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东北亚环境安全研究
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摘要
自20世纪后半期以来,随着人类活动范围的扩展与工业化进程的迅猛发展,环境恶化已成为一项全球性问题,日益威胁到人类生存的生态基础。环境安全这一概念逐渐被各国学者和政策制定者所接受。环境安全研究也从最初的边缘化状态发展为国际安全研究的重要分支。
     从国际政治研究的角度看,当前环境安全研究主要分为四类范畴:一是环境问题的安全化研究;二是环境安全与冲突的相关性研究;三是生态主义视角的研究;四是环境促进合作(和平)的研究。本文的研究属于第四类范畴。众所周知,目前东北亚地区的安全合作面临很多困难,这主要是由于该地区现存的由区域外国家主导安全架构以及地区主要国家间的安全困境所致。如何避开或克服这些障碍,推动东北亚地区安全合作与地区主义的发展,是学者与政治家面临的一项重要课题。
     东北亚地区地缘接近,而且面临着共同的环境难题,随着地区经济一体化的加深,环境领域的相互依赖及其带来的国家间关系的紧张甚至冲突,都将愈加明显。从环境的意义上,东北亚已经成为一个“命运共同体”。本文的研究旨在从东北亚环境安全入手,探讨地区环境安全合作能否成为克服安全困境、增强国家间互信、促进地区合作与和平的有效手段与途径。
     本研究以地区主义与环境合作的互动关系为理论线索,将东北亚的环境安全问题纳入东亚整体的地区主义的发展进程之中予以考量。一方面,地区主义的兴起与发展为地区环境安全合作提供了理论基础与实践平台,成为环境合作的重要支撑力量;另一方面,地区环境安全领域的合作又成为东北亚地区合作的推动力量。在这种互动关系的基础上,本文进一步提出了“地区环境安全复合体”的分析框架。引入这一分析框架的主要目的是确立本文的研究思路与研究重点,即以“地区环境安全复合体”为起点,通过环境安全的制度化合作,促进地区社会的形成与发展,从而促进东北亚地区主义合作进程。为了使研究更为规范化与系统化,在本文的写作中,采用了综合性的研究方法,主要包括结构功能分析法(Structural-Functionalism Analysis)和建构主义的研究方法(Constructivism Approach)。
     运用上述研究方法,本文对东北亚的环境安全进行了初步研究。研究的重点在于探讨环境安全合作能否成为改善东北亚国家关系、促进地区合作的积极因素与推动力量。据此,本文结构安排如下:
     导论部分,对选题的原因及意义、当前国内外研究现状进行了详细的述评。
     近年来,环境安全研究发展迅速,产生了一大批优秀的研究成果。这些研究成果的主要贡献在于:它们丰富和发展了国家安全观,拓展了安全的研究领域。环境安全研究的迅速发展,不但从理论上突破了传统的以军事安全为主导的国家安全观,而且对国家的安全政策与安全实践产生了重要影响。它使国家认识到,安全不仅是来自外部的,军事或武力的威胁,而且可以是源于内部的,非军事的生态威胁;安全的维护不再是一种完全“零和”的逻辑,而更应该具有一种“共同安全”意识,通过国际合作实现环境安全。
     但是,从近年来国内外的研究现状来看,对于环境与冲突的研究较为关注,尤其是把环境问题与军事问题与武力干涉联系起来,这不但无益于环境问题的解决,而且为某些国家以环境问题为借口干涉别国内政提供了可能,还有可能加剧安全领域的零和逻辑。在全球化相互依赖的今天,各国的命运是共同的,安全只有通过合作而非对抗才能实现。对于环境安全的研究也是如此,我们应该更多地关注环境安全合作能否成为维持与创建和平的途径。这一方面的系统化研究还相当欠缺,尤其是有关东北亚地区的环境安全研究,国内尚处于探索和起步阶段,缺乏从规范与实证相结合的学术角度进行的系统化研究。这与东北亚地区环境安全的现状是不相符的。该领域的研究亟待加强。基于以上考虑,本文尝试从地区主义与环境合作的互动视角对东北亚环境安全进行研究,力图证明通过加强东北亚地区环境安全这一功能性领域的合作,促进国家间的共同认知和国际环境规制的构建,逐渐培养起地区国家间合作的习惯,进而推动该地区的安全合作与地区主义进程。
     第一章基于拟定的研究方法与思路,首先对环境安全的基本概念、内涵以及有关环境安全化问题的争论进行了界定与梳理。其次探讨了环境安全在当代国际关系中的地位及其对国际关系的影响,重点讨论了环境安全对国家安全观念以及国际安全实践的影响,并分析了国际环境外交的兴起、发展以及面临的问题。
     第二章从地区主义的理论视角对东北亚地区的环境安全进行了分析与论述。重点探讨了地区主义与环境合作的互动关系,引入“地区环境安全复合体”的分析框架,并进一步分析了以地区主义为理论支撑,“地区环境安全复合体”对地区安全合作的意义。
     第三章主要论述了东北亚地区的环境安全合作的现状、动力、各国对外环境政策及其差异,尽管东北亚地区的环境合作已经在多层次、多领域内展开,并且成效显著。但总的来说,东北亚的环境合作还具有很大的潜力,尤其是如果各国可以将环境问题上升到国际安全的高度,东北亚的环境安全状况会有更大的改变,环境安全合作的层次也将进一步提高。文章从安全角度、经济角度和社会角度几个方面分析了东北亚环境安全合作的多重动力。目前东北亚环境合作面临的困境,主要表现为各国对外环境政策与目标各不相同,影响到地区环境合作的成效。
     第四章从环境安全的视角重新审视了东北亚的地区合作,重点论述了环境安全合作对于促进东北亚地区合作的现实功能与路径选择。首先阐明了处于权力结构变动之中的东北亚地区的安全困境及其成因。文章认为,要促进东北亚安全的积极变化,必须实现地区权力的分享、地区制度的创设以及共同规范与认同的形成。而要实现以上几个目标,环境安全领域的合作能够起到积极的作用。东北亚地区可以被视为一个“环境安全复合体”,以此为基础,将东北亚的环境安全议程纳入东亚整体的地区主义合作进程之中,通过环境领域的制度化合作,促进国家间的互信,缓解安全困境,推动地区安全与和平进程,从而为实现地区共同体目标奠定基础。
     结论部分对全文内容与主要观点做出总结的基础上,进一步提出中国应明确其地区主义战略中的环境安全政策,努力推动东北亚地区环境安全合作,为中国和平崛起创造良好的外部环境。
Since the last half of 20~(th) century, due to the expansion of human's activity and the development of industrialization, environmental degradation becomes a global issue, which threatens the ecological basis of human's survival. Scholars and policy makers have accepted the concept of environmental security gradually. The study on environmental security has also become an important branch of international security studies.
     From the perspective of international politics, contemporary environmental security studies can be divided into four categories: the first is the study on environmental securitization; the second is the study on the relationship between environmental security and conflict; the third is the ecological angle of view; the fourth is on environmental peacemaking. This dissertation belongs to the last category. As we know, the present security cooperation in Northeast Asia faces many difficulties. The main reason is that the existing security framework and the dilemmas among the major powers of this region. How to avoid or overcome these obstacles and promote regional security cooperation is an important task putting in front of scholars and policy makers.
     Northeast Asian countries are confronted with common environmental problems. With the urge of regional economic regionalization wave, the interdependence within the environmental field may lead to the tension and conflict among countries. In the sense of environment, Northeast Asia has become a "Fortune Community". Beginning from Northeast Asian environmental security, this dissertation attempts to analyze the possibilities through regional environmental security cooperation to ease security dilemmas, to build up mutual trust between countries and to be an effective way to improve regional cooperation and peace.
     The dissertation takes the interactive relationship between regionalism and environmental cooperation as a theoretical clue. On the one hand, regionalism provides theoretical basis for regional environmental cooperation; and on the other, regional environmental cooperation is the driving force of regionalism. Based on this, the author brings forward the framework of "Regional Environmental Security Complex", which also includes the amity and the enmity in the sense of environmental security. The main purpose to introduce this analysis framework into the dissertation lies in that Northeast Asian countries are able to cooperate within various levels and enhance the amity by engaging in environmental institutional cooperation, therefore it's useful to reconstruct mutual trust and push the regional cooperation into forward. In order to ensure this study more standard and systematic, the dissertation adopts comprehensive methodologies, which include Structural-Functionalism Analysis and Constructivism Approach.
     The structure of this dissertation includes six parts:
     The introduction brings forth the argumentation, and reviews of the present research evolution of environmental security.
     In recent years, environmental security research has been developing very fast; a large amount of literature has been emerged. The main contribution of these achievements lies in: they not only enrich and develop the concept of national security, but broaden the security research field. Rapid development of environmental security research breaks through traditional national security concept which is dominated by military security theoretically, and produces important influence on national security policy and practice. Security is not only from external or military threat, but also originates from internal or non-military issues. Security maintenance is not an absolute "Zero Sum" logic, but it should have a sense of "Common Security" to realize environmental security by international cooperation.
     Otherwise, within the present research, scholars pay much attention to the relationship between environment degradation and conflict, especially put the environmental issues and military intervening together. This is not benefit for the solution of environmental issues, but will provide an excuse for some countries' intervening others' domestic politics.
     In today's interdependence world, all countries have common fortune to some extent. Security should be achieved through cooperation but confrontation. So we should pay more attention to environmental security cooperation and discuss whether it can be a way to maintain and build peace. This kind of systematic research is relatively deficient, especially on the research of Northeast Asian environmental security. This situation is not matched to this region's environmental situation, and this kind of research should be strengthened. This dissertation, from the perspective of regionalism, attempts to analyze the possibility by strengthening environmental cooperation to improve common knowledge among countries, to construct international environmental regimes, to bring up cooperative habits, and to promote regional security cooperation and the process of regionalism.
     The first chapter defines the concept of environmental security and analyzes the arguments on environmental securitization. Then the author discusses the situation of environmental security research in contemporary international relations.
     The second chapter makes an analysis of Northeast Asian environmental cooperation from the theoretical perspective of regionalism. Based on the interactive relationship between regionalism and environmental cooperation, the author brings in "Regional Environmental Security Complex" as the framework for analysis.
     The third chapter mainly discusses the present situation, driving forces and the environmental policies within Northeast Asian environmental cooperation. In spite of Northeast Asian environmental cooperation has developed at multi-levels, this region's environmental cooperation still has large potential. If regional countries promote environmental issues up to a higher position of international security, the situation of Northeast Asian environmental cooperation will be largely improved. This chapter analyzes the driving forces from the angle of security, economy and society. Despite the achievements, environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia still faces some difficulties, such as the different environmental policies and goals of regional countries; these have negative influence on regional environmental cooperation.
     The forth chapter makes a survey of Northeast Asian regional cooperation from the view of environmental security, mainly discusses the actual function and path-dependence of environmental security on promoting regional cooperation. By clarifying the security dilemma and its cause, the author points out that in order to promote regional security, the region must realize the sharing of power, building-up of regional institution, and the formation of common rules and identification. In order to achieve these goals, environmental security cooperation will play an active role. Northeast Asia can be treated as a "Regional Environmental Security Complex", through institutional cooperation of environmental field, to promote mutual trust, to ease security dilemmas, and to push regional security and the process of peace.
     By summarizing of the contents and main points of the whole dissertation, the author concludes that China should clarify the environmental security policy in its regionalism strategy to promote regional environmental security cooperation and to construct a good outer environment for China's peaceful rise.
引文
① George W. Downs, eds., "Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?", International Organizations 50, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 379-406.
    ② Ken Conca, "The Case for Environmental Peacemaking", in Ken Conca and Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Environmental Peacemaking, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002, pp.9-10.
    ① Emanuel Adler, "Imagined (Security) Community: Cognitive Regions in International Relations", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, June 1997, p. 249.
    ② 麦克尔·伦纳等编著:《世界报告2005:重新定义全球安全》,河北教育出版社,2005年版,第194-195页。
    ③ 新华社专访:“日本首相安倍表示要大力推动日中关系发展”,新华网.2006年11月15日。
    ④ 王逸舟:《探寻全球主义的国际关系》,北京大学出版社,第199页。
    ① 薄燕:“环境问题是安全问题吗?”,载《国际关系研究:理论·视角与方法》,文汇出版社,2002,第143-171。
    ② 有关“环境安全”的论述,参见Thomas F.Homer—Dixon, "Environmental Security and Violent Conflict—Evidence from cases", International Security, (Summer, 1994),pp.5-40; Frances Cairncross, "Environmental Pragmatism", Foreign policy (Summer, 1994), pp-35-52; Paul Warner, "Politics beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics", World Politics (April, 1995); Norman Myers, "What is Environmental Security", www. Envirosecurity.org, 2004; Jon Barnett, "The Meaning of.Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era", Zed Books Ltd., 2001, pp.156-157.
    ① 参见 Porfiriev Bn, "The Environmental Dimension of National-security-a Test of Systems-analysis Methods", Environment manage,1992, vol.16(6), pp.735-742; Allenby Br, "Environmental Security: Concept and Implementation", International Political Science Review, 2000, vol.21(l), pp.5-21; Gareth Porter, "Environmental Security as a National Security Issue",Current History, May 1995, pp.218-222.
    ② 参见巴瑞·布赞:《新安全观》,浙江人民出版社,2003年版。
    ③ Jessica Tuchman Mathews, "Redefining Security", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 68,1989.
    ④ R. Kaplan, "The Coming Anachy", Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 273, No.2, 1994, p.58.
    ⑤ G. Dabelko and D.Dabelko, "Environmental Security: Issues of Conflict and Redefinition", Environmental Change and Security Project Report, No.1, 1995, p.9.
    ⑥ See Norman Myers, "What is Environmental Security", 2004; "Environmental Security: What's New and Different", www.Envirosecurity.org.
    ⑦ Alan Dupont, East Asia Imperiled: Transnctional Challenges to Security, Carabridge University Press, 2001, pp.13-18.
    ① Daniel Deudney, "Environmental and Security: Muddled Thinking", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol.47, No.3, 1991,pp.23-28; Marc A. Levy, "Time for a Third Wave of Environment and Security Scholarship?", Environmental Change and Security Project, No.1, 1995, pp.44-46; Marc A. Levy, "Is the Environment A National Security Issue", International Security,1995, p.61.
    ② R. Jervis, "The Future of World Politics: Will it Resemble the Past?", International Security, Vol. 16, No.3, 1991, p.64.
    ③ Daniel Deudney, "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security", Millennium Vol. 19, 1990, p.461.
    ④ Hans Brayninckx, "Environmental Security: An Analysis of the Conceptual Problems: Defining the Relationship between Environment and Security", p.78.
    ⑤ Daniel Deudney, "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security", Millennium Vol. 19,1990, p.462.
    ① Jon Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Zed Books Ltd., 2001, pp. 156-157.
    ② 参见 United Nations, "Interim Report of the Secretary General on the Prevention of Armed Conflict", Report of the Secretary General on the Work of the Organization, 12 Sept. 2003; "World Report 2005: Redefining the Global Security", Institute of World Watch, 2005; "NATO Final Report: Environment and Security in an International Context", NATO, 1999; "Environment and Security: Crisis Prevention Through Cooperation", 2000; "Environmental Security: Strengthening National Security Through Environmental Protection", 1999; "Environmental Changc and Security Project Report", Woodrow Wilson Center, 2000.
    ③ 诺曼·麦尔斯:《最终的安全——政治稳定的环境基础》,上海译文出版社,2001年版,第19-20页。
    ① Thomas Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt, Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population, and Security, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1998.
    ② 参见 J. Starr, "Water Wars", Foreign Policy, No.82, 1991, pp.17-36; Myers, Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability, Washington: Island Press, 1996; Peter H. Gleik, "Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security", International Security, Vol. 15, No.1, 1993, pp.79-112.
    ③ Pcter M. Haas, "Constructing Environmentl Conflict from Resource Scarcity", Global Environmental Politics, February 2002.
    ④ 麦克尔·伦纳等编著:《世界报告2005:重新定义全球安全》,河北教育出版社,2005。
    ⑤ Ken Conca, "The Case for Environmental Peacemaidng", in Ken Conca and Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Environmental Peacemaking, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002, p.5.
    ① Barry Buzan, People, State and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Lynne Rienner, 1991, pp.19-20.
    ② 郇庆治,李萍:《国际环境安全:现实困境与理论思考》,《现代国际关系》,2004年第2期。
    ③ 有学者将环境促进和平的研究与“环境安全”的概念区别开来。理由是“环境安全”的概念过多关注了环境与冲突的关系,阻碍了环境促进和平的研究,因此应该用前者的研究框架取代后者。参见Kon Conca,"The Case for Environmental Peacemaking", in Kon Conca and Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Environmental Peacemaking, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002, p.4.笔者认为,安全包含两层含义,即“不安全”与“安全”。相应的,在安全的末端有两种形态:冲突与和平。因此,二者是不矛盾的,可以将环境促进和平的研究纳入环境安全的研究框架。
    ④ 麦克尔·伦纳等编著:《世界报告2005:重新定义全球安全》,河北教育出版社,2005。
    ⑤ Kon Conca, "The Case for Environmental Peacemaking", in Kon Conca and Geoftrey D. Dabelko, Environmental Peacemaking, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002, pp.3-4.
    ① 麦克尔·伦纳等编著:《世界报告2005:重新定义全球安全》,河北教育出版社,2005。
    ② 麦克尔·伦纳等编著;《世界报告2005:重新定义全球安全》,河北教育出版社,2005。
    ③ Harin Dokken, "Environment, Security, and Regionalism in the Asia-Pacific: is Environmental Security a Useful Concept?", The Pacific Review. Vol.14, No.4, 2001: 509-530.
    ④ 参见王逸舟:《全球化时代的国际安全》,上海人民出版社,1999年版.
    ① 参见陆忠伟:《非传统安全论》,时事出版社,2003年版,第187-213页。
    ② 张勇:《环境安全论》,中国环境科学出版社,2005年版。书中对于国内外环境安全研究的现状作了总结:把当前国内外环境安全研究划分为三种视角,(1)传统安全视角:从传统安全的视角研究环境问题对传统安全的影响;(2)狭义环境安全视角:从安全的视角研究日益恶化的狭义环境问题;(3)广义环境安全视角:从安全的视角研究生态、资源、灾害等领域的广义环境问题。参见张勇。叶文虎:《国内外环境安全研究进展述评》,载《中国人口·资源与环境》,2006年第3期。
    ③ 王义桅:《论国家安全的时代发展:环境安全的启示》,硕士论文。
    ④ 王逸舟:“生态政治的独特视野”,载《探寻全球主义国际关系》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第203页。
    ⑤ 朱锋:《“非传统安全”解析》,载《中国社会科学》2004年第4期。
    ⑥ 厐中英:《中国与亚洲:观察·研究·评论》,上海社会科学出版社,第133页。
    ① 薄燕:《国际谈判与国内政治:对美国与(京都议定书)的双层博弈分析》,复旦大学博士论文,2003年。
    ② 张海滨:《中国的环境外交》,北京大学博士论文,1997年。
    ③ 张海滨:《东北亚环境合作的回顾与展望》,载《国际政治研究》,2000年第2期。
    ④ 路镜:《我国与他国的环境合作成政治经济润滑剂》,载《新周刊》,2005年第3期。
    ⑤ 元东郁:《东北亚地区的环境合作——权力、利益与知识的互动研究》,北京大学博士论文,2001年。
    ⑥ 陆建人,徐嵩龄:《略论中国与东亚的环境合作》,载《当代亚太》,1999年第11期。
    ⑦ 有日本学者提出,东北亚地区面临着七类非传统安全问题,依次为:环境污染、资源短缺、跨国性非法人口流动、毒品生产和交易、艾滋病和非典、国际资本迅速流动造成的金融动荡、恐怖主义.See Tsuneo Akaha,"Non-traditional
    ① Richa.d A. Falk. This Endangered Pianet, Random House,1971,p.59.
    ① Lester R. Brown, "Redefining National Security", Worldwatch Paper, Oct. 1977, pp.1-40.
    ② Jon Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Zed Books Ltd., 2001, p.38.
    ③ Norman Myers, Gaia——an Atlas of Planet Management, New York: Doubleday, 1986, p.251.
    ④ Norman Myers, Ultimate Security—The Environment Basis of Political Stability, New York: W.W. Norton, 1993,
    ⑤ United Nations "Interim Report of the Secretary General on the Prevention of Armed Conflict", Report of the Secretary General on the Work of the Organization, 12 Sept. 2003.
    ⑥ Jon Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Erc. Zed Books Ltd., 2001, p. 1.
    ⑦ 转引自陆忠伟主编:《非传统安全论》,时事出版社,第193页。
    ① 有关“环境安全”的论述,参见Thomas Homer—Dixon, "Environmental Security and Violent Conflict—Evidence from cases", International Security, (Summer, 1994),pp.5-40; Frances Caimcross, "Environmental Pragmatism", Foreign policy (Summer, 1994), pp-35-52; Paul Warner, "Politics beyond the Statc: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics", World Politics (April, 1995); Gregory D. Foster & Louise B. Wise, "Sustainable Security: Transnational Environmental Threats and Foreign Policy", Harvard International Revicw, Fall 1999, p.20.
    ② Wendell King, "Understanding International Environmental Security: A Strategic Military Perspective Atlanta", AEPI, 2000, p.43.
    ③ Jon Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Zed Books Ltd., 2001, p.129.
    ④ Barry Buzan, People. State and Fear: An Agrnda for International Security Studies in the Post-Coid War Era, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, p.19.
    ① Gregory D. Foster, 'Environmental Security. The Search for Strategic Legitimacy", ARMED FORCES & SOCIETY, Vol.27, No.5, Spring 2001,pp. 373-395.
    ② R. Kaplan, "The Coming Anachy", Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 273, No.2, 1994, p.58
    ① Michael Sheehan. International Security: An Anatytical Survey, Lynne Rionner Publishers, Inc. 2005, p.100.
    ② 参见王逸舟:《全球化时代的国际安全》,上海人民出版社,1999,第101-104页。张勇:《环境安全论》,北京大学博士论文,2003,第1-15页。
    ① 朱锋:《“非传统安全”解析》,载《中国社会科学》,2004年第4期。
    ① Alan Dupont, East Asia Imperiled: Transnational Challenges to Security, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp.13-18.
    ② Alan Dupont, East Asia Imperiled: Transnational Challenges to Security, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp.13-18.
    ③ Daniel Deudney, "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security", Millennium Vol. 19, 1990, p.461.
    ④ Hans Bruyninckx, "Environmental Security: An Analysis of the Conceptual Problems Defining the Relationship between Environment and Security", p.78.
    ⑤ Daniel Deudney, "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security", Millennium Vol. 19, 1990.
    ① Brian R. Shaw, "When are Environmental Issues Security Issues?" ECSP(Environmental Change and Security Project) Report 2, Spring 1996, http://ecsp.si.edu/ecsplib nsf.
    ① 转引自 Kim Sung-han, "Environment-Security Nexus in Northeast Asia", Paper Presented at the ISA Annual Meeting, July 26-28, 2001.
    ② 参见张勇:《环境安全论》,北京大学博士论文,2003年。
    ③ Jon Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecoiogical Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Zed Books Ltd., 2001, pp.156-157.
    ④ M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001,p.203.
    ⑤ Dennis Pirages, "Ecological Theory and Internationai Relations", Indiana Journal of Global Studies, 1997, pp.53-64.
    ① [美]康威·汉得森(Conway W. Henderson):《国际关系——世纪之交的冲突与合作》,金帆译,海南出版社,2004,第415-417页。
    ② M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001,p,211.
    ① Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of The Environment, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998, p.219.
    ② 诺曼·麦尔斯:《最终的安全——政治稳定的环境基础》,上海译文出版社,2001年版,第19-20页。
    ③ 王逸舟:《论“非传统安全”——基于国家与社会关系的一种分析思路》,载《学习与探索》,2005年第3期。
    ① 星野昭吉:《全球政治学——全球化进程中的交动、冲突、治理与和平》,新华出版社,2000年版,第130页。
    ② 王义桅:《论国家安全的时代发展:环境安全的启示》,复旦大学硕士论文,第5页。
    ③ Richard H. Ullman, "Redefining Security", International Security, vol.8, No.1, 1983, p.133.
    ① Malin Gunnarsson, "Regionalism and Security——Two Concepts in the Wind of Change", pp. 185-188.
    ② [美]康威·汉得森(Conway W.Henderson):《国际关系——世纪之交的冲突与合作》,金帆译,海南出版社,2004,第413页。
    ① 李智:《全球化时代的国际思潮》,新华出版社,2003年版,第202-204页。
    ② 解振华:《国家环境安全战略报告》,中国环境科学出版社,2005年版,第3-5页。
    ① 解振华:《国家环境安全战略报告》,中国环境科学出版社,2005年版,第3-5页。
    ② Andrew Hurrell, "International Political Theory and the Global Environment", in Ken Booth and Steve Smith(eds.), International Relations Theory Today, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995, p.136.
    ① 麦克尔·伦纳等编著:《世界报告2005:重新定义全球安全》,2005年版,第3页。
    ② 朱锋:《“非传统安全”解析》,载《中国社会科学》,2004年第4期。
    ① 王逸舟:《国际关系研究的若干问题》,载《欧洲研究》,2006年第3期。
    ② 陆忠伟主编的《非传统安全论》一书中,将非传统安全分为经济安全、金融安全、能源安全、环境安全、水资源安全、民族分裂问题、宗教极端主义、恐怖主义、文化安全、武器扩散、信息安全、流行疾病、人口安全、毒品走私、非法移民、海盗问题和洗钱问题;在布赞的《新安全论》一书中,则将安全视为一个包括军事安全、环境安全、经济安全、社会安全和政治安全的整体。
    ③ 朱锋:《“非传统安全”解析》,载《中国社会科学》,2004年第4期。
    ④ See Tsuneo Akaha, "Non-traditional Security Cooperation for Resionalism in Northeast Asia", a paper based on the talk at Waseda University, Tokyo on November 27, 2003.
    ① 王逸舟:《全球化时代的国际安全》,上海人民出版社,1999年,第121页。
    ② [美]布鲁斯·拉西特,哈维·斯塔尔著,王玉珍译:《世界政治》,华夏出版社,2004年版,第422-423页。
    ① Anil Markandya and Kirsten Halsaaes, Climate Change and Sustcinable Development—Prospects for Developing Countries, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2002, p.70.
    ② 刘乃京:《环境外交:国际力量互动与较量的新界面》,载《国际论坛》,2003年第6期。
    ① Peter Robson, The Economics of International Integration, London: Routledge, 1998, p.1.
    ① Paul Bowles, "Regionalism and development after the global financial crisis", New Political Economy, Vol.5, No.3, November 2000, p.433.
    ② Helge Hveem, "Explaining the Regional Phenomenon in an Era of Globalization", in Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey R.D. Underhill (eds), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000, pp. 70-81.
    ③ Louise Fawcett, "Regionalism in Historical Perspective", in Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell (eds.), Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organizations and International Order, Oxford University Press, 1995, p.11.
    ④ Muthiah Alagappa, "Resionalism and Security: A Conceptual Investigation", in Andrew Mark and John Ravenhill(eds.), Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Pegion, Westview Press, 1995, p.158.
    ⑤ 耿协峰著:《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第37页。
    ⑥ 肖欢荣:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京广播学院出版社,2003年皈,第9-10页。
    ⑦ 转引自 Shaun Breslin, Richard Higgot and Ben Rosamond, "Regions in Comparative Perspective", in Breslin et al, eds., New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy, Routledge, 2002, pp.13-14.
    ① 崔欢荣:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京广播学院出版社,2003年版,第12-13页。
    ② Andrew Hurtell, "Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective', in Louise Faw(?)t and Andrew Hurrell, eds, Regionalism in World Politics, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1995, pp.38-45.
    ③ 耿协峰著:《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第37页。
    ① 庞中英:“把上海合作组织建立在新地区主义的基础上”,http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guandian/29/173/20020624/759837.html.
    ② Malin Gunnarsson, "Regionalism and Security——Two Concepts in the Wind of Change", pp.185-188.
    ③ 参见Barry Buzan, Ole W(?)ver and Jaap de Wilde, Security:A New Framework For Analysis, Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998; Barry Buzan, Charles Jones & Richard Little, The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealiam to Structural Realism, New York: Columbia University Press,1993; Peter J. Katzenstein, (ed.) The Culture of National Security, New York: Columbia University Press ,1996; Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society, New York: Cornell University Press, 1996.
    ④ Joseph S. Nye, Peace in Parts Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization, Boston Little, Brown and Company, 1971
    ⑤ 肖欢荣:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京广播学院出版社,2003年,第9页。
    ⑥ Mattli, Walter, The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999,p.190.
    ① 参见吴昕春:《制度视角下的东北亚区域合作》,南开大学博士论文,2005,第28-30页。
    ② 耿协峰:《新地区主义的核心价值》,载《国际经济评论》,2004年,第3-4期。
    ③ 参见庞中英:《东亚需要“社会地区主义”》,载《东方早报》,2003年7月18日;《社会地区主义:东亚从SARS风暴中能学习到什么》,载《国际政治研究》季刊,2003年第3期.
    ① [日]星野昭吉著:《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》,刘小林,梁云样译,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第251页。
    ② 王学玉:《论地区主义及其对国际关系的影响》,《现代国际关系》,2002年第8期。
    ③ [日]星野昭吉著:《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》,刘小林,梁云样译,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第254页。
    ④ [美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后——世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》,苏长河等译,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第96页。
    ① 耿协峰:《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第29页。
    ① 参见潘忠岐:《东亚地区安全的构建——兼论欧洲地区主义经验的适用与不适用》,载《多边治理与国际秩序》,上海人民出版社,2006年,第128-144页。
    ② David A. Baldwin, "Security Studies and the End of the Cold War", World Politics, vol. 48, No.1, Spring 1996, p.132.
    ① Andrew Hurrell, "International Political Theory and the Global Environment" in Ken Booth and Stove Smith, eds., International Relations Theory Today; Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995, pp. 150-152.
    ② 子杉:《国家的选择与安全——全球化进程中国家安全观的演变与重构》,上海三联书店,2004年版,第216页。
    ① 耿协峰:《新地区主义的核心价值》,载《国际经济评论》,2004.3-4.
    ② 耿协峰;《新地区主义的核心价值》,载《国际经济评论》,2004.3-4.
    ③ Robart W. Barnett, Beyond War: Japan's Concept of Comprehensive National Security, Washington: Pergaon-Brassey's, 1984, pp.2-5.
    ① David H. Capie, Paul M. Evans and A kiko Fukushima, Speaking Asia-Pacific Security, University of Toronto-York University, 1998, p. 82.
    ② 王逸舟:《探寻全球主义的国家关系》,北京大学出版社,第127页。
    ③ 丛鹏主编:《大国安全观比较》,时事出版社,2004,第23-24页。
    ④ David Dewitt and Amitov Acharya, "Cooperative Security and Development Assistance: The relationship between Security and Development with Reference to EaStern Asia", Easter Asian Policy Papers. No. 16. Toronto: University of Toronto-York University Joint Center forAsia Pacific Studies.1994.转引自苏浩:《从哑铃到橄榄:亚太合作安全模式研究》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第56页。
    ⑤ Paul M. Evans,ed.,"Studying Asia Pacific Secudty",1994,p.38.转引自任晓:《国际关系理论新视野》,长征出版社,2001年1月第1版,第190页。
    ⑥ Gereth Evans: "Cooperative Security and Intrastate Conflict", Foreign Policy, Fall 1994.
    ① David Dewitt and Amitov Acharya, "Cooperative Security and Development Assistance: The relationship between Security and Development with Reference to Eastern Asia", Easter Asian Policy Papers, No.16, Toronto: University of Torento-York University Joint Center for Asia Pacific Studies,1994.转引自苏浩:《从哑铃到橄榄:亚太合作安全模式研究》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第57页.
    ② 苏浩:《从哑铃到橄榄:亚太合作安全模式研究》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第58页。
    ③ Study Series 14, "Concept of Security ", United Nations Publication,1985, p,14
    ④ 王毅:《加强互信合作,促进共同安全》,载《世界知识》,2004年第3期.
    ① Katin Dokken, "Environment, Security, and Regionalism in the Asia-Paciric: is Environmental Security a Usetul Concept?", The Facific Review, Vol. 14, No.4, 2001: 509-530.
    ① 参见巴瑞·布赞;《新安全观》,浙江人民出版社,2003年版,第16-20页.
    ① Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, security communities, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.50.
    ② 参见赫特,索德鲍姆著,袁正清译:《地区主义崛起的理论阐释》,载《世界经济与政治》,2000年第1期。
    ① Bjom Hettne and Fredrik Soderbaum, "Theorising the Rise of Regionness", in Shaun Breslin at al, eds., New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy, Warwick Studies in Globalisation, Routledge, 2002, p.38.
    ② M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001,p.221.
    ③ Barry Buzan, "The Logic of Regional Security in the Post-Cold War World", in Bjom Hettne et al eds., The Regionalism and the Future of Security and Development Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000, pp. 1-25.
    ① Barry Buzan, People, State and Fear: An Agrndafor International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, p.218.
    ② 参见 Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics", International Organization, vol.88, No.2, 1994, pp.384-396.
    ③ Geun Lee, "Regional Environmental Security Complex Approach to Environmental Security in East Asia", www.ony.unu.edu/seminars/securityinasia/
    ④ Geun Lee, "Regional Environmental Security Complex Approach to Environmental Security in East Asia", www.ony.unu.edu/seminars/securityinasia/
    ① Geun Lee, "Regional Environmental Security Complex Approach to Environmental Security in East Asia", www.ony.unu.edu/seminars/securityinasia/
    ① Karin Dokken, "Environment, Security, and Regionalism in the Asia-Pacific: is Environmental Security a Useful Concept?". The Pacific Review, Vol.14, No.4, 2001: 509-530.
    ② [美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后——世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》,苏长河等译,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第96页.
    ③ Andrew Hurrell, "International Political Theory and the Global Environment", in Ken Booth end Steve Smith(eds.), International Relations Theory Today, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995, p. 136.
    ④ [日]星野昭吉著:《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》,刘小林,梁云祥译,社会科学文献 出版社,2004年版,第255页。
    ① 麦克尔·伦纳等:《世界报告2005:重新定义全球安全》,河北教育出版社,2005年版,第193页。
    ② Soe B. Hettne and F. Soderbaum, "Theorising the Rise of Regionness", in New Regionatisms in the Giobal Political Economy, op. cit, p.41.
    ① 夏立平:《拓展中日安全领域交流合作与东北亚安全合作机制》,载《欧洲》,2002年第1期。
    ② Carolina G. Hernandez, Jorge V. Tigno and Crisline G. Torres, "The Asian Overview: Population, Food, Energy; and the Environment", in Caviling G. Hernandez and Gill Wilkins(eds.), Population, Food, Energy, and the Environment: Challenges to Asia-Europe Cooperation, Tokyo: Council for Asia-Europe Cooperation 2000, p.122.
    ① Peter Hayes and Lyuba Zarsky, "Environmental Issues and Regimes in Northeast Asia", International Environmetal Affairs, Fall 1994.
    ② Lyuba Zarsky, "The Domain of Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia", paper prepared for the Sixth Annual International Conference Korea and the Future of Noetheast Asia: Conflict or Cooperation?, Proland State University, 1995.
    ③ "Roundtable Discussion: Japan's Former Ambassador to China Defend's Japan's ODA Policy", Gaiko Forum, May 2002, pp.32-44. David Arase, "Japanese ODA Policy Toward China: The New Agenda", in Lain Peng Er, Japan's Relations with China——Facing a Rising Power, Routledge, 2006, p.98.
    ① 参见 M. Valencia, A Maritime Regime for Northeast Aaia, Oxford University Press, 1996.
    ② M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001,pp.203-234.
    ③ 参见金熙德主编:《中国的东北亚研究》,世界知识出版社,2001年版,第120-124页.
    ① 毛锋等:《中日环保合作动因探析》,载《环境保护》,2005年第7期。
    ① 近年来,日本的ODA倾向于帮助解决中国的“3Ps”问题,即污染(pollution)、贫困(poverty)和人口(population)。其中环境保护所占比例最大。See David Arase, "Japanese ODA Policy Toward China: The New Agenda", in Lain Peng Er, Japan's kelations with China——Facing a Rising Power, Routledge, 2006, p.96.
    ② 资料引自《中国环境年鉴》,1999、2000年版。
    ① 尤其是中日韩三国的多边合作成效显著,已经形成了多层次、多领域的合作格局.参见Peter Hayes and Lyuba Zarsky, "Environmental Issues and Regimes in Northeast Asia", International Environmetal Affairs, Fall 1994; M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001,pp.203-234.
    ① 路镜:《我国与他国的环境合作成政治经济润滑剂》,载《新周刊》,2005年第3期.“The Direction of International Environmental Cooperation", Report of Central Environmental Council of Japan, July 2005, p.75.
    ① "The Direction of International Environmental Cooperation", Report of Central Environmental Council of Japan, July 2005, p.23.
    ② M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001,pp.203-234.
    ① Ion Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Zed Books Ltd., 2001, p.46.
    ② Jon Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Zed Books Ltd., 2001, p.46.
    ③ J. Carroll, "The Acid Challenge to Security", Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol. 45, No. 8, 1989, pp.4 -32.
    ④ Peter Hayes and Lyuba Zarsky, "Environmental Issues and Regimes in Northeast Asia", International Environmetal Affairs, Fall 1994.
    ⑤ M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001,pp.203-234.
    ① A. Underdal, International Environmental Agreements and Domestic Politics, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2000, p.61.
    ② D. Sprinz and T. Vaahtoranta, "The Interest-Based Explantion for International Air Polution Control", in A. Underdal ed., The Politics of International Environmental Management, Kiuwet Academic Publishers, 1998, pp. 14-17.
    ① 路镜:《我国与他国的环境合作成政治经济润滑剂》,载《新周刊》,2005年第3期。
    ② G. Porter and J.W. Brown, Global Environmental Politics, second edition, Westview Press, 1996, p.22.
    ③ A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984.
    ④ J. Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
    ⑤ 夏光等编著:《中日环境政策比较研究》,中国环境科学出版社,2000年版,第55页。
    ⑥ M. A. Levy, "European Acid Rain: The Power of tote-based Diplomacy", in R.O.Keohane, P. M. Haas and M. A. Levy eds. Institutions for the Earth, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994, p.125.
    ① Roderick Shaw, "Acid Rain Negotiations in North America and Europe: A Study in Contrast", in Gunner Sjostedt ed., International Environmental Negotiation, Newbury Park: SAGE Publication, 1993, p.97.
    ② 夏光等编著:《中日环境政策比较研究》,中国环境科学出版社,2000年版,第120页。
    ③ Peter M. Haas, "Protecting the Baltic and North Sea", in R.O. Keohane, P. M. Haas and M. A. Levy eds., Institutions for the Earth, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993, p. 178.
    ④ 参见Peter Katzenstein, Network Power, Ithaca: Comell University Prss,1997.
    ⑤ 参见 M. Schreurs, "Domestic Institutions and International Environmental Agendas in Japan and Germany", in M. Schreurs and E. Economy eds., The Internationalization of Environmental Protection, N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
    ① 程琥:《全球化与国家主权——比较分析》,清华大学出版社,2003年版,第220页。
    ② 子杉:《国家的选择与安全:全球化进程中国家安全观的演变与重构》,上海三联书店,2004年版,第216-217页。
    ③ 王逸舟:《国际政治中的“非政府组织”》,载《东方》,1995年第5期。
    ④ 有国外学者认为,公民社会团体可以在环境治理中发挥六个方面的作用:智力支持(intellectual and visionary):宣传(Advocacy):问题解决的技术性支持(Problem solving):提供政府授权服务(Service provision):批评与监督(Critics and watchdogs); 资金支持(Financial support)。参见Lyuba Zarsky, "From Bystanders to Collaborators: New Roles for Civil Society in Urban-Industrial Environmental Governance in Asia", working paper series accompanying the Asian Development Bank's Asian Environment Outlook. 2001.
    ⑤ 刘东国:《全球治理中的观念建构》,载《教学与研究》,2005年第4期。
    ① 刘东国:《绿党政治》,上海社会科学院出版社,2002年版,第56页。
    ② 蔡拓:《全球市民社会与当代国际关系》,载《现代国际关系》,2002年第12期。
    ① [美]约瑟夫·奈:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》,上海人民出版社,2002年版,第301页。
    ② 时般宏:《国际政治——理论探究、历史概观、战略思考》,当代世界出版社,2002年版,第200页。
    ③ Manuel Castells, "Four Asian Tigers with a Dragon Head", in R. Appelbaum and J. Henderson eds., State and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim, SAGE Publication, 1992.
    ④ Esook Yoon,"Enironmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Political Economy of Transboundary Polution Regime", 2001, p.44.
    ① Jon Barnett, The Meaning of Environmental Security——Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Zed. Books Ltd., 2001, p.147.
    ② J. Rosenau and E. Czempeil, Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
    ① Esook Yoon,"Enironmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Political Economy of Transboundary Po|ution Regime", 2001, po46.
    ② "Concerning the issue of the UN Pence Cooperation Bill", an opinion poll taken by Asahi Shinbun in 1992 shows 42.8% of respondents supported it while 54.3% were against it. Takehiko Kamo, p.126.
    ③ Interview with governmental official, Japan Environmental Agency, Tokyo, Japan, December 17, 1997.
    ④ R. Maddock,1994.如UNCED秘书长斯特明(Maurice Strong)预测要扭转当时的生态趋势大约需要1250亿美元, 日本许诺将承担其中的30%的份额。通过一系列的政策和措施,里约大会证明了日本环境政策的巨大成功。
    ② 吴建华:《试析战后日本环境政策的演变》,载《西南师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2004年第5期。
    ③ "The Direction of International Environmental Cooperation", Report of Central Environmental Conncil of Japan, July 2005, p.8.
    ① 金熙德:《日本政府开发援助》,社会科学文献出版社.,2000年版,第88-89页.日本子1992年6月制定了《ODA大纲》,提出了“ODA四原则”,其中“把环保和开发结合起来”作为四原则之一。
    ② [日]《日本经济新闻》,1998年11月2日。
    ③ 林晓光:《日本政府开发援助与中日关系》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第311页。
    ④ Harms W. Maull, "Japan's Global Environmental Policies", in A. Hurrell and B. Kingsbury (eds.), The International Politics of Envionment. Clarendon : Oxford University Press ,1992, pp.362-365.
    ⑤ 在1994年12月公布的《环境基本计划》中,日本政府强调在国际环境合作中国际机构、地方政府和民同团体合作重要性.参见[日]《环境白皮书》日本环境厅,1996年,第311-343页。
    ⑥ "The Direction of International Environmental Cooperation", Report of Central Environmontal Council of Japan, July 2005, p.10.
    ⑦ 据日本环境省的统计,1994年至2003年间,环境领域的援助已经占到日本ODA总数的29%。
    ① "The Direction of International Environmental Cooperation", Report of Central Environmental Council of Japan, July 2005, p.4.
    ② "The Direction of International Environmental Cooperation", Report of Central Environmental Council of Japan, July 2005, p.9.
    ③ "The Direction of International Environmental Cooperation", Report of Central Environmental Council of Japan, July 2005. p. 11.
    ④ 参见元东郁:《中、日、韩三国对外环境政策与东北亚环境合作》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》,2002年第3期。
    ⑤ [韩]慎连宰等:《东北亚环境问题与地区环境合作的探索》,集文堂,1999年,第106-107页。
    ① 参见元东郁:《中、日、韩三国对外环境政策与东北亚环境合作》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》,2002年第3期。
    ② "Environmental Performance Review of Korea", The OECD Environment Programme, 2001-2002.http://www.oecd.org/env
    ① 吕杰:《中国环境外交与国内环境保护》,载《中国人口·资源与环境》,2003年第5期.
    ② 元东部:《中、日、韩三国对外环境政策与东北亚环境合作》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》,2002年第3期。
    ③ 张海滨:《论中国的环境外交》,北京大学博士论文,1997年。
    ① 夏光:《中国环境安全战略论要》,http://www.cango.org/cnindex/zhtibd/pahuiyi/01.htm
    ② 解振华:《国家环境安全战略报告》,中国环境科学出版社,2005年版,第3页。
    ③ 参见元东郁:《中、日、韩三国对外环境政策与东北亚环境合作》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》,2002年第3期.
    ④ 王之佳主编:《中国环境外交》,中国环境科学出版社,1999年版,第159-162页.
    ⑤ 王之佳主编:《中国环境外交》,中国环境科学出敝社,1999年版,第250页.
    ① 王之佳主编:《中国环境外交》,中国环境科学出版社,1999年版,第249页。
    ② 夏光:《历史性转变的时刻——2006中国环境保护评述》,中国国家环保总局网站,http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjyw/200612/t20061230_99037.htm
    ③ 吕杰:《中国环境外交与国内环境保护》,载《中国人口·资源与环境》,2003年第13卷,第5期。
    ① M. Shamsul Haque, "Environmental Security in East Asia: A Critical View", Journol of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No.4, 2001, p.221
    ① 时殷弘:《安全两难与东亚区域安全体制的必要》,载《战略与管理》,2000年第4期,第87页。
    ① 国内学者对东亚(包括东南亚和东北亚)地区主义的历史及发展脉络作了很多有益的研究。其中包括张蕴岭先生关于东亚地区主义历史发展阶段的阐释。参见:“Emerging New East Asian Regionalism”, Asia-Pacific Review, Vol.12, No.1, 2005.耿协峰博士关于亚太地区主义历史演变的分析。参见耿协峰:《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第62-80页.
    ② 庞中英:《地区化、地区性与地区主义——论东亚地区主义》,载《世界经济与政治》,2003年第11期。
    ③ 渡边昭夫:《亚太国际关系与日本》,东京大学出版会,1992年版,第225页.
    ④ 耿协峰:《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第78页.
    ① Jorn Dosch, "The Post-Cold War Development of Regionalism in East Asia", in Fu-Kuo Liu and Philippe Regnier, Regionalism in East Asia: Paradigm Shifting, London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, p.45.
    ② “推动共同发展,谋求和谐共赢”,胡锦涛在亚太经合组织第十四次领导人非正式会议上的讲话,2006年11月18日,越南河内.
    ③ Robert Z. Lawrence, Regionaliam, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 1996, p.80.
    ① David Dewitt and Amitov Acharya, "Cooperative Security and Development Assistance: The relationship between Security and Development with Reference to Eastern Asia", Easter Asian Policy Papers, No.16. Toronto: University of Torento-York University Joint Center for Asia Pacific Studies, 1994.转引自苏浩著:《从哑铃到橄榄:亚太合作安全研究》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第58页。
    ② 苏浩著:《从哑铃到橄榄:亚太合作安全研究》,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第61页。
    ① "Developments in Political and Security Cooperation", http://www.aseansec.org/9543.htm.
    ② 参见[美]罗伯特·吉尔平著,杨宇光等译:《国际关系政治经济学》,经济科学出版社,1992年版,第87-109页。
    ③ 倪峰:《霸权稳定模式与东亚地区政治安全秩序》,载《当代亚太》,2002年第7期,第10页。
    ④ U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/qdr2001.pdf, September, 2001.
    ⑤ 陈舟编著:《美国的安全战略与东亚》,世界知识出版社,2002年版,第204页。
    ⑥ [美]迈克尔·格林,帕特里克·克罗宁编著,华宏勋等译:《美日联盟:过去、现在与未来》,新华出版社,2000年版,第4页。
    ⑦ U.S. Department of Defense, The United States Security Strategy For the East Asia-pacific Region, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/easr98/easr98.pdf, 1998.
    ① The White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssall.html, 2002.
    ② 参见[美]扎勒米·哈利勒扎德等著,藤建群等译:《美国与亚洲——美国新战略核兵力态势》,新华出版社,2001年版,第41—43页。
    ③ 参见[美]扎勒米·哈利勒扎德等著,藤建群等译:《美国与亚洲——美国新战略核兵力态势》,新华出版社,2001年版,第45页.
    ④ "U.S. and Japan Warn North Korea on Nuclear Standoff", New York Times, May 24, 2003.
    ⑤ [美]亨利·基辛格著,顾舒馨,林添贵译:《大外交》,海南出版社,1998年版,第767页。
    ⑥ U.S. Department of Defense, The United States Security Strategy For the East Asia-pacific Region, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/easr98/easr98.pdf, 1998.
    ① Rnger Cliff and Jeremy Shapiro, "The Shift to Asia: Implications for U.S. Land Power", in The U.S. Army and the New National Security Strategy, Rand Publications, 2003, p.87.
    ② Akio Takahara, "A Japanese Perspective on China's Rise and the East Asian Order", in "The Rise of China: Theory and Practice", Conference papers, Peking University, Jan. 5-7, 2006.
    ① Shinju Fujihira, "Should Japan Fear China's Rise?", Paper prepared for the Triangle East Asia Colloquium, Rupture, Rivalries, and Reconciliations in Modern East Asia, March 25, 2006.
    ② Murphy, William J., "Power Transition in Northeast Asia: US-China Security Perceptions and the Challenges of Systemic Adjustment and Stability", Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, Winter, 1994.
    ③ Yoshihide Soeya, "Redefining Japan's Security Profile", IIPS International Conference: A New Horizon for Japan's Security Policy, Tokyo, November 30-December 1, 2004.
    ④ Tomohiko Taniguchi, "A Cold Peace: The Changing Security Equation in Northeast Asia", Orbis, vol. 49, No. 3, Summer 2005.
    ① Masaru Tamamoto, "How Japan Imagincs China and Sees Itself?", World Policy Journal, Winter, 2005/2006.
    ② 杨毅等:《谁在威胁东北亚安全?》,载《世界知识》,2004年第4期,第25页。
    ③ 袁杨:《日本军事开始走向世界”》,载《人民日报海外版》,2004年2月13日,第6版。
    ④ Masaru Tamamoto, "How Japan Imagines China and Sees Itself?", World Policy Journal, Winter, 2005/2006.
    ⑤ 李慎明主编:《2006年全球政治与安全报告》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第224-225页。
    ① 刘刚:《安全困境与后冷战时代的中美关系——兼论台湾问题》,载《国际论坛》,2002年第2期。
    ① Toshio Watanabe, "Can we build an East Asian Community", Toshio Watanabe ed., Japan's Strategy in East Asia, Toyokeizai Shinposha, Tokyo, 2005, p. 214.
    ② 林晓光:《2005年日本政治外交与中日关系》,载《和平与发展》,2006年第1期。
    ① 林晓光:《2005年日本政治外交与中日关系》,载《和平与发展》,2006年第1期。
    ① Donald Crone, "Does Hegemony Matter? The Reorganization of the Pacific Political Economy", World Politics, vol.45, No.4, 1993.
    ② 肖欢荣:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京广播学院出版社,2003年版,第223页.
    ③ 吴昕春:《制度视角下的东北亚区域合作》,南开大学博士论文,2005年,第57页。
    ① 转引自吴昕春:《制度视角下的东北亚区域合作》,南开大学博士论文,第58页。
    ② J. G. March and J. P. Olsen, "The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders", International Organizations, 52(1998): 943-969.
    ③ Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory", International Security, 20(1995): 39-51.
    ④ Samuel Kim, "Regionalisation and Regionalism in East Asia", Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol.4, No. 1, January/April 2004, pp.39-67.
    ① Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order, London: Routledge, 2001, p.4.
    ② 郭树勇:《建构主义的“共同体和平论”》,载《欧洲》,2001年第2期。
    ③ [日]星野昭吉著:《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》,刘小林,梁云祥译,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第255页。
    ④ 孙溯源:《集体认同与国际政治——一种文化视角》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第1期.
    ⑤ [美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2000年版,第287-288页。
    ① 郭树勇:《论区域共识的制度化道路——兼论东亚共识的制度化前景》,载《世界经济与政治》,2006年第5期。
    ② Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science 162, December 13, 1968, pp.1243-1248.
    ① 参见Patrick Morgan, "Regional Security Complexes and Regional Orders", in Patrick Morgan ed., Regional Orders, Penn State Press, 1997.
    ① Jcannie Henderson, Reassessing ASEAN, London: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 14-28.
    ② 参见张海斌:《中国的环境外交》,北京大学博士论文,1997年.
    ① 路镜:《我国与他国的环境合作成政治经济润滑剂》,《新周刊》,2005年第3期。
    ② 参见Emanuel Adler, "Imagined (Security) Community: Cognitive Regions in International Relations", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, June 1997, p. 249.
    ① 梁守德,洪银娴:《国际政治学理论》,北京大学出版社,2000年版,第81页。
    ① 王学玉:《通过地区一体化实现安全共同体:一个分析的框架》,载《欧洲研究》,2003年第5期。
    ② 耿协峰:《新地区主义的核心价值》,载《国际经济评论》,2004年第3-4期。
    ③ 例如,每当中日两国之间关系陷入困境或试图改善双边关系时,环境问题都是一个被优先提及的议题。2006年日本首相安倍晋三在对华“破冰之旅”中将环境合作列为中日合作的首要议题;今年温家宝即将对日进行的“融冰之旅”,也把环保合作作为一项重要议愿.可以说,环境合作已经成为中日关系改善的助推剂。
    ① Gilbert Rozman, "Northeast Asia Regionalism: Good Prospects, Slow Start", written for the Center for East Asian Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2004.
    ② 王逸舟:《探寻全球主义的国家关系》,北京大学出版社,200S年版,第198页.
    ① Buzan, Barry, "Security Architecture in Asia: the Interplay of Regional and Global Levels," The Pacific Review, 2003, 16(2): 143-173.
    ② Calder, Kent E. and Min Ye (2004), "Regionalism and Critical Junctures: Explaining the 'Organization Gap'in Northeast Asia," Journal of East Asian Studies 4(2): 191-226.
    ③ Aggarwal, Vinod K. and Min Gyo Koo, "The Evolution and Implications of Bilateral Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific," in Vinod K. Aggarwal and Shujiro Urata, eds., Bilateral Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific: Origins, Evolution, and Implications, London: Routledge, 2005. "Beyond Network Power?. The Dynamics of Formal Economic Integration in Northeast Asia," The Pacific Review, 2005, 18(2): 189-216.
    ④ Breslin, Shaun and Richard Higgott. "Studying Regions: Learning from the Old, Constructing the New," New Political Economy, 2000, 5(3): 333-352.
    ⑤ Tsunen Akaha, "Non-traditional Security Cooperation for Regionalism in Northeast Asia," Working paper Vol. 7, Center of Excellence-Contemporary Asian Center, Waseda University, 2001.
    ① Jusuf Wanandi, "Towards an Asian Security-Community", Springer-Verlag, 2005, pp.323-332.
    ② Philip Yang. "Northeast Asia Security Cooperation: International Relations Theory and Embedded Regionalism", paper prepared at the Third Meeting of the CSCAP study group on future prospect for multilateral security framework in Northeast Asia, Beijing, 2006.
    ③ 郑先武:《安全复合体理论与东亚安全地区主义》,载《现代国际关系》,2005年第1期。
    ④ Richard Studds, "ASEAN+3: Emerging East Asian Regionalism?, Asian Survey, vol.42, No.1, 2002, p.5.转引自郑先武:《安全复合体理论与东亚安全地区主义》,载《现代国际关系》,2005年第1期.
    ⑤ 转引自Nick Thomas, "ASEAN+3: Community Building in East Asia?", Journal of International and Area Studies, vol. 8, No.2, 2001, p.3.
    ① 陆建人:《10+3框架下的东北亚区域合作——兼谈对东北亚合作的几点新认识》,载《东北亚论坛》,2005年第1期.
    ② 陆建人:《10+3框架下的东北亚区域合作——兼谈对东北亚合作的几点新认识》,载《东北亚论坛》,2005年第1期.
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