工厂化养殖系统分析及主要养殖因子对对虾生长、免疫及氮磷收支的影响
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摘要
养殖设施和养殖密度是工厂化养殖与池塘养殖的主要差异所在。本文以对虾工厂化养殖系统为研究对象,通过对比传统的池塘养殖,以了解工厂化养殖系统的环境特点及对虾生长的差异;分析液态纯氧增氧的效果、工厂化养殖系统水环境变化特点及经济效益等;选择适宜工厂化养殖所需的养殖密度、溶解氧(DO)含量及管理措施等几个与养殖密切相关的因子,从对虾生长、存活、摄食、蜕皮、饵料转化、非特异性免疫因子及养殖池氮磷收支等多个方面,分析了上述因子对中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)和凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的影响。获得的主要结果如下:
1对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖系统结构与效益比较分析从浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物、水质因子四个方面对工厂化对虾养殖和池塘对虾养殖生态系统的差异进行了观察和分析。结果表明,工厂化对虾养殖系统中浮游植物、浮游动物及底栖生物的丰度均低于池塘对虾养殖系统(分别为22 815个/ml < 31 590个/ml,490.5个/L < 650.0个/L,4.5个/10cm~2 < 267.5个/10cm2),而溶解氧(DO)含量、氨态氮(TAN)和无机磷(PO_4-P)浓度均高于池塘养殖。工厂化养殖对虾的生长量、生长速度及存活率均低于池塘养殖,但其养殖密度高,能很好的弥补生长速度之不足,更好的利用水体获得更高的单位生产量。2对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖排放废水的差异分析
本试验分析了对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖生态系统养殖用水和排放废水的差异。结果发现,两系统养殖过程中各水质因子均在安全阈值内,水温、盐度及pH系统间无显著差异,其他因子表现为工厂化养殖系统高于池塘养殖系统。排放废水方面,工厂化养殖排放废水的DO含量、悬浮性颗粒物(TSS)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的变化范围分别为7.1~12.6 mg/L、172.6~220.4 mg/L、2.40~3.76 mg/L
Shrimp super-intensive farming is spring up in our country. The main differences between super-intensive and extensive farming are establishment and stocking density. In order to understand super-intensive farming system, extensive farming system was used as blank control, wastewater characterization, structure and benefit were analyzed. The effects of stocking density and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration etc on growth, survival, ingestion, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and non-special immunity factors (PO、SOD、POD、Ua、Ul、etc.) in shrimp were discussed. The main results are as follows.
1 Analysis on Structure and Benefit in Super-intensive and Semi-intensive Shrimp Farming Systems
The abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and water quality factors were observed and discussed in super-intensive and semi-intensive farming ponds in this experiment. The results showed that the numbers of phytoplankton (22 815 inds/ml < 31 590 inds/ml), zooplankton(490.5 inds/L < 650.0 inds/L) and benthos(4.5 inds/10 cm~2 < 267.5 inds/10cm2) were higher in semi-intensive than super-intensive farming ponds; DO, TAN and PO4-P concentrations were higher in super-intensive than semi-intensive farming ponds; Shrimp growth gain, growth rate and survival rate in super-intensive farming ponds were lower than those of semi-intensive farming ponds, but stocking density of super-intensive farming was higher, which can offset the low growth rate. So super-intensive farming could gain higher production than semi-intensive farming.
2 The Difference of Wastewater Characterization Between Super-intensive Indoor and Semi-intensive Outdoor Shrimp Farms
Nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater may cause many
1对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖系统结构与效益比较分析从浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物、水质因子四个方面对工厂化对虾养殖和池塘对虾养殖生态系统的差异进行了观察和分析。结果表明,工厂化对虾养殖系统中浮游植物、浮游动物及底栖生物的丰度均低于池塘对虾养殖系统(分别为22 815个/ml < 31 590个/ml,490.5个/L < 650.0个/L,4.5个/10cm~2 < 267.5个/10cm2),而溶解氧(DO)含量、氨态氮(TAN)和无机磷(PO_4-P)浓度均高于池塘养殖。工厂化养殖对虾的生长量、生长速度及存活率均低于池塘养殖,但其养殖密度高,能很好的弥补生长速度之不足,更好的利用水体获得更高的单位生产量。2对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖排放废水的差异分析
本试验分析了对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖生态系统养殖用水和排放废水的差异。结果发现,两系统养殖过程中各水质因子均在安全阈值内,水温、盐度及pH系统间无显著差异,其他因子表现为工厂化养殖系统高于池塘养殖系统。排放废水方面,工厂化养殖排放废水的DO含量、悬浮性颗粒物(TSS)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的变化范围分别为7.1~12.6 mg/L、172.6~220.4 mg/L、2.40~3.76 mg/L
Shrimp super-intensive farming is spring up in our country. The main differences between super-intensive and extensive farming are establishment and stocking density. In order to understand super-intensive farming system, extensive farming system was used as blank control, wastewater characterization, structure and benefit were analyzed. The effects of stocking density and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration etc on growth, survival, ingestion, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and non-special immunity factors (PO、SOD、POD、Ua、Ul、etc.) in shrimp were discussed. The main results are as follows.
1 Analysis on Structure and Benefit in Super-intensive and Semi-intensive Shrimp Farming Systems
The abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and water quality factors were observed and discussed in super-intensive and semi-intensive farming ponds in this experiment. The results showed that the numbers of phytoplankton (22 815 inds/ml < 31 590 inds/ml), zooplankton(490.5 inds/L < 650.0 inds/L) and benthos(4.5 inds/10 cm~2 < 267.5 inds/10cm2) were higher in semi-intensive than super-intensive farming ponds; DO, TAN and PO4-P concentrations were higher in super-intensive than semi-intensive farming ponds; Shrimp growth gain, growth rate and survival rate in super-intensive farming ponds were lower than those of semi-intensive farming ponds, but stocking density of super-intensive farming was higher, which can offset the low growth rate. So super-intensive farming could gain higher production than semi-intensive farming.
2 The Difference of Wastewater Characterization Between Super-intensive Indoor and Semi-intensive Outdoor Shrimp Farms
Nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater may cause many
引文
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