollution and deterioration, an innovated theory of taking different modes, according to the classification of the deteriorated water quality incident, to early warn is boldly proposed in this paper. The studied case is JIEYUAN water plants (JYWP) in Tianjin, whose key points are the algae-laden raw water and its treatment. The optimum ANN model to forecast the chlorophyll in the raw water is creatively established by the author by combining cluster analysis and artificial neural networks (ANN). The GPRS network is used to transmit point-to-point datum between the online monitoring system constructed for raw water of JYWP and the utility's control central; And the decision tree technique is first introduced to establish a model for predicting water quality based on the on-line monitoring system; Unifying the pilot-tests on the treatment of algae-laden waters, a water purification draft scheme and a warning decision diagram were proposed aimed at the algae-laden raw waters to provide guidance and advice for JYWP and other similar water plants. The achievements and innovation of this paper are as follows:
(1) The theoretical frame of the raw water quality early warning system was completed and bettered
The surface water pollution is divided into three categories: sustained, periodic and accidental pollution, which respectively lead to lasting tendency, periodic discontinuity and accidental short time water quality deterioration. The first two can be early warned on the basis of water quality forecast and monitoring, while the latter can only be early warned based on the raw water contentious online monitoring; Before the sustained pollution and the periodic pollution which cause the raw water quality deterioration has not been well resolved at present, the traditional lab-monitoring information since water works begin for many years can be taken full advantage to establish the water quality EWS in respond to the sustained and the periodic water deterioration whether there are sufficient funds budget or not. But if there are a larger source of funds or accidental pollution risks, EWSs for raw water can be built on the base of online monitoring systems for water quality.
(2) A prediction model for algae of raw water was established on the base of traditional lab-monitoring datum of raw water quality.
Based on the day-to-day monitoring datum from JYWP, the relationship between indexes and the unusual line on each water quality indexes every month are studied by analyzing the correlation and box-plot; the law of the algae's changing month by month and the high level algae alert time are researched by the frequency analysis of water quality monitoring datum month by month; the law of the algae annual changes and its main influencing factors are studied through the wavelet analysis of chlorophyll changes in the source water; the relationship between the common water indexes and chlorophyll quantity in the raw water delayed of a few days is studied through the ROC curve analysis; An ANN model is created to forecast the chlorophyll in the raw water the day after tomorrow, whose input variables are the current water quality indexes: chlorophyll, turbidity, ammonia, temperature, pH, total alkalinity. Through simulation verification, the correlation coefficient of 0.86 between the predicted values and tested values of the chlorophyll is gained, and the average forecast accuracy rate is more than 85%.
(3) A prediction model for algae of raw water was established on the online monitoring system for raw water quality
The online monitoring system was build near the Xihe preliminary sedimentation inlet for raw water of JYWP, monitoring indexes as follows: turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, redox potential, conductivity, ammonia nitrogen, orthophosphate, radar luminance. The point-to-point wireless data transmission between the online monitoring system and the TYWP control center is realized through the GPRS networks. After optimizing the system operation, the decision tree model for forecasting the chlorophyll of the next day in raw water is established based on the collecting datum from the online monitoring system; the average predicted accurate rate of the model can reach to 80% validating by simulation.
(4) A water purification draft scheme and a warning decision diagram for the algae-laden raw water of JYWP and other similar water plants were proposed.
After the investigation of the rebuilt water treatment process and the flow path of source water of JYWP, a detailed analysis about the potential of the water utility and related parts is carried out for the treatment of algae-laden water. Unifying pilot-tests, the corresponding response plans are proposed for the water plants and related sectors according to the quantity of algae in source water. Ultimately, the early-warning decision diagram against the treatment algae-laden raw water is proposed for JYWP and other similar water plants.
本文通过分析原水污染及水质恶化事件的特点，提出了按照原水水质恶化事件类别通过不同方式进行水质预警的理论框架。针对研究案例——天津芥园水厂的原水藻类高发特点，创造性地将聚类分析与神经网络(ANN)结合，建立了预测原水中叶绿素的优化ANN模型；在建立了原水水质在线监测系统基础上，运用GPRS网络实现监测系统与水厂调度之间点对点的数据传输，开发了远程原水水质监测软件，并首次采用决策树技术建立了基于在线监测系统的水质预测模型；结合中试试验，提出了针对藻类高发的芥园水厂净水预案及预警决策框图，为芥园及相似水厂运行提供指导和建议。论文的主要成果和创新性主要体现在以下几方面：
(1)完善了原水水质预警理论框架
地表水源污染可分为持续性污染、周期性污染和偶发性污染三大类，分别导致持续趋势性、周期间断性、偶发瞬时性水质变化，前两类可在水质预测和水质监测基础上进行原水水质预警，而后者只能在原水水质连续在线监测的基础上，进行预警；在目前我国持续性污染和周期性污染引起的原水水质恶化没有得到很好解决之前，没有足够资金支持情况下，可充分利用多年的原水水质监测资料，针对持续趋势性水质恶化和周期间断性水质恶化，建立基于传统监测的水质预警系统；在有资金来源或偶发性污染风险较大时，可在建立原水水质在线监测系统的基础上，建立原水水质预警系统。
(2)建立了基于水厂传统原水监测数据的藻类高发预测模型
在收集天津芥园水厂的日常规监测数据基础上，通过对数据相关分析及箱形图分析，研究了指标之间的表针关系及各月的水质指标异常线；通过对水质监测数据的逐月频率分析，研究了藻类逐月变化规律及警戒藻类高发时间；通过对原水叶绿素变化曲线的小波分析，研究了藻类变化的年变化规律及其主要的影响因素；通过ROC曲线分析，研究了常规指标与滞后数日原水中叶绿素的关系；建立了预测第3曰原水中叶绿素神经网络模型，模型输入变量为当前水质指标：叶绿素、浊度、氨氮、水温、pH值、总碱度，通过仿真验证，得到叶绿素的预测值与实测值间的相关系数达到0.88；预测的平均准确率达到85％以上。
(3)建立了基于在线监测的藻类高发预测模型
在芥园水厂的西河预沉池进口处建立原水水质在线监测系统，在线监测指标有：浊度、pH、溶解氧、水温、氧化还原电位、电导率、氨氮、正磷、大地照度，通过GPRS网络，开发远程原水水质监测软件实现了监测数据的在线采集以及在线监测系统与水厂调度中心之间点对点无线数据传输，优化了系统运行，建立了基于在线监测系统的预测原水中次日叶绿素的决策树模型，经仿真验证，模型的平均预测准确率可达到80％。
(4)提出了芥园水厂原水藻类高发的预案及预警决策框图
在调查了芥园水厂新改造工艺和水源系统后，详细分析了水厂处理高藻水的各种可能的潜在能力；结合中试试验研究，提出了藻类高发程度不同情况下，相应的水厂及水源相关部门应对预案，结合以上成果，提出芥园水厂针对藻类高发的水质预警决策框图。
Since the 911 incident, the research on security early warning of water supply system has become very important in western developed countries. The early-warning system (EWS) on raw water, being an effective safeguard technique for the water supply, has made more and more domestic and abroad scholars begin to study it as the result of series of incidents of source surface water, At present, based on the online monitoring system of raw water quality with high fund input, the research and application of EWS is still confined to idealization although there are some finite knowledge and practical applications on it. Moreover because of some obstacles such as lacking of theories and divorcing from the reality of the plant the EWS's large scale application on source surface water of drinking water utilities is still very difficult during the special status of not developed economy in our nation.
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the source water pollution and deterioration, an innovated theory of taking different modes, according to the classification of the deteriorated water quality incident, to early warn is boldly proposed in this paper. The studied case is JIEYUAN water plants (JYWP) in Tianjin, whose key points are the algae-laden raw water and its treatment. The optimum ANN model to forecast the chlorophyll in the raw water is creatively established by the author by combining cluster analysis and artificial neural networks (ANN). The GPRS network is used to transmit point-to-point datum between the online monitoring system constructed for raw water of JYWP and the utility's control central; And the decision tree technique is first introduced to establish a model for predicting water quality based on the on-line monitoring system; Unifying the pilot-tests on the treatment of algae-laden waters, a water purification draft scheme and a warning decision diagram were proposed aimed at the algae-laden raw waters to provide guidance and advice for JYWP and other similar water plants. The achievements and innovation of this paper are as follows:
(1) The theoretical frame of the raw water quality early warning system was completed and bettered
The surface water pollution is divided into three categories: sustained, periodic and accidental pollution, which respectively lead to lasting tendency, periodic discontinuity and accidental short time water quality deterioration. The first two can be early warned on the basis of water quality forecast and monitoring, while the latter can only be early warned based on the raw water contentious online monitoring; Before the sustained pollution and the periodic pollution which cause the raw water quality deterioration has not been well resolved at present, the traditional lab-monitoring information since water works begin for many years can be taken full advantage to establish the water quality EWS in respond to the sustained and the periodic water deterioration whether there are sufficient funds budget or not. But if there are a larger source of funds or accidental pollution risks, EWSs for raw water can be built on the base of online monitoring systems for water quality.
(2) A prediction model for algae of raw water was established on the base of traditional lab-monitoring datum of raw water quality.
Based on the day-to-day monitoring datum from JYWP, the relationship between indexes and the unusual line on each water quality indexes every month are studied by analyzing the correlation and box-plot; the law of the algae's changing month by month and the high level algae alert time are researched by the frequency analysis of water quality monitoring datum month by month; the law of the algae annual changes and its main influencing factors are studied through the wavelet analysis of chlorophyll changes in the source water; the relationship between the common water indexes and chlorophyll quantity in the raw water delayed of a few days is studied through the ROC curve analysis; An ANN model is created to forecast the chlorophyll in the raw water the day after tomorrow, whose input variables are the current water quality indexes: chlorophyll, turbidity, ammonia, temperature, pH, total alkalinity. Through simulation verification, the correlation coefficient of 0.86 between the predicted values and tested values of the chlorophyll is gained, and the average forecast accuracy rate is more than 85%.
(3) A prediction model for algae of raw water was established on the online monitoring system for raw water quality
The online monitoring system was build near the Xihe preliminary sedimentation inlet for raw water of JYWP, monitoring indexes as follows: turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, redox potential, conductivity, ammonia nitrogen, orthophosphate, radar luminance. The point-to-point wireless data transmission between the online monitoring system and the TYWP control center is realized through the GPRS networks. After optimizing the system operation, the decision tree model for forecasting the chlorophyll of the next day in raw water is established based on the collecting datum from the online monitoring system; the average predicted accurate rate of the model can reach to 80% validating by simulation.
(4) A water purification draft scheme and a warning decision diagram for the algae-laden raw water of JYWP and other similar water plants were proposed.
After the investigation of the rebuilt water treatment process and the flow path of source water of JYWP, a detailed analysis about the potential of the water utility and related parts is carried out for the treatment of algae-laden water. Unifying pilot-tests, the corresponding response plans are proposed for the water plants and related sectors according to the quantity of algae in source water. Ultimately, the early-warning decision diagram against the treatment algae-laden raw water is proposed for JYWP and other similar water plants.
引文
[1] U.S.EPA. Selected case studies in watershed management inProtecting sources of drinking water. 1999.4 internet address: http://www.epa.gov/safewater
[2] J. Alan Roberson, P.E. and Kevin M. Morley. CONTAMINATION WARNING SYSTEMS FOR WATER:AN APPROACH FOR PROVIDING ACTIONABLE INFORMATION TO DECISION-MAKERS. U.S. American Water Works Association. 2005:1-10
[3] Gullick et al., Design of Early Warning Monitoring Systems for Source Waters. AWWA [J], 2003.95 (11):58-72
[4] 新华网专题 松花江发生重大水污染[EB／QL]．http://www.xinhuanet.com/society/zt051124/2006-4-11
[5] 刘洋，张声，张晓健．溶气气浮工艺处理密云水库水的研究[J]．工业用水与废水．2004，35(6)：17-20
[6] 季民，吴昌敏，贾霞珍等．生物接触氧化法对引滦水中藻类的去除[J]．中国给水排水．2003，19(8)：56-58
[7] 王宝林，钟惠芳．藻类对城市给水处理的影响及可能采取的对策[J]．天津建设科技．1998，29(1)：37-40
[8] 徐立，孙芳，陈文革等．武汉市饮用水原水藻类污染及影响因素[J]．中国公共卫生．2005，21(3)：348-349．
[9] 余梅，卢文汉．昆明第五自来水厂常规工艺除藻效果的研究[M]．中国给水五十年回顾，1999，9．
[10] 邓风．南京某自备水厂除藻对策[J]．青岛建筑工程学院学报．2005，26(1)：52-54．
[11] 黄敏如，李一丹，盛丽娜等．福州市饮用水第2水源藻类污染与控制对策探讨[J]．海峡预防医学杂志．2003，9(5)：66-67
[12] 陈杰，刘虎生，黄智等．沈阳市供水系统藻类分布与氯毒性研究[J]．中国预防医学杂志．2004，5(2)：129-130
[13] 方云英，杨肖娥，濮培民等．宁波力洋水库富营养化现状及生态治理对策[J]．水土保持学报．2004，18(6)：184-187
[14] 肖羽堂，许建华．姚江饮用水源生化工艺除污染总结[J]．中国给水排水．1998，14(2)：8-11
[15] 王梅梅，阚振荣，张祥等．保定市饮用水和水原水中藻类的初步考察[J]．北方环境．2005，30(1)：36-38
[16] 周淑玲，沈广顺，颜廷芳，王志芳．一起水厂水原水污染事故的调查[J]．预防医学文献信息．2002，8(5)：584．
[17] U.S. EPA. 2005.10. Technologies and Techniques for Early Warning Systems to Monitor and Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: State-of-the-Art Review, Washington, DC.
[18] Pitcher, David O; Yates, D. Gerard; Hoyt, Monica B. Implementing advanced early warning systems to safe guard public drinking water. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, 2004, p 2162-2167
[19] Clark, Robert M, Adam, et al. Development of a consortium for water security and safety: Planning for an early warning system[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress[C]. 2004, 2168-2177
[20] Brosnan,T.M.(ed..) Early Warning Monitoring to Detect Hazardous Events in Water Supplies-An ILSI risk science institute workshop report. International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), Risk Science Institute, Washington DC, 1999.
[21] David Ford; Dudley McFadden; Marsha Hilmes-Robinson. Early warning. Civil Engineering [J]. 2002, 72(8): 62-68;
[22] Izydorczyk, Katarzyna; Tarczynska, Malgorzata; Jurczak, Tomasz; Mrowczynski, Jaroslaw; Zalewski, Maciej. Measurement of phycocyanin fluorescence as an online early warning system for cyanobacteria in reservoir intake water [J]. Environmental Toxicology, 2005, 20(4): 425-430
[23] Qing Zhang et. al.. Forecasting raw-water quality parameters for the North Saskatchewan river by neural network modeling[J],Water. Res. 1997,Vol31 (9):2340-2350.
[24] Grayman, W.M., R. A.Deininger, and R. M. Males. Design of early warning and predictive source water monitoring systems, AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, CO, 292pp., 2001.
[25] AWWA Workshop (2004) Contamination Monitoring Technologies sponsored by the American Water Works Association, Richmond, VA; May 2004.
[26] J.G.Schulte, A.H.Vicory. Development of communication networks and water quality early warning detection systems at drinking water utilities in the Ohio river valley basin[J], water science and technology. 2005,52(9):235-242.
[27] States, S, J. Newberry, J. Wichterman, J. Kuchta, M. Scheuring, and L.Casson. Rapid analytical techniques for drinking water security investigations[J]. Journal AWWA. 2004,96:152-164.
[28] Foran, J. A, and T. M. Brosnan. Early warning systems for hazardous biological agents in potable water[J]. Environmental Health Perspective. 2000,108(10): 993-995.
[29] U.S. EPA. Early warning systems for contaminant detection in drinking water systems, www.epa.gov/ord
[30] Pitcher, David O. Yates, D. Implementing advanced early warning systems to safe guard public drinking water[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress[C]. Salt Lake City. 2004, 2162-2167.
[31] Calles, Jennifer, Gottler, Randy, Evans. Early warning surveillance of drinking water by photoionization/mass spectrometry[J]. JAWWA. 2005,97(1):62-73
[32] Ostfeld Avi, Salomons, Elad. Optimal layout of early warning detection stations for water distribution systems security[J]. Journal of water resources planning and management. 2004,13(5):377-385.
[33] Ostfeld, Avi, Salomons, Elad. An Early Warning Detection System (EWDS) for Drinking Water Distribution Systems Security[A]. World Water and Environmental Resources Congress[C]. Philadelphia, PA. 2003,283-289
[34] Ostfeld, Avi, Salomons, Elad. A stochastic early warning detection system model for drinking water distribution systems security[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 world water and environmental resources congress[C]. Salt Lake City. 2004, 4593-4598.
[35] 姜立晖．科学发展观指导下的城市供水安全及其保障措施[EB／OL]．http://www.jskj.org.cn/show.aspx?id=4336&cid=3.2006-6-5.
[36] 绍益生 城市供水安全与城市水系统规划．www.csjs.gov.cn/waterforum
[37] Hasan, Stanley States, and Rolf Deininger 2004. Safeguarding The Security Of Public Water Supplies Using Early Warning Systems: A Brief Review Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 129:27-33
[38] Roberson, Alan. What's next for drinking water security. AWWA[J], 2004,96(9):43-44
[39] Richard W Gullick. AWWA'S Source Water Protection Committee Outlines How To Maintain The Highest Quality Source Water. AWWA [J]. 2003,95(11):36-42
[40] Guilick, Richard W; Gaffney, Leah J.; Crockett, Christopher S.; Schulte, Jerry; Gavin,Andrew J. Developing regional early warning systems: For US source water. AWWA [J], 2004, 96(6): 68-82
[41] Oluf Hoyer, Helmut Schell. Monitoring raw water quality and adjustment of treatment processed-experiences at the Wahnbach Reservoir [J]. Wat.Sci.Tech. 1998, 37(2):43-48
[42] Shamshad Ahmad. Performance of stochastic approaches for forecasting river water quality [J]. Water. Res., 2001,35 (18): 4261-4266
[43] Richard J. Roiger. Michael W.Geatz. Data Mining A tutorial-Based Primer[M]. 1st Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.2003.
[44] Trevor Hastie等著 范明等译 统计学习基础-数据挖掘、推理与预测[M]北京：电子工业出版社．2004，6
[45] Robert M. Clark M. ASCE, Nabil R. Adam, Vijay Atluri, Milton Halem, Eric F. Vowinkel. Development of a Consortium for Water Security and Safety: Planning for an Early Warning system. World Water Congress 2004 138, 270 (2004)
[46] THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2006 www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/pdf/budget/epa.pdf
[47] Bode, Harro; Nusch, Ernst A. Advanced river quality monitoring in the Ruhr basin[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1999, 40(10): 145-152
[48] Calles, Jennifer; Gottler, Randy; Evans, Matthew; Syage, Jack. Early warningsurveillance of drinking water by photoionization/mass spectrometry. AWWA[J], 2005, 97(1):62-73
[49] Byer, David; Carlson, Kenneth H. Expanded Summary: Real-time detection of intentional chemical contamination in the distribution system. AWWA, 2005, 97(7):130-133
[50] Ostfeld, Avi; Salomons, Elad. A stochastic early waming detection system model for drinking water distribution systems security. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Enviroumetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management, 2004.p 4593-4598
[51] Green, U.; Kremer, J.H.; Zillmer, M.; Moldaenke, C. Detection of chemical threat agents in drinking water by an early warning real-time biomonitor. Environmental Toxicology[J], 2003,18(6): 368-374
[52] Gu, M.B.; Kim, B.C.; Cho, J.; Hansen, P.D. The continuous monitoring of field water samples with a novel multi-channel two-stage mini-bioreactor system. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment[J], 2001,70(1-2): 71-81
[53] Meulenberg, E.; Stoks, P. Application of immunochemical methods in monitoring and early warning systems for water quality control [J]. Water Supply, 1997,15(2): 91-108
[54] Cho, Jang-Cheon; Park, Kyung-Je; Ihm, Hyuk-Soon; Park, Ji-Eun; Kim, Se-Young; Kang, Ilnam; Lee, Kyu-Ho; Jahng, Deokjin; Lee, Dong-Hun; Kim, Sang-Jong. A novel continuous toxicity test system using a luminously modified freshwater bacterium. Biosensors and Bioelectronics[J], 2004, 20(2): 338-344
[55] Grayman W M, Rolf A. Deininger, Richard M. Males. Richard W.Gullick. "souuce water early warning systems," in Larry W. Mays, Water supply systems security[M]. McGRAW-HILL. 2003,07
[56] Drage B.E., J.E. Upton, M.Purvis. On-line monitoring of micropollutants in the River Trent (U.K.) with Respect to Drinking Water Abstraction[J]. Water Science Technology. 1998,38(11):123-130
[57] Grimaud A, T.Vandevelde, J.P.Morvan, "Automatic stations for the monitoring of pollutants in Rivers" in proceedings of the AWWA Annual Conference, AWWA, Denver, CO, 1990
[58] Grayman W M, R M Vicory, R M Males. "early warning system for chemical spills on the Ohio River," in R. A.Deininger, P.Literathy, and J.Bartram(eds.), Security of Public Water Supplies, NATO Science Series, 2.Environment, 66, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000.
[59] Wilken, R.D., T.Knepper, K.Haberer. "early warning systems on the Rhine and Elbe in Germany," in R.A.Deininger, P.Literathy, and J.Bartram(eds.), Security of Public Water Supplies, NATO Science Series,2.Environment,66 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht,2000
[60] 谢红霞，胡勤海．突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统发展探讨．环境污染与防治[J]．2004，1(26)：44-47
[61] 白俊泽．水质自动监测系统在东深供水工程中的应用[J]．广东水利水电，1999(1)：
[62] 陈国光．上海市供水在线水质仪表的应用及管理[J]．净水技术2002，1(21)：41-42
[63] 田禹．水质远程在线监测管理系统的开发研究[J]．中国给水排水，2003，10(19)：6-9
[64] 中国环境监测．流域水质自动监控周报[EB／OL]．http://www.cnemc.cn/emc/class.asp?unid=1328.html.2006-4.23
[65] 山东环境．山东省重点流域第一批水质自动监测站建设基本情况[EB／OL]．http://218.98.153.90/21/news/2004514125533.html 2006-3-9
[66] 新华网．20个水质监测”电子眼”监控我省三江流域水情[EB／OL]． http://www.cdxhw.net/content/2006-2/10/2006210100356.htm. 2006-2-15
[67] 中国建设信息水工业网．山东潍坊水司成立“水质预警系统”[EB／OL]． www.jsbwater.com.2006-2-17
[68] 安恒公司．安恒地表水源水实时预警系统一．大连英那河水库[EB／OL]． http://www.watertest.com.cn/news/html/casestudy/329.html. 2006-4.15
[69] 中国互联网新闻中心．南水北调中线工程首个自动水质监测站建成[EB／OL]．http://english.hanban.edu.cn/chinese/zhuanti/nanbei/488988.htm.2004-8-15
[70] 水信息网．黄浦江上游新建六个水质监测站[EB／OL]．http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=149570.2006-5-20
[71] 水信息网．官厅、密云水库上游水质水量自动监测系统二期工程简介[EB／OL]．http://xinxihua.hwcc.gov.cn/OutsideGroup/Outside_browse.asp?newsid=7602005-11-20
[72] 新疆环境保护．江苏省徐州建设监测站全天候监控饮用水质[EB／OL]．http://www.xjepb.gov.cn/01.asp?ArticlelD=1972 2005-3-20
[73] 佛山在线．水质如遭破坏系统自动“报警”[EB／OL]．http://www.fsonline.com.cn/news/top-line/200603250011.htm 2006-4-12
[74] 姜立晖．科学发展观指导下的城市供水安全及其保障措施[EB／OL]．http://www.jskj.org.cn/show.aspx?id=4336&cid=3.2006-6-5.
[75] 彭文启，周怀东．地表水水源地水质问题与对策[EB／OL]．http://www.iwhr.com/special/water/pengwenqi.htm.2006-6-3.
[76] 张自杰．废水处理理论与设计[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2003．2．
[77] 许保玖．论水质科学与工程及21世纪水处理科技[EB／OL]．中国水网．http://www.h2o-china.corn/policyandmarket/files/lszkxygc.htm. 2006-3-3.
[78] 许保玖．给水处理理论[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000．10
[79] 董志颖，王娟，李兵．水质预警理论初探[J]．水土保持研究，2002，3(9)：224-226
[80] 罗竹凤等 汉语大词典 汉语大词典出版社，1993
[81] 张晓东等 关于地震预警的思考[J]．国际地震动态2004，6(36)：42-46
[82] Guilick, Richard W; Gaffney, Leah J.; Crockett, Christopher S.; Schulte, Jerry; Gavin,Andrew J. Developing regional early warning systems: For US source water. AWWA [J], 2004, 96(6): 68-82
[83] W.H. van der Schalie, T. R. Shedd, M. W. Widder, L. M. Brennan. Response characteristics of an aquatic biomonitor used for rapid toxicity detection. Journal of Applied Toxicology [J].2004,24(5):387-394.
[84] Green, Kremer J.H, Zillmer M. Detection of chemical threat agents in drinking water by an early warning real-time biomonitor[J]. Environmental Toxicology. 2003,18(6):368-374
[85] Menlenberg, E, Stoks, P. Application of immunochemical methods in monitoring and early warning systems for water quality control[J]. Water Supply. 1997,15(2):91-108
[86] Izydorczyk, Katarzyna, Tarczynska, et al. Measurement of phycocyanin fluorescence as an online early warning system for cyanobacteria in reservoir intake water[J]. Environmental Toxicology,. 2005,20(4):425-430
[87] Carolyn Krause. Bioterrorism early-warning system-algae?[J]. Journal of environmental health. 2003,66(3):43
[88] DdeMarco,J., D,H.Metz, D.J.Hartman, R.C.Pohlman, C.A.Shrive, and P.M.Hall. Coping with accidental spills in the Ohio river watershed. Proceedings of the AWWA water quality technology conference, Denver, CO, AWWA,1994.
[89] 李圭白，林生，曲久辉．用高锰酸钾去除饮用水中微量有机污染物[J]．给水排水，1989，15(6)
[90] 李圭白，杨艳玲，马军等．高锰酸钾去除天然水中微量有机污染物机理探讨．大连铁道学院学报[J]．，1998，19(2)：1-4
[91] 中华人民共和国国务院．国家突发公共事件总体应急预案[M]．北京．2005．12
[92] 秦保平 孙韧等 引滦河道中水质偏碱的起因研究[J]．环境科学研究，1999，12(5)：41-42
[93] 程真文．巢湖藻类污染的研究和对策[J]．水处理技术，2003，29(4)：247-248
[94] Ingrid Chorus, Jamie Bartram. Toxic Cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management[M]. Great Britain, Suffolk. St Edmundsbury Press. 1999
[95] 解春红．高藻类洋河原水处理方法探讨[J]．工程建设与设计，2005，10：47-48
[96] 马超群，高仁祥．现代预测理论与方法．长沙；湖南大学出版社，1999
[97] 孙明玺．现代预测学[M]．杭州；：浙江教育出版社，1998：1-23
[98] 范希民等 神经网络和遗传算法在水科学领域的应用[M]．中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[99] Jason Bobbin et. al. Inducing explanatory rules for the prediction of algal blooms by genetic algorithms[J]. Environment International, 2001, 27:237-242
[100] 飞思科技产品研发中心MATLAB6.5辅助神经网络分析与设计[M]，电子工业出版社2003．
[101] Simon Haykin NEURAL NETWORK A Comprehensive foundation (Second Edition) [M] Tsinghua University Press 2001
[102] 袁志发 周静芋等，多元统计分析[M]，科学出版社2002
[103] Holger R. Maier. The use of artificial neural networks for the prediction of water quality parameters [J]. Water resources research, 1996, 32 (4): 1013-1022
[104] Friedrich Recknagel et. al., Artificial neural network approach for modeling and prediction of algal blooms [J]. Ecological Modeling, 1997, 96:11-28
[105] 李莹等，河流水质的预测模型研究[J]．系统仿真学报，2001，13(2)：139-142
[106] Fredric M.Ham, Ivica Kostanic. Principles of Neuralcomputing for Science & Engineering[M]. English edition, 2003
[107] Simon Haykin. NEURAL NETWORK A Comprehensive foundation (Second Edition) [M] Tsinghua University Press, 2001
[108] Holger R. Maier. Grame C. Dandy. Neural Network Based Modeling of Environmental Variables: A Systematic Approach, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 2001,33: 669-682
[109] Simon Haykin. NEURAL NETWORK A Comprehensive foundation (Second Edition) [M]. Tsinghua University Press, 2001
[110] 刘思峰 郭天榜，党耀国，灰色系统理论及其应用[M] 2000
[111] 邓聚龙 灰色系统基本方法[M]华中理工大学出版社1987
[112] 邓聚龙 灰色预测与控制[M] 华中理工大学出版社1986
[113] 邓聚龙 灰色控制系统[M]华中理工大学出版社1985
[114] 于秀林，任雪松．多元统计分析[M]中国统计出版社，2001
[115] 袁志发 周静芋等，多元统计分析[M]，科学出版社2002
[116] 栾丽华等 决策树分类技术研究[J]．计算机工程．2004，9(30)：94-96
[117] 邹莉玲，余小金．ROC曲线在医学诊断中的应用与进展fJ]．东南大学学报(医学版)，2003，22(1)：67-70
[118] Shamshad Ahmad. Performance of stochastic approaches for forecasting river water quality [J]. Water. Res., 2001,35 (18): 4261-4266
[119] 王开章等，灰色模型在大武水源地水质预测中的应用[J]．山东农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，33(1)：66-71
[120] 赵雪辉等，灰色系统GM(1，1)残差模型在水质预测中的应用与探讨[J]．干旱环境监测，1997，11(2)：118-120
[121] Holger R. Maier et. al. Forecasting cyan bacterium Anabaena spp. in the River Murray, South Australia, using B-spline neurofuzzy models[J]. Ecological Modeling, 2001, 146:85-96
[122] Jason Bobbin et. al. Inducing explanatory roles for the prediction of algal blooms by genetic algorithms[J]. Environment International, 2001, 27:237-242
[123] 耿修林 谢兆茹．应用统计学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002，30-74
[124] 徐景翼．当前供水及水处理面临的问题和对策的探讨2000年中国水协科技委含藻处理研讨会论文．
[125] 蔡皖东 计算机网络技术[M]．北京科学出版社2003
[126] 彭祖林 梅林 叶超 网络系统集成工程项目投标与施工[M]．北京国防工业出版社2003
[127] 田禹，张东来．水质远程在线监测管理系统的开发研究[J]．中国给水排水，2003，19(10)：6-9
[128] 黄廷林，卢金锁，阴沛军等．原水在线监测与GPRS数据传输系统[J]．给水排水，2004，30(11)：97-100
[129] 杨乐平 李海涛 赵勇 杨磊．LabVIEW高级程序设计[M]．北京清华大学出版社2003．
[130] 乔瑞萍 林欣LabVIEW6i实用教程[M]．北京电子工业出版社2002年
[131] 曹玲芝 崔光照 吴刚 现代测试技术及虚拟仪器[M]北京航空航天大学出版社．2004．
[132] 卢大远等．汉江下游突发“水花”的调查研究[J]．环境科学研究，2000，2(13)：28-31
[133] 卢全章译．环境和指示生物(水域分册)[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1987．
[134] 许昆灿等．表观增氧量在近岸海域赤潮快速评价与预警中的应用[J]．台湾海峡，2004，4(23)：417-422
[135] 王正方等．长江口溶解氧赤潮预报简易模式[J]．海洋学报，2000，22(4)：125～129
[136] 张正斌．利用化学因子预测赤潮的可行性探讨[J]．青岛海洋大学学报，2003，2(33)：257-263
[137] Michael J. McGuire, Ruth Hund and Gary Burlingame. A practical decision tree tool that water utilities can use to solve taste and odor problems. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA [J]. 2005, 54.5:321-327
[138] 孙英云等．一种基于决策树技术的短期负荷预测算法[J]．电工电能新技术，2004，3(23)：55-58
[139] Detlef R.U. Knappe, R.Christopher Belk, David S.Briley et al., Algae detection and removal strategies for drinking water treatment plants[M]. AWWA Research Foundation. U.S.A. 2004, 78-80
[140] 王晓昌．臭氧用于给水处理的几个理论和技术问题[J]．西安建筑科技大学学报，1998，30(4)：
[141] Rashash, D.M.C., Hoehn,R.C., Dietrich,A.M et al., Identification and control of odorous algal metabolites[M]. AWWA Research Foundation. USA. 1996, 40-45。
[142] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水原水饮用水处理[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999．
[143] 濮培民、胡维平、王国祥等．太湖环境治理．北京：气象出版社，1988，188—201．
[144] Petra M.Visser, Henk A. M Ketelaars. Reduced growth of the cyanobacterium microcystis in an artificially mixed lake and reservioir.Water science technology, 1995, 32(4):53-54.
[145] Jeremy Simmons.Algal control and destratification at Hanningfield reservoir. Water science technology,1998, 37(2):309-316.
[146] 戚盛豪，严煦世等．水资源及给水处理．北京，中国建筑工业出版社，2001．74～88
[147] 丛海兵，黄廷林，缪晶广等．水体修复装置—扬水曝气器的开发．中国给水排水，2005，21(3)：41～45
[148] Angeline K Y Lam, Ellie E. Prepes, David Spink et al. Chemical Control of Hepatotoxic PHytoplankton Blooms: Implication for Human Health. Wat Res., 1995,29(8):1845-1854.
[149] 陈忠林．高锰酸钾复合药剂预氧化给水处理技术．中国科学院生态环境研究中心博士后士学位论文．2000，5．
[150] 吕启忠，张可欣，牛玉香．用硫酸铜及改变水的PH值去除水中藻类[J]．中国给水排水，2000，16(5)：49-50．
[151] 尹澄清，兰智文．围隔中水华控制研究[J]．环境科学学报，1989，9(1)：95-99．
[152] 邓义敏，刘桂明．藻类对供水的影响及去除方法[J]．中国给水排水，2002，17(7)：5-5
[153] 彭海清，谭章荣、高乃云等．给水处理中藻类的去除[J]．中国给水排水，2002，18 (2)．29-31
[154] Nicholson,B.C., Rositano, M.D.Burch. Destruction of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins by chlorine and chloramines[J]. Water research.. 1994,28(6): 1297-1303
[155] Hitzfeld,B.C., Hoger, D.R.Dietrich. Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment and human risk assessment.[J]. Environmental health perspectives. 2000, 108(Supplementl): 113-122
[156] 王宝林．微污染含藻水处理技术[J]．天津建设科技，2006，5：46-47
[157] 聂梅生，水工业工程设计手册-水资源及给水处理[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[158] 马军，石颖．高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化与预氯化除藻效能对比研究．李圭白院士七十寿辰学术论文集。2001
[159] 陈忠林，王东田，李圭白等．高锰酸钾复合药剂除藻臭试验[J]．中国给水排水，200，16(11)：58-60
[160] 梁恒，李圭白，李星等．不同水处理工艺流程对除藻效果的影响[J]．中国给水排水，2005，21(3)：5-8
[161] 王立宁，方晶云，马军．化学预氧化对藻类细胞结构的影响及其强化混凝除藻[J]．东南大学学报，2005，35(增刊1)182-185
[162] 贾瑞宝，王珂，王占生．含藻水库水中微囊藻毒素的预氧化处理技术研究[C]．2001年中日水处理技术国际交流会，2001．11
[163] 王晓昌．臭氧处理的副产物[J]，给水排水，1998，24(12)：75～77
[164] 张金松，尤作亮．饮用水深度净化与水质处理器[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2003
[165] 罗晓鸿，周荣，王占生．藻类及其分泌物对混凝过程的影响研究[J]．环境科学学报，1998，18(3)：318-324
[166] 梁文艳，曲久辉．饮用水处理中藻类去除方法的研究进展[J]．应用与环境生物学报，2004，10(4)：502-506
[167] 唐铭，丁亮，吴强等．预氯化-粉末活性炭工艺处理藻类水的应用[J]．给水排水，2005，31(9)：40-43
[168] 王宝林，钟惠芳．藻类对城市给水处理的影响及可能采取的对策[J]．天津建设科技，1998，29(1)37-40
[169] Briley D S, Knappe, DRU. Optimizing ferric sufate coagulation of algae with streaming current measurements [J]. AWWA, 2002, 94(2): 80～90
[170] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[171] 余冉．富营养化水体中藻类和藻毒素处理[J]．环境导报，2001，4．
[172] Chow C W K, Drikas M, House J etal., The Impact of Conventional Water Treatment Processes on Cells of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis Aeruginosa. WatRes., 1999,33(15): 3253-3262
[173] Hart,J., Fawell,J.K., Croll,N. The fate of bothe intra-and extracellular toxins during drinking water treatment[J], water supply. 1998,16(1/2): 611-616
[174] Hall,T., Hart, J., Croll, B et al., Laboratory-scale investigations of algal toxin removal by water treatment[J]. Joural of the chartered institution of water and environmental management. 2000,14(2): 143-149
[175] Ingrid Chorus, Jamie Bartaram. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. WHO. 1999
[176] 贾瑞宝，刘军，王珂等．气浮／微絮凝／臭氧／活性炭工艺除藻效果[J]．中国给水排水，2003，19(10)：47-48
[177] 朱光灿，吕锡武．藻毒素在传统净水工艺中的去除特性[J]．环境化学．2002，21(6)：584-588
[178] 解春红．高藻类洋河原水处理方法探讨[J]．工程建设与设计，2005，10：47-48
[179] Yoo,R.S., Carmichel,W.W., Hoehn,R.C. et al., Cyanobacterial toxins: a resource guide[M]. AWWA Research Foundation. 1995
[180] Ministry of Health. Draft guidelines for drinking water quality management for New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand. 2005
[181] 何文杰 李伟光，张晓健等．安全饮用水保障技术[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2006，1002-1003
[182] 引滦工程网．引滦入津水源保护工程简介[EB／QL]．http://203.192.6.26/ylsy/gcjj.htm2006-8-31
[2] J. Alan Roberson, P.E. and Kevin M. Morley. CONTAMINATION WARNING SYSTEMS FOR WATER:AN APPROACH FOR PROVIDING ACTIONABLE INFORMATION TO DECISION-MAKERS. U.S. American Water Works Association. 2005:1-10
[3] Gullick et al., Design of Early Warning Monitoring Systems for Source Waters. AWWA [J], 2003.95 (11):58-72
[4] 新华网专题 松花江发生重大水污染[EB／QL]．http://www.xinhuanet.com/society/zt051124/2006-4-11
[5] 刘洋，张声，张晓健．溶气气浮工艺处理密云水库水的研究[J]．工业用水与废水．2004，35(6)：17-20
[6] 季民，吴昌敏，贾霞珍等．生物接触氧化法对引滦水中藻类的去除[J]．中国给水排水．2003，19(8)：56-58
[7] 王宝林，钟惠芳．藻类对城市给水处理的影响及可能采取的对策[J]．天津建设科技．1998，29(1)：37-40
[8] 徐立，孙芳，陈文革等．武汉市饮用水原水藻类污染及影响因素[J]．中国公共卫生．2005，21(3)：348-349．
[9] 余梅，卢文汉．昆明第五自来水厂常规工艺除藻效果的研究[M]．中国给水五十年回顾，1999，9．
[10] 邓风．南京某自备水厂除藻对策[J]．青岛建筑工程学院学报．2005，26(1)：52-54．
[11] 黄敏如，李一丹，盛丽娜等．福州市饮用水第2水源藻类污染与控制对策探讨[J]．海峡预防医学杂志．2003，9(5)：66-67
[12] 陈杰，刘虎生，黄智等．沈阳市供水系统藻类分布与氯毒性研究[J]．中国预防医学杂志．2004，5(2)：129-130
[13] 方云英，杨肖娥，濮培民等．宁波力洋水库富营养化现状及生态治理对策[J]．水土保持学报．2004，18(6)：184-187
[14] 肖羽堂，许建华．姚江饮用水源生化工艺除污染总结[J]．中国给水排水．1998，14(2)：8-11
[15] 王梅梅，阚振荣，张祥等．保定市饮用水和水原水中藻类的初步考察[J]．北方环境．2005，30(1)：36-38
[16] 周淑玲，沈广顺，颜廷芳，王志芳．一起水厂水原水污染事故的调查[J]．预防医学文献信息．2002，8(5)：584．
[17] U.S. EPA. 2005.10. Technologies and Techniques for Early Warning Systems to Monitor and Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: State-of-the-Art Review, Washington, DC.
[18] Pitcher, David O; Yates, D. Gerard; Hoyt, Monica B. Implementing advanced early warning systems to safe guard public drinking water. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, 2004, p 2162-2167
[19] Clark, Robert M, Adam, et al. Development of a consortium for water security and safety: Planning for an early warning system[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress[C]. 2004, 2168-2177
[20] Brosnan,T.M.(ed..) Early Warning Monitoring to Detect Hazardous Events in Water Supplies-An ILSI risk science institute workshop report. International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), Risk Science Institute, Washington DC, 1999.
[21] David Ford; Dudley McFadden; Marsha Hilmes-Robinson. Early warning. Civil Engineering [J]. 2002, 72(8): 62-68;
[22] Izydorczyk, Katarzyna; Tarczynska, Malgorzata; Jurczak, Tomasz; Mrowczynski, Jaroslaw; Zalewski, Maciej. Measurement of phycocyanin fluorescence as an online early warning system for cyanobacteria in reservoir intake water [J]. Environmental Toxicology, 2005, 20(4): 425-430
[23] Qing Zhang et. al.. Forecasting raw-water quality parameters for the North Saskatchewan river by neural network modeling[J],Water. Res. 1997,Vol31 (9):2340-2350.
[24] Grayman, W.M., R. A.Deininger, and R. M. Males. Design of early warning and predictive source water monitoring systems, AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, CO, 292pp., 2001.
[25] AWWA Workshop (2004) Contamination Monitoring Technologies sponsored by the American Water Works Association, Richmond, VA; May 2004.
[26] J.G.Schulte, A.H.Vicory. Development of communication networks and water quality early warning detection systems at drinking water utilities in the Ohio river valley basin[J], water science and technology. 2005,52(9):235-242.
[27] States, S, J. Newberry, J. Wichterman, J. Kuchta, M. Scheuring, and L.Casson. Rapid analytical techniques for drinking water security investigations[J]. Journal AWWA. 2004,96:152-164.
[28] Foran, J. A, and T. M. Brosnan. Early warning systems for hazardous biological agents in potable water[J]. Environmental Health Perspective. 2000,108(10): 993-995.
[29] U.S. EPA. Early warning systems for contaminant detection in drinking water systems, www.epa.gov/ord
[30] Pitcher, David O. Yates, D. Implementing advanced early warning systems to safe guard public drinking water[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress[C]. Salt Lake City. 2004, 2162-2167.
[31] Calles, Jennifer, Gottler, Randy, Evans. Early warning surveillance of drinking water by photoionization/mass spectrometry[J]. JAWWA. 2005,97(1):62-73
[32] Ostfeld Avi, Salomons, Elad. Optimal layout of early warning detection stations for water distribution systems security[J]. Journal of water resources planning and management. 2004,13(5):377-385.
[33] Ostfeld, Avi, Salomons, Elad. An Early Warning Detection System (EWDS) for Drinking Water Distribution Systems Security[A]. World Water and Environmental Resources Congress[C]. Philadelphia, PA. 2003,283-289
[34] Ostfeld, Avi, Salomons, Elad. A stochastic early warning detection system model for drinking water distribution systems security[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 world water and environmental resources congress[C]. Salt Lake City. 2004, 4593-4598.
[35] 姜立晖．科学发展观指导下的城市供水安全及其保障措施[EB／OL]．http://www.jskj.org.cn/show.aspx?id=4336&cid=3.2006-6-5.
[36] 绍益生 城市供水安全与城市水系统规划．www.csjs.gov.cn/waterforum
[37] Hasan, Stanley States, and Rolf Deininger 2004. Safeguarding The Security Of Public Water Supplies Using Early Warning Systems: A Brief Review Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 129:27-33
[38] Roberson, Alan. What's next for drinking water security. AWWA[J], 2004,96(9):43-44
[39] Richard W Gullick. AWWA'S Source Water Protection Committee Outlines How To Maintain The Highest Quality Source Water. AWWA [J]. 2003,95(11):36-42
[40] Guilick, Richard W; Gaffney, Leah J.; Crockett, Christopher S.; Schulte, Jerry; Gavin,Andrew J. Developing regional early warning systems: For US source water. AWWA [J], 2004, 96(6): 68-82
[41] Oluf Hoyer, Helmut Schell. Monitoring raw water quality and adjustment of treatment processed-experiences at the Wahnbach Reservoir [J]. Wat.Sci.Tech. 1998, 37(2):43-48
[42] Shamshad Ahmad. Performance of stochastic approaches for forecasting river water quality [J]. Water. Res., 2001,35 (18): 4261-4266
[43] Richard J. Roiger. Michael W.Geatz. Data Mining A tutorial-Based Primer[M]. 1st Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.2003.
[44] Trevor Hastie等著 范明等译 统计学习基础-数据挖掘、推理与预测[M]北京：电子工业出版社．2004，6
[45] Robert M. Clark M. ASCE, Nabil R. Adam, Vijay Atluri, Milton Halem, Eric F. Vowinkel. Development of a Consortium for Water Security and Safety: Planning for an Early Warning system. World Water Congress 2004 138, 270 (2004)
[46] THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2006 www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/pdf/budget/epa.pdf
[47] Bode, Harro; Nusch, Ernst A. Advanced river quality monitoring in the Ruhr basin[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1999, 40(10): 145-152
[48] Calles, Jennifer; Gottler, Randy; Evans, Matthew; Syage, Jack. Early warningsurveillance of drinking water by photoionization/mass spectrometry. AWWA[J], 2005, 97(1):62-73
[49] Byer, David; Carlson, Kenneth H. Expanded Summary: Real-time detection of intentional chemical contamination in the distribution system. AWWA, 2005, 97(7):130-133
[50] Ostfeld, Avi; Salomons, Elad. A stochastic early waming detection system model for drinking water distribution systems security. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Enviroumetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management, 2004.p 4593-4598
[51] Green, U.; Kremer, J.H.; Zillmer, M.; Moldaenke, C. Detection of chemical threat agents in drinking water by an early warning real-time biomonitor. Environmental Toxicology[J], 2003,18(6): 368-374
[52] Gu, M.B.; Kim, B.C.; Cho, J.; Hansen, P.D. The continuous monitoring of field water samples with a novel multi-channel two-stage mini-bioreactor system. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment[J], 2001,70(1-2): 71-81
[53] Meulenberg, E.; Stoks, P. Application of immunochemical methods in monitoring and early warning systems for water quality control [J]. Water Supply, 1997,15(2): 91-108
[54] Cho, Jang-Cheon; Park, Kyung-Je; Ihm, Hyuk-Soon; Park, Ji-Eun; Kim, Se-Young; Kang, Ilnam; Lee, Kyu-Ho; Jahng, Deokjin; Lee, Dong-Hun; Kim, Sang-Jong. A novel continuous toxicity test system using a luminously modified freshwater bacterium. Biosensors and Bioelectronics[J], 2004, 20(2): 338-344
[55] Grayman W M, Rolf A. Deininger, Richard M. Males. Richard W.Gullick. "souuce water early warning systems," in Larry W. Mays, Water supply systems security[M]. McGRAW-HILL. 2003,07
[56] Drage B.E., J.E. Upton, M.Purvis. On-line monitoring of micropollutants in the River Trent (U.K.) with Respect to Drinking Water Abstraction[J]. Water Science Technology. 1998,38(11):123-130
[57] Grimaud A, T.Vandevelde, J.P.Morvan, "Automatic stations for the monitoring of pollutants in Rivers" in proceedings of the AWWA Annual Conference, AWWA, Denver, CO, 1990
[58] Grayman W M, R M Vicory, R M Males. "early warning system for chemical spills on the Ohio River," in R. A.Deininger, P.Literathy, and J.Bartram(eds.), Security of Public Water Supplies, NATO Science Series, 2.Environment, 66, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000.
[59] Wilken, R.D., T.Knepper, K.Haberer. "early warning systems on the Rhine and Elbe in Germany," in R.A.Deininger, P.Literathy, and J.Bartram(eds.), Security of Public Water Supplies, NATO Science Series,2.Environment,66 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht,2000
[60] 谢红霞，胡勤海．突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统发展探讨．环境污染与防治[J]．2004，1(26)：44-47
[61] 白俊泽．水质自动监测系统在东深供水工程中的应用[J]．广东水利水电，1999(1)：
[62] 陈国光．上海市供水在线水质仪表的应用及管理[J]．净水技术2002，1(21)：41-42
[63] 田禹．水质远程在线监测管理系统的开发研究[J]．中国给水排水，2003，10(19)：6-9
[64] 中国环境监测．流域水质自动监控周报[EB／OL]．http://www.cnemc.cn/emc/class.asp?unid=1328.html.2006-4.23
[65] 山东环境．山东省重点流域第一批水质自动监测站建设基本情况[EB／OL]．http://218.98.153.90/21/news/2004514125533.html 2006-3-9
[66] 新华网．20个水质监测”电子眼”监控我省三江流域水情[EB／OL]． http://www.cdxhw.net/content/2006-2/10/2006210100356.htm. 2006-2-15
[67] 中国建设信息水工业网．山东潍坊水司成立“水质预警系统”[EB／OL]． www.jsbwater.com.2006-2-17
[68] 安恒公司．安恒地表水源水实时预警系统一．大连英那河水库[EB／OL]． http://www.watertest.com.cn/news/html/casestudy/329.html. 2006-4.15
[69] 中国互联网新闻中心．南水北调中线工程首个自动水质监测站建成[EB／OL]．http://english.hanban.edu.cn/chinese/zhuanti/nanbei/488988.htm.2004-8-15
[70] 水信息网．黄浦江上游新建六个水质监测站[EB／OL]．http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=149570.2006-5-20
[71] 水信息网．官厅、密云水库上游水质水量自动监测系统二期工程简介[EB／OL]．http://xinxihua.hwcc.gov.cn/OutsideGroup/Outside_browse.asp?newsid=7602005-11-20
[72] 新疆环境保护．江苏省徐州建设监测站全天候监控饮用水质[EB／OL]．http://www.xjepb.gov.cn/01.asp?ArticlelD=1972 2005-3-20
[73] 佛山在线．水质如遭破坏系统自动“报警”[EB／OL]．http://www.fsonline.com.cn/news/top-line/200603250011.htm 2006-4-12
[74] 姜立晖．科学发展观指导下的城市供水安全及其保障措施[EB／OL]．http://www.jskj.org.cn/show.aspx?id=4336&cid=3.2006-6-5.
[75] 彭文启，周怀东．地表水水源地水质问题与对策[EB／OL]．http://www.iwhr.com/special/water/pengwenqi.htm.2006-6-3.
[76] 张自杰．废水处理理论与设计[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2003．2．
[77] 许保玖．论水质科学与工程及21世纪水处理科技[EB／OL]．中国水网．http://www.h2o-china.corn/policyandmarket/files/lszkxygc.htm. 2006-3-3.
[78] 许保玖．给水处理理论[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000．10
[79] 董志颖，王娟，李兵．水质预警理论初探[J]．水土保持研究，2002，3(9)：224-226
[80] 罗竹凤等 汉语大词典 汉语大词典出版社，1993
[81] 张晓东等 关于地震预警的思考[J]．国际地震动态2004，6(36)：42-46
[82] Guilick, Richard W; Gaffney, Leah J.; Crockett, Christopher S.; Schulte, Jerry; Gavin,Andrew J. Developing regional early warning systems: For US source water. AWWA [J], 2004, 96(6): 68-82
[83] W.H. van der Schalie, T. R. Shedd, M. W. Widder, L. M. Brennan. Response characteristics of an aquatic biomonitor used for rapid toxicity detection. Journal of Applied Toxicology [J].2004,24(5):387-394.
[84] Green, Kremer J.H, Zillmer M. Detection of chemical threat agents in drinking water by an early warning real-time biomonitor[J]. Environmental Toxicology. 2003,18(6):368-374
[85] Menlenberg, E, Stoks, P. Application of immunochemical methods in monitoring and early warning systems for water quality control[J]. Water Supply. 1997,15(2):91-108
[86] Izydorczyk, Katarzyna, Tarczynska, et al. Measurement of phycocyanin fluorescence as an online early warning system for cyanobacteria in reservoir intake water[J]. Environmental Toxicology,. 2005,20(4):425-430
[87] Carolyn Krause. Bioterrorism early-warning system-algae?[J]. Journal of environmental health. 2003,66(3):43
[88] DdeMarco,J., D,H.Metz, D.J.Hartman, R.C.Pohlman, C.A.Shrive, and P.M.Hall. Coping with accidental spills in the Ohio river watershed. Proceedings of the AWWA water quality technology conference, Denver, CO, AWWA,1994.
[89] 李圭白，林生，曲久辉．用高锰酸钾去除饮用水中微量有机污染物[J]．给水排水，1989，15(6)
[90] 李圭白，杨艳玲，马军等．高锰酸钾去除天然水中微量有机污染物机理探讨．大连铁道学院学报[J]．，1998，19(2)：1-4
[91] 中华人民共和国国务院．国家突发公共事件总体应急预案[M]．北京．2005．12
[92] 秦保平 孙韧等 引滦河道中水质偏碱的起因研究[J]．环境科学研究，1999，12(5)：41-42
[93] 程真文．巢湖藻类污染的研究和对策[J]．水处理技术，2003，29(4)：247-248
[94] Ingrid Chorus, Jamie Bartram. Toxic Cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management[M]. Great Britain, Suffolk. St Edmundsbury Press. 1999
[95] 解春红．高藻类洋河原水处理方法探讨[J]．工程建设与设计，2005，10：47-48
[96] 马超群，高仁祥．现代预测理论与方法．长沙；湖南大学出版社，1999
[97] 孙明玺．现代预测学[M]．杭州；：浙江教育出版社，1998：1-23
[98] 范希民等 神经网络和遗传算法在水科学领域的应用[M]．中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[99] Jason Bobbin et. al. Inducing explanatory rules for the prediction of algal blooms by genetic algorithms[J]. Environment International, 2001, 27:237-242
[100] 飞思科技产品研发中心MATLAB6.5辅助神经网络分析与设计[M]，电子工业出版社2003．
[101] Simon Haykin NEURAL NETWORK A Comprehensive foundation (Second Edition) [M] Tsinghua University Press 2001
[102] 袁志发 周静芋等，多元统计分析[M]，科学出版社2002
[103] Holger R. Maier. The use of artificial neural networks for the prediction of water quality parameters [J]. Water resources research, 1996, 32 (4): 1013-1022
[104] Friedrich Recknagel et. al., Artificial neural network approach for modeling and prediction of algal blooms [J]. Ecological Modeling, 1997, 96:11-28
[105] 李莹等，河流水质的预测模型研究[J]．系统仿真学报，2001，13(2)：139-142
[106] Fredric M.Ham, Ivica Kostanic. Principles of Neuralcomputing for Science & Engineering[M]. English edition, 2003
[107] Simon Haykin. NEURAL NETWORK A Comprehensive foundation (Second Edition) [M] Tsinghua University Press, 2001
[108] Holger R. Maier. Grame C. Dandy. Neural Network Based Modeling of Environmental Variables: A Systematic Approach, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 2001,33: 669-682
[109] Simon Haykin. NEURAL NETWORK A Comprehensive foundation (Second Edition) [M]. Tsinghua University Press, 2001
[110] 刘思峰 郭天榜，党耀国，灰色系统理论及其应用[M] 2000
[111] 邓聚龙 灰色系统基本方法[M]华中理工大学出版社1987
[112] 邓聚龙 灰色预测与控制[M] 华中理工大学出版社1986
[113] 邓聚龙 灰色控制系统[M]华中理工大学出版社1985
[114] 于秀林，任雪松．多元统计分析[M]中国统计出版社，2001
[115] 袁志发 周静芋等，多元统计分析[M]，科学出版社2002
[116] 栾丽华等 决策树分类技术研究[J]．计算机工程．2004，9(30)：94-96
[117] 邹莉玲，余小金．ROC曲线在医学诊断中的应用与进展fJ]．东南大学学报(医学版)，2003，22(1)：67-70
[118] Shamshad Ahmad. Performance of stochastic approaches for forecasting river water quality [J]. Water. Res., 2001,35 (18): 4261-4266
[119] 王开章等，灰色模型在大武水源地水质预测中的应用[J]．山东农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，33(1)：66-71
[120] 赵雪辉等，灰色系统GM(1，1)残差模型在水质预测中的应用与探讨[J]．干旱环境监测，1997，11(2)：118-120
[121] Holger R. Maier et. al. Forecasting cyan bacterium Anabaena spp. in the River Murray, South Australia, using B-spline neurofuzzy models[J]. Ecological Modeling, 2001, 146:85-96
[122] Jason Bobbin et. al. Inducing explanatory roles for the prediction of algal blooms by genetic algorithms[J]. Environment International, 2001, 27:237-242
[123] 耿修林 谢兆茹．应用统计学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002，30-74
[124] 徐景翼．当前供水及水处理面临的问题和对策的探讨2000年中国水协科技委含藻处理研讨会论文．
[125] 蔡皖东 计算机网络技术[M]．北京科学出版社2003
[126] 彭祖林 梅林 叶超 网络系统集成工程项目投标与施工[M]．北京国防工业出版社2003
[127] 田禹，张东来．水质远程在线监测管理系统的开发研究[J]．中国给水排水，2003，19(10)：6-9
[128] 黄廷林，卢金锁，阴沛军等．原水在线监测与GPRS数据传输系统[J]．给水排水，2004，30(11)：97-100
[129] 杨乐平 李海涛 赵勇 杨磊．LabVIEW高级程序设计[M]．北京清华大学出版社2003．
[130] 乔瑞萍 林欣LabVIEW6i实用教程[M]．北京电子工业出版社2002年
[131] 曹玲芝 崔光照 吴刚 现代测试技术及虚拟仪器[M]北京航空航天大学出版社．2004．
[132] 卢大远等．汉江下游突发“水花”的调查研究[J]．环境科学研究，2000，2(13)：28-31
[133] 卢全章译．环境和指示生物(水域分册)[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1987．
[134] 许昆灿等．表观增氧量在近岸海域赤潮快速评价与预警中的应用[J]．台湾海峡，2004，4(23)：417-422
[135] 王正方等．长江口溶解氧赤潮预报简易模式[J]．海洋学报，2000，22(4)：125～129
[136] 张正斌．利用化学因子预测赤潮的可行性探讨[J]．青岛海洋大学学报，2003，2(33)：257-263
[137] Michael J. McGuire, Ruth Hund and Gary Burlingame. A practical decision tree tool that water utilities can use to solve taste and odor problems. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA [J]. 2005, 54.5:321-327
[138] 孙英云等．一种基于决策树技术的短期负荷预测算法[J]．电工电能新技术，2004，3(23)：55-58
[139] Detlef R.U. Knappe, R.Christopher Belk, David S.Briley et al., Algae detection and removal strategies for drinking water treatment plants[M]. AWWA Research Foundation. U.S.A. 2004, 78-80
[140] 王晓昌．臭氧用于给水处理的几个理论和技术问题[J]．西安建筑科技大学学报，1998，30(4)：
[141] Rashash, D.M.C., Hoehn,R.C., Dietrich,A.M et al., Identification and control of odorous algal metabolites[M]. AWWA Research Foundation. USA. 1996, 40-45。
[142] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水原水饮用水处理[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999．
[143] 濮培民、胡维平、王国祥等．太湖环境治理．北京：气象出版社，1988，188—201．
[144] Petra M.Visser, Henk A. M Ketelaars. Reduced growth of the cyanobacterium microcystis in an artificially mixed lake and reservioir.Water science technology, 1995, 32(4):53-54.
[145] Jeremy Simmons.Algal control and destratification at Hanningfield reservoir. Water science technology,1998, 37(2):309-316.
[146] 戚盛豪，严煦世等．水资源及给水处理．北京，中国建筑工业出版社，2001．74～88
[147] 丛海兵，黄廷林，缪晶广等．水体修复装置—扬水曝气器的开发．中国给水排水，2005，21(3)：41～45
[148] Angeline K Y Lam, Ellie E. Prepes, David Spink et al. Chemical Control of Hepatotoxic PHytoplankton Blooms: Implication for Human Health. Wat Res., 1995,29(8):1845-1854.
[149] 陈忠林．高锰酸钾复合药剂预氧化给水处理技术．中国科学院生态环境研究中心博士后士学位论文．2000，5．
[150] 吕启忠，张可欣，牛玉香．用硫酸铜及改变水的PH值去除水中藻类[J]．中国给水排水，2000，16(5)：49-50．
[151] 尹澄清，兰智文．围隔中水华控制研究[J]．环境科学学报，1989，9(1)：95-99．
[152] 邓义敏，刘桂明．藻类对供水的影响及去除方法[J]．中国给水排水，2002，17(7)：5-5
[153] 彭海清，谭章荣、高乃云等．给水处理中藻类的去除[J]．中国给水排水，2002，18 (2)．29-31
[154] Nicholson,B.C., Rositano, M.D.Burch. Destruction of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins by chlorine and chloramines[J]. Water research.. 1994,28(6): 1297-1303
[155] Hitzfeld,B.C., Hoger, D.R.Dietrich. Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment and human risk assessment.[J]. Environmental health perspectives. 2000, 108(Supplementl): 113-122
[156] 王宝林．微污染含藻水处理技术[J]．天津建设科技，2006，5：46-47
[157] 聂梅生，水工业工程设计手册-水资源及给水处理[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[158] 马军，石颖．高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化与预氯化除藻效能对比研究．李圭白院士七十寿辰学术论文集。2001
[159] 陈忠林，王东田，李圭白等．高锰酸钾复合药剂除藻臭试验[J]．中国给水排水，200，16(11)：58-60
[160] 梁恒，李圭白，李星等．不同水处理工艺流程对除藻效果的影响[J]．中国给水排水，2005，21(3)：5-8
[161] 王立宁，方晶云，马军．化学预氧化对藻类细胞结构的影响及其强化混凝除藻[J]．东南大学学报，2005，35(增刊1)182-185
[162] 贾瑞宝，王珂，王占生．含藻水库水中微囊藻毒素的预氧化处理技术研究[C]．2001年中日水处理技术国际交流会，2001．11
[163] 王晓昌．臭氧处理的副产物[J]，给水排水，1998，24(12)：75～77
[164] 张金松，尤作亮．饮用水深度净化与水质处理器[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2003
[165] 罗晓鸿，周荣，王占生．藻类及其分泌物对混凝过程的影响研究[J]．环境科学学报，1998，18(3)：318-324
[166] 梁文艳，曲久辉．饮用水处理中藻类去除方法的研究进展[J]．应用与环境生物学报，2004，10(4)：502-506
[167] 唐铭，丁亮，吴强等．预氯化-粉末活性炭工艺处理藻类水的应用[J]．给水排水，2005，31(9)：40-43
[168] 王宝林，钟惠芳．藻类对城市给水处理的影响及可能采取的对策[J]．天津建设科技，1998，29(1)37-40
[169] Briley D S, Knappe, DRU. Optimizing ferric sufate coagulation of algae with streaming current measurements [J]. AWWA, 2002, 94(2): 80～90
[170] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[171] 余冉．富营养化水体中藻类和藻毒素处理[J]．环境导报，2001，4．
[172] Chow C W K, Drikas M, House J etal., The Impact of Conventional Water Treatment Processes on Cells of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis Aeruginosa. WatRes., 1999,33(15): 3253-3262
[173] Hart,J., Fawell,J.K., Croll,N. The fate of bothe intra-and extracellular toxins during drinking water treatment[J], water supply. 1998,16(1/2): 611-616
[174] Hall,T., Hart, J., Croll, B et al., Laboratory-scale investigations of algal toxin removal by water treatment[J]. Joural of the chartered institution of water and environmental management. 2000,14(2): 143-149
[175] Ingrid Chorus, Jamie Bartaram. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. WHO. 1999
[176] 贾瑞宝，刘军，王珂等．气浮／微絮凝／臭氧／活性炭工艺除藻效果[J]．中国给水排水，2003，19(10)：47-48
[177] 朱光灿，吕锡武．藻毒素在传统净水工艺中的去除特性[J]．环境化学．2002，21(6)：584-588
[178] 解春红．高藻类洋河原水处理方法探讨[J]．工程建设与设计，2005，10：47-48
[179] Yoo,R.S., Carmichel,W.W., Hoehn,R.C. et al., Cyanobacterial toxins: a resource guide[M]. AWWA Research Foundation. 1995
[180] Ministry of Health. Draft guidelines for drinking water quality management for New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand. 2005
[181] 何文杰 李伟光，张晓健等．安全饮用水保障技术[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2006，1002-1003
[182] 引滦工程网．引滦入津水源保护工程简介[EB／QL]．http://203.192.6.26/ylsy/gcjj.htm2006-8-31
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |