长江中下游滩地抑螺防病林生态系统碳水通量及碳贮量研究
|
摘要
抑螺防病林作为一种森林类型，其巨大的碳汇功能一直是研究的空白点，本论文选择其两种林分结构类型运用涡相关系统研究其碳、水通量变化及其与影响因子的响应关系，在时间和空间尺度上计量碳源汇值，具体研究内容与结论如下：
1．抑螺防病林生态系统碳通量规律性动态变化
白天从7：30左右系统开始吸收CO_2，中午12点左右达到全天的碳汇最高峰，随后开始降低，到18点左右系统逐渐转入碳源作用，系统放出CO_2。这种日变化规律随着季节变化。从全年的尺度上看，3月末4月初，杨树开始展叶，系统整体开始表现为碳汇作用，到10、11月杨树落叶，光合作用基本停止，系统转入碳源作用。
2．系统碳通量与生态因子的关系：
1)光合有效辐射 两个系统碳通量与光合有效辐射的关系相同，在白天(PAR＞1)，系统碳通量与光合有效辐射符合Michaelis-Menten模型，呈双曲线关系。当有效辐射达到1000μmol／m~2.s以上时，系统光合与呼吸都较大，且湖南比安徽的系统光饱和点要高。
2)温度 安徽站全年夜间碳通量月平均值与气温呈较强的线性相关，即气温升高，夜间碳通量增大。全年夜间碳通量与土壤5cm处温度呈指数递增；湖南站气温对系统碳通量的影响，从月平均值拟合情况来看，气温与碳通量呈对数相关，夜间碳通量与5cm土壤温度的相关性表现为显著的指数关系，y=0.03361e~(0.06684x)，相关系数R~2=0.6328。
3)土壤含水量 湖南站夜间碳通量与15cm处的土壤含水量呈三次多项式规律变化，即土壤含水量在小于0.56(土壤水分与土壤的体积百分比)的时候，含水量增加，系统呼吸量增加，到土壤含水量越过0.56的时候，系统呼吸就会随含水量的增加而快速下降。安徽系统碳通量与土壤含水是量没有得到较好的相关关系。
4)土壤热通量 安徽站夜间碳通量月平均值与土壤2cm处的热通量呈指数相关，响应方程为：y=0.2697e~(0.0596Gs)，相关系数R~2=0.3877；湖南站夜间碳通量还与2cm处土壤热通量呈显著指数相关，响应方程为：y=0.5843e~(0.199Gs)，相关系数R~2=0.7516。夜间土壤与外界大气的热交换绝对值越小，系统的呼吸量就越大。
3．系统碳通量源汇计量
从2005年4月到2006年3月，安徽站5月为最大碳汇月，累计碳汇值为-2.35×10~5mg／m~2，最大碳源值出现在2月为0.163×10~5mg／m~2；年通量值为-10.16×10~5mg／m~2.a；湖南站6月为最大碳汇月，碳汇值为-1.09×10~5mg／m~2，11月为最大碳
The carbon sink of Snail Control and Schistosomiasis Prevention Forest in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtz River had not been researched. The dissertation analyzed the change law of the carbon and water flux and the relationship of flux and environmental factors and carbon sink and source in different time and space scales in two types of Snail Control and Schistosomiasis Prevention Forest of different structure by the eddy-covariance system. The main contents and conclusions were as follows:
1. The carbon flux was well-regularited change everyday in the two forests of Anhui and Hunan Province.
In daytime, the ecosystem began to absorb CO_2 at about 7:30 am, and reached to the Max. about 12:00 at noon, then went down slowly, at about 18:00, the ecosystem began to release CO_2. The value of carbon sink or source varied owing to different season and forest ecosystem. In whole year, from end of March and early of April, the Popular began to unfold leaves, and the forest ecosystem started to absorb CO_2, namely carbon sink. Then at end of October and early of November, the photosynthesis of leaves stopped by defoliation, at the same time, the forest ecosystem became a carbon source nearly.
2. The relationships of carbon flux of forest ecosystem and environmental factors were as follows:
1) PAR The relationship of carbon flux and PAR accorded with the model of Michaelis-Menten, namely hyperbolic relationship which carbon sink increased with the accretion of PAR. In Anhui station, when the PAR was upwards 1200 μ mol/m~2.s, the dots dispersed and net CO_2 exchange was among -1.0~-1.5 mg/m~2.s. In Hunan station, when the PAR reached about 1600μ mol/m~2.s, the curve came to the Max. of carbon flux, about -1.2~-1.3mg/m~2.s.
2) Temperature In Anhui station, monthly average carbon flux of nighttime and air temperature had linear correlation, namely when the air temperature arose, the carbon flux of nighttime augmented. The nighttime flux would increase with soil temperature in 5cm deep by exponential correlation. In Hunan station, the model of the monthly average carbon flux and air temperature was the relationship of logarithmic correlation, i.e. when the plant came to growing season with the air temperature uprising, the forest ecosystem turnaround from carbon source to carbon sink. And the
1．抑螺防病林生态系统碳通量规律性动态变化
白天从7：30左右系统开始吸收CO_2，中午12点左右达到全天的碳汇最高峰，随后开始降低，到18点左右系统逐渐转入碳源作用，系统放出CO_2。这种日变化规律随着季节变化。从全年的尺度上看，3月末4月初，杨树开始展叶，系统整体开始表现为碳汇作用，到10、11月杨树落叶，光合作用基本停止，系统转入碳源作用。
2．系统碳通量与生态因子的关系：
1)光合有效辐射 两个系统碳通量与光合有效辐射的关系相同，在白天(PAR＞1)，系统碳通量与光合有效辐射符合Michaelis-Menten模型，呈双曲线关系。当有效辐射达到1000μmol／m~2.s以上时，系统光合与呼吸都较大，且湖南比安徽的系统光饱和点要高。
2)温度 安徽站全年夜间碳通量月平均值与气温呈较强的线性相关，即气温升高，夜间碳通量增大。全年夜间碳通量与土壤5cm处温度呈指数递增；湖南站气温对系统碳通量的影响，从月平均值拟合情况来看，气温与碳通量呈对数相关，夜间碳通量与5cm土壤温度的相关性表现为显著的指数关系，y=0.03361e~(0.06684x)，相关系数R~2=0.6328。
3)土壤含水量 湖南站夜间碳通量与15cm处的土壤含水量呈三次多项式规律变化，即土壤含水量在小于0.56(土壤水分与土壤的体积百分比)的时候，含水量增加，系统呼吸量增加，到土壤含水量越过0.56的时候，系统呼吸就会随含水量的增加而快速下降。安徽系统碳通量与土壤含水是量没有得到较好的相关关系。
4)土壤热通量 安徽站夜间碳通量月平均值与土壤2cm处的热通量呈指数相关，响应方程为：y=0.2697e~(0.0596Gs)，相关系数R~2=0.3877；湖南站夜间碳通量还与2cm处土壤热通量呈显著指数相关，响应方程为：y=0.5843e~(0.199Gs)，相关系数R~2=0.7516。夜间土壤与外界大气的热交换绝对值越小，系统的呼吸量就越大。
3．系统碳通量源汇计量
从2005年4月到2006年3月，安徽站5月为最大碳汇月，累计碳汇值为-2.35×10~5mg／m~2，最大碳源值出现在2月为0.163×10~5mg／m~2；年通量值为-10.16×10~5mg／m~2.a；湖南站6月为最大碳汇月，碳汇值为-1.09×10~5mg／m~2，11月为最大碳
The carbon sink of Snail Control and Schistosomiasis Prevention Forest in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtz River had not been researched. The dissertation analyzed the change law of the carbon and water flux and the relationship of flux and environmental factors and carbon sink and source in different time and space scales in two types of Snail Control and Schistosomiasis Prevention Forest of different structure by the eddy-covariance system. The main contents and conclusions were as follows:
1. The carbon flux was well-regularited change everyday in the two forests of Anhui and Hunan Province.
In daytime, the ecosystem began to absorb CO_2 at about 7:30 am, and reached to the Max. about 12:00 at noon, then went down slowly, at about 18:00, the ecosystem began to release CO_2. The value of carbon sink or source varied owing to different season and forest ecosystem. In whole year, from end of March and early of April, the Popular began to unfold leaves, and the forest ecosystem started to absorb CO_2, namely carbon sink. Then at end of October and early of November, the photosynthesis of leaves stopped by defoliation, at the same time, the forest ecosystem became a carbon source nearly.
2. The relationships of carbon flux of forest ecosystem and environmental factors were as follows:
1) PAR The relationship of carbon flux and PAR accorded with the model of Michaelis-Menten, namely hyperbolic relationship which carbon sink increased with the accretion of PAR. In Anhui station, when the PAR was upwards 1200 μ mol/m~2.s, the dots dispersed and net CO_2 exchange was among -1.0~-1.5 mg/m~2.s. In Hunan station, when the PAR reached about 1600μ mol/m~2.s, the curve came to the Max. of carbon flux, about -1.2~-1.3mg/m~2.s.
2) Temperature In Anhui station, monthly average carbon flux of nighttime and air temperature had linear correlation, namely when the air temperature arose, the carbon flux of nighttime augmented. The nighttime flux would increase with soil temperature in 5cm deep by exponential correlation. In Hunan station, the model of the monthly average carbon flux and air temperature was the relationship of logarithmic correlation, i.e. when the plant came to growing season with the air temperature uprising, the forest ecosystem turnaround from carbon source to carbon sink. And the
引文
[1] 方精云．全球生态学：气候变化和生态响应．北京：高等教育出版社，2000
[2] 陶波，葛全胜，等．陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展．2001，20(5)：564-575
[3] 马祥庆，刘爱琴等．大气CO_2增加对森林生态系统影响研究综述．福建林学院学报，1996，16(2)：177-182
[4] Harrington J. Climate change and Canadian forest. In: Proceeding of the second north American conference on preparing for climate change. Washing.D.C. Climate institute 1989:297-302
[5] Krapfenbouer A. Forecasting of future forest. Osterrei chische forestrytung, 1993, 104(5):8-12
[6] Fuhrer E. Effect of climate change on forest of hungary. Osterrei chisehe forestrytung, 1992, 103(9): 25-27
[7] Whitehead D. Response of Newzealand forest to climate change. Forest science. 1992,22,(1):39-53
[8] 张新时．全球变化对我国植被影响趋势预测．王志宝主编：森林与环境-中国高级专家研计会论文集．中国林业出版社，1993：79-83
[9] 周涛，史培军，孙睿等．气候变化对净生态系统生产力的影响．地理学报，2004，59(3)：357-365
[10] 王清奎，汪思龙，冯宗炜等．土壤活性有机质及其与土壤质量的关系．生态学报，2005，25(3)：513-520
[11] Luxmoore, R. J. CO_2 and photomass. Biosci. 1981,31:626
[12] 张林波，曹洪法，高吉喜等．大气CO_2浓度升高对土壤微生物的影响．生态学杂志，1998，17(4)：33-38
[13] 黄耀，中国陆地和近海生态系统碳收支研究．中国科学，2002，2：104-107
[14] 高众勇，陈立奇，王伟强．南大洋硕循环研究进展．地学前缘，2002，9(2)：263-270
[15] IPCC.Climate Change 2001-Synthesis Report: Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 2001
[16] 于贵瑞．全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环和碳蓄积．北京：气象出版社，2003
[17] Bolin.B.Change of land biota and their importance for carbon cycle. Science, 1977, 196:613-616
[18] Broecker.w.s, et al. Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science, 1979,206:409-418
[19] 王永辰．二氧化碳含量变化对海水碳酸盐系统的影响．青岛海洋大学学报，1995，25(3)：331-338
[20] 方精云，刘国华．中国陆地生态系统碳库．现代生态学热点问题研究．北京：中国科学技术出版社 1996：251～267
[21] 王效科，冯宗炜．森林生态系统生物碳储存量的研究历史．王如松主编．现代生态学的热点问题研究．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2001：335-347
[22] 毛子军．森林生态系统碳平衡估测方法及其研究进展．植物生态学报．2002，26(6)：731-738
[23] Kauppi.P.E, K.Mielikainen & K.Kuusela. Biomass and carbon budget of European forests, 1971-1990. Science, 1992, 256:70-74
[24] Sedjo R A. Temperate forest ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. Ambio, 1992, 21:274-277
[25] Dixon R.K., S.Brown, R.A.Houghton, A.M.Solomon, et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystem. Science, 1994,263:185-190
[26] 刘国华，傅伯杰，方精云．中国森林碳动态及其对全球碳平衡的贡献．生态学报．2000，20(5)：733-781
[27] 沈承德，易惟熙，刘东生．CO_2全球循环及其同位素示踪研究．第四纪研究．1995，1：53-63[28] Keeling C D, J F S Chin, T P Whorf. Increased activity of northern vegetation in inferred from atmospheric CO_2 measurements. Nature, 1996,382:146-149
[29] Prentice I C, W Cramer, S P Harrison et al. A global biome model based on plant physicalogy and dominantee, soil property and climate. Journal of Biogeography, 1992,19:117-134
[30] Prentice K. C. Bioclimatic distribution of vegetation for general circulation model studies. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1990,98:11811-11830
[31] 赵茂盛，Ronald P. Neilson，延晓冬．气候变化对中国植被可能影响的模拟．地理学报，2002，57(1)：28-38
[32] 张娜，于贵瑞，赵士洞等．长白山自然保护区生态系统碳平衡研究．环境科学．2003，24(1)：24-32
[33] Wofsy S.C., M.L.MGoulden, J.M.Munger, et al. Next exchange of CO_2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science, 260:1314-1317
[34] R.Valentini(Ed). Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, Springer,2003
[35] 刘允芬，等．千烟洲人工针叶林CO_2通量季节变化及其环境因子的影响．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-9
[36] Aubinet M, Heinesch B, Estimation of the carbon sequestration by a heterogeneous forest:night flux correction, heterogeneity of the site and interanual variability.Global Change Biol, 2002, (810) 53-107
[37] Dennis Baldocchi. Assessing the eddy eovaricance technique for evaluating evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:past, present and future. Global Change Biology, 2003, (9). 479-492
[38] 周玉荣，于振良，赵士洞．我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量和碳平衡．植物生态学报，2000，24(5)：518～522
[39] 周广胜，王玉辉．陆地生态系统类型转变与碳循环．植物生态学报，2002，26(2)250-254
[40] 冯宗炜，王效科，吴刚．中国森林生态系统的生物量和生产力．北京：科学出版社，1999年
[41] 王绍强，刘纪远．土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状．地球科学进展，2002，17(4)：528-534
[42] 陈灵芝等，中国森林生态系统养分循环．北京：气象出版社，1997
[43] 聂道平，徐德应，等．全球碳循环与森林关系的研究—问题与进展．世界林业研究，1997，(5)33-48
[44] 桑卫国，马克平．暖温带落叶阔叶林碳循环的初步估算．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)543-548
[45] 刘强，刘嘉麒，等．温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展．地球科学进展，2000，15(4)453-460
[46] Amthor J S and members of the Ecosystem Working Group. Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Global Change: a research strategy. 1998
[47] 殷永元，王桂新．全球气候变化评估方法及其应用．高等教育出版社，2004
[48] R Valentini(Ed.). Flux of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, 2002:Springer
[49] 王文杰，祖元刚等．森林生态系统CO_2通量的研究方法及研究进展．生态学杂志，2003：22(5)：102-107
[50] 黄耀．地气系统碳氮交换—从实验到模型．气象出版社，2003
[51] 李绚丽，谈哲敏．大气圈碳循环的模拟研究进展气象科学，20(3)：400-412
[52] 宫鹏，史培军等．对地观测技术与地球系统科学．北京：科学出版社，1996
[53] 周广胜，邢雪荣，王辉民．植被在全球气候变化中的作用．植物学通报，1995，12，190-194
[54] 陈世苹，白永飞．韩新国．稳定性碳同位素技术在生态学研究中的应用．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)：549-560
[55] W F Dabberdt, D H Lenschow. Atmosphere-surface Exchange Measurements.Science,New Series,Volume 260, Issue 5113(Jun.4,1993) 1472-1481
[56] Eva Falge,Dennis Baldocchi. Gap filling Stratgies for Long Term Energy Flux Data Sets.Agricultural and Forest Meterorogy 107(2001) 71-77
[57] Jiquan Chen,Matthias Falk, etc.Biophysical controls of carbon flows in three successional Douglas-firs??Stands based on eddy-covariance measurements, Tree Physiology, 2002 Heron Publishing-Victoria, Canada, 22,169-177
[58] Tianshan Zha, Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on needle growth, respiration and carbohydrate status in field-grown Scots pines during the needle expansion period, Plant Biology,2001,21,1279-1287
[59] 李绚丽．谈哲敏．大气圈碳循环的模拟研究进展．气象科学，20(3)：400-412
[60] 陈世苹，白永飞，韩新国．稳定性碳同位素技术在生态学研究中的应用．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)549-560
[61] 宫鹏，史培军等．对地观测技术与地球系统科学．北京：科学出版社，1996年
[62] Kimberley D.Brosofske, Harvesting effects on microclimatic gradients from small streams to uplands in Washington, Ecological Application,(1997),7(4), 1188-1200
[63] R.H.Waring, etc. Use of a physiological process model with forestry yield table to set limits on annual carbon balance, Tree Physiology,2002,22,179-188
[64] 温学发等．复杂地形条件下森林植被湍流通量测定的分析．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-10
[65] 王效科，白艳莹，欧阳志云等．全球碳循环中的失汇及其形成原因．生态学报，2002，22(1)，94-103
[66] PIAO shi long, FANG jing yun, CHEN an ping. Seasonal dynamoics of terrestrical net primary production in response to climate changes in China. Ccta Botanica Sinica, 2003,45(3),269-275
[67] 吴刚，冯宗炜．中国寒温带、温带落叶松林群落生物量的研究概述．东北林业大学学报，1995，23(1)，95-101
[68] 方精云，陈字平．中国森林植被碳库的动态变化及其意义．植被学报，2001，43(9)：967-973
[69] 方晰，田大伦，项文化等．第二代杉木中幼林生态系统碳动态与平衡．中南林学院学报，2002，22(1)：1-6
[70] 何宗明，李丽红，王义祥等．33年生福建柏人工林碳库与碳吸存．山地学报，2003，21(3)：298-303
[71] 江泽慧．构建中国森林生态网络体系的系统思考．林业经济，2001，10：3-6
[72] 国家林业局森林资源管理司．全国森林资源统计，2000
[73] 周广胜．全球碳循环，北京：气象出版社，2003年
[74] 张兰生，方修琦等．全球变化．高等教育出版社，2000
[75] 于贵瑞，温学发等．中国亚热带和温带典型森林生态系统呼吸的季节模式及环境响应特征．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-11
[76] Feffrey M.Klopatek. Belowground carbon pools and processes in different age stands of Douglas-fir, Tree Physiology 22,197-204
[77] K.D.Brosofske, Understory vegetation and site factors: implications for a mangaged Wisconsin landscape,Forest Ecology and Management,(2001)146,75-87
[78] Goran Wallin,etc, Carbon dioxide exchange in Norway spruce at the shoot, tree and ecosystem scale, Tree Physiology,2001,21,969-976
[79] Mark.H.Garnett, etc, Terrestrial organic carbon storage in a British moorland, Global Change Biology,2001,7,375-388
[80] K.L.Manies,etc. Carbon dynamics within agricultural and native sites in the loess region of western Iowa, Global Change Biology,2001,7,545-555
[81] J.E.Janiseh, Successional changes in live and dead wood carbon stores: implications for net ecosystem productivity, Tree Physiology,2002,22,77-89
[82] 宋霞、刘允芬，徐小锋．箱法和涡度相关法测碳通量的比较研究．江西科学，2003，21(3)：206-210
[83] 郭家选，梅旭荣，卢志光等．测定农田蒸散的涡度相关技术．中国农业科学，2004，37(8)：172-176[84] Jiquan Chen, Relations of climate and radial increment of western hemlock in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in southern Washington,Northwest Science,2000,74(1)57-68
[85] Jiquan Chen, Growing-season microclimatic gradients from clearcut edges into old-grown Douglas-fir forests, Ecological Application, 1995,5(1),74-85
[86] J.A.Businger. Evaluation of the accuracy with which dry drposition can be measured with current micrometeorological techniques. Journal of climate and applied meteorology, 1986,25,1100-1124
[87] John D. Albertson, Gabriel G.Katul, Patricia Wiberg, et al. Relative importance of local and regional controls on coupled water, carbon, and energy flux. Advances in Water Resources, 2001,24,1103-1118
[88] Dennis D. Baldocchi. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:present and future. Global Change Biology, 2003, 9, 479-492
[89] W. F. Dabberdt, D.H.Lenschow, T.W.Horst, et al. Atmosphere-surface exchange measurements. Science, 1993,260(5113): 1472-1481
[90] 朱治林，等．非平坦下垫面涡度相关通量的校正方法及其在ChinaFLUX中的应用．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-9
[91] 李正泉，等．中国通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-11
[92] 刘和平，桑建国，刘树华．森林冠层边界层湍流传输的观测和数值模拟．气象学报，1999，57(6)：715-728
[93] 彭镇华，江泽慧．迎接21世纪生态环境新时代——论中国森林生态网络系统工程．安徽农业大学学报，1998，25(2)，101—108
[94] 秦建华、姜志林，森林在大气碳平衡中的作用，世界林业研究，1997，4，18-25
[95] 罗勇．美国全球变化研究现状．气象，2000，25(1)：3-8
[96] 殷永元，王桂新．全球气候变化评估方法及其应用．高等教育出版社，2004
[97] 陈跃琴、李金龙，一维全球碳循环模式研究．环境科学研究，2002，15(4)，60-64
[98] 刘强、刘嘉麒、贺怀宇，温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展．地球科学进展，2000，15(4)，453—460
[99] 桑卫国、马克平，暖温带落叶阔叶林碳循环的初步估算．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)，543-548
[100] 刘昌明，孙睿．水循环的生态学方面：土壤-植被-大气系统水分通量平衡研究进展．水科学进展，1999，10(3)：251-259
[101] 全球变化与中国水循环前沿科学问题-香山科学会议第187次学术讨论会．地球科学进展，2002，17(4)：628-630
[102] 张娜，于贵瑞，于振良等．基于3S的自然植被光能利用率的时空分布特征的模拟．植物生态学报，2003，27(3)：325-336
[103] 洪刚，李万彪，朱元竞等．卫星遥感估算淮河流域区域通量通量的方法研究．北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，37(5)：693-700
[104] Philip J. R. Plant water relations:some physical aspects. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1996, 17:245-268
[105] 康绍忠，刘晓明，熊运章．土壤-植物-大气连续体水分传输理论及其应用．水利电力出版社，1994
[106] 刘国纬．水文循环的大气过程．科学出版社，1997
[107] J.R.Eheringer, Stable isotopes and carbon cycle processes in forests and grasslands, Plant Biology,2002-4,181-189
[108] Dennis Baldocchi, Eva Falge, Lianhong Gu, et al. Fiuxnet:a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001,82(11):2415-2434
[109] Brown K.W. Calculations of evaportranspiration from crop surface temperature.??Agric.Meteorol. 1974,14:199-209
[110] Passioura J.B., Munns R., Hydraulic resistance of plants. Plant Physiol,1984,11:345-350
[111] Lynn B. H., Carlson T. N., Astomatal resistance model illustrating plant vs.external control of transpiration. Agric. And Meteorol. 1990,52:5-43
[112] 刘苏峡，莫兴国．水文循环研究中亟待加强的薄弱环节．中国科学基金，2000，4：229-243
[113] Van den Honert T.H. Water transport in plants as a catenary processs. Discussions of the Faraday Society. 1948,3:146-153
[114] Jones H. G. Plants and microclimate-A quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983
[115] Zur D.C.,Rithie J.T. Relative importance of soil resistance and plant resistance in root water absorption. Soil Sci., 1976,40:293-297
[116] 崔一峰，刘国纬．我国大陆各区域在面-大气系统水分平衡计算．水文，1990(4)：22-28
[117] 崔玉琴．东北地区上空水汽平衡状况及其源地．地理科学，1995，15(1)：80-87
[118] 刘春蓁．关于水循环研究的若干问题．水文，1989，2：50-54
[119] Derek Eamus, Daily and seasonal patterns of carbon and water fluxes above a north Australian savanna, Tree Physiology,2001,21,977-988
[120] Roger M. Gifford, Plant respiration in productivity models: conceptualisation, representation and issues for global terrestrial carbon-cycle research, Functional Plant Biology,2003,30,171-186
[121] 彭镇华．长江中下游滩地杨树栽培与利用．中国林业出版社，2002
[122] 周金星，彭镇华．森林生态工程的建设对水资源的影响．世界林业研究，2002，15(2)，54-60
[123] 彭镇华，江泽慧．长江中下游低丘滩地综合治理与开发研究．中国林业出版社，1996
[124] 高健，彭镇华．滩地杨树光合生理生态的研究．林业科学研究，2000，13(2)，147-152
[125] 张旭东，彭镇华．长江干流季节性水淹滩地杨树生长规律研究．生物数学学报，1999，14(3)，322-326
[126] 彭镇华，江泽慧．中国新林种抑螺防病林研究．中国林业出版社，1995
[127] 孙启祥，彭镇华．长江滩地杨树人工林生物量的研究．林业科技通讯，1997，4-6
[128] 刘强，刘嘉麒等，温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展，地球科学进展，2000，15(4)453-460
[129] Kaimal J C, Haugen D A. Some errors in the measurement of Reynolds stress. J App Meteorol, 1969,8:460-462
[130] Wilczak J M, Oneley S P, Stage S A. Sonic anemomenter tilt correction algorithms. Boundary Layer Meteoology, 2001,99:127-150
[131] Finnigan J J. A comm.ent on the paper by Lee(1998):On micrometerorolgieal observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric For Meteorol, 1999,97:55-64
[132] Massman W J, Lee X, Eddy covariance corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002,113,121-144
[133] Wilson K B, Hanson P J, Baldocchi D D. Factors controlling evaporation and energy balance partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle. Agrie For Meteorol, 2000,102:83-103
[134] McCaughey J H. Energy balance storage terms in a mature mixed forest at Petawawa, Ontario-a case study. Bound-Lay Meteorol, 1985,31:89-101
[135] 赵晓松，关德新，吴家兵等．长白山阔叶红松林通量观测的footprint及源区分布．北京林业大学学报，2005，27(3)：17-23
[136] Schmid H P. Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes[J]. Boundary-Lay Meteorol, 1994,67:293-318
[137] Flesch T K. The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models[J]. Boundary-Lay Meteorol, 1996,78:399-404[138] Eva F, Dennis B, Richard O, et al. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107:43-69
[139] 王绍强、周成虎、地克让，中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析．地理学报，2000，55(3)：533-544
[140] 苏永中、赵哈林，土壤有机碳储量、影响因素及其环境效应有研究进展．中国沙漠，2002，22(3)：220-228
[141] 郑淑颖、管东生，人类活动对全球碳循环的影响．热带地理，2001，21(4)：369-373
[142] 金峰、杨浩，土壤有机碳储量及影响因素研究进展．土壤，2000，1：11-17
[143] 赵文智、程国栋，人类土地利用的主要生态后果及其缓解对策．中国沙漠，2000，，2(4)：369-374
[144] 张文菊、童成立，湿地碳循环过程与计算机模拟研究．西北植物学报，2003，23(6)：1045—1055
[145] 李海涛、沈文清，湿地生态系统的碳循环研究进展．江西科学，2003，21(3)：160-166
[146] 阮宏华、姜志林，苏南丘陵主要森林类型碳循环研究—含量与分布规律．生态学杂志，1997，16(6)：17-21
[147] S. Euskirchen, etc, Soil respiration at dominant patch types within a managed northern Wisconsin Landscape, Esosystems,(2003)6:595-607
[148] Evelyn S.Krull,etc, Importance of mechanisms and processes of the stabilization of soil organic matter for modelling carbon turnover, Functional Plant Biology,2003,30:207-222
[149] L.B.Guo,etc, Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis,Global Change Biology(2002)8:345-360
[150] Ross E. McMurtrie, Increased understanding of nutrient immobilization in soil organic matter is critical for predicting the carbon sink strength of forest ecosystems over the next 100 years,Tree Physiology,21:831-839
[151] MELODY B.BURKINS, Organic carbon cycling in Taylor Valley, Antarctica: quantifying soil respiration, Global Change Biology,(2001)7:113-125
[152] B.A.Hungate, Evapotranspiration and soil water content in a scrub-oak woodland under carbon dioxide enrichment, Global Change Biology,(2002)8:289-298
[153] Ming Xu, Scale-dependent relationships between landscape structure and mieroclimate,Plant Ecology,2004,173:39-57
[154] Daolan Zheng, ete, Effects of silvicultural treatments on summer forest microclimate in southeastern Missouri Ozarks,Climate Research,2000,15:45-59
[155] Scorr D.Bridgham, Ecosystem control over temperature and energy flux in northern peatlands, Ecological Application, 1999,9(4):1345-1358
[156] E.C.Kilawe. Abobeground biomass equations for determination of carbon storage in plantations forests in Kilombero District, Morogoro-Tanzania,International Forestry Review,2001,3(4):317-32
[157] Andrew E.Suyker, ete. Year-round observation of the net ecosystem exchang of carbon dioxide in a native tallgrass prairie, Global Change Biology,2001,7:279-289
[158] Graeme.J.Jall. Strategies to estimate national forest carbon stokes from inventory data: the 1990 New Zealand baseline, Global Change Biology, 2001,7:389-403
[159] Armikki, Makela, Derivation of stem taper from the pipe theory in a carbon balance framework, Tree Physiology,2002,22:891-905
[160] Alexander Knohl, etc. Carbon dioxide exchange of a Russian boreal forest after disturbance by wind throw, Cnang Biology,2002,8:231-246
[161] T.J.Benjamin. Carbon, water and nutrient flux in Maya homegardens in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Agroforestry Systems,2001,53:103-111[162] B.E.Law. Carbon storage and fluxes in ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages, Global Change Biology,2001,7:755-777
[163] Dmitri G.,ete, An empirical model of carbon fluxes in Russian tundra, Global Change Biology,2001,7:147-161
[164] 谢贤群．农田生态系统水分循环与作物水分关系研究．中国农业生态学，2001，9(1)：9-12
[165] 谢森传．农田水分循环中的蒸发蒸腾计算．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，38(1)：107-110
[166] 牛书丽，蒋高明，高雷鸣等．浑善达克水地不同植物功能型光合作用和水分利用特征的比较．2005，25(4)：699-704
[167] 黄国宏，肖笃宁，李玉祥等．芦苇湿地温室气体甲烷(CH_4)排放研究．生态学报，2001，21(9)：1494-1497
[168] 孙刚，祝廷成．芦苇光合作用与蒸腾作用的日进程．生物学杂志，1999，16(3)：24-26
[169] 胡顺军，康绍忠，宋郁东等．塔里木盆地潜水蒸发规律与计算方法研究．农业工程学报，2004，20(2)：49-53
[170] Robert B. Jackson, Esteban G. Jobbagy, Roni Avissar, et al. Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequesteration. Science, 310:1944-1947
[171] 方精云，朴世龙，贺金生．近20年来中国植被活动在增强．中国科学(C辑)，33(6)：554-567
[172] 胡顺军，康绍忠，宋郁东等．利用地下水动态观测资料估算芦苇耗水是．灌溉排水学报，2003，22(3)：19-21
[173] 许振柱，周广胜．农业水分利用率及其对环境和管理的响应．植物生态学报，2003，18(3)：294-303
[2] 陶波，葛全胜，等．陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展．2001，20(5)：564-575
[3] 马祥庆，刘爱琴等．大气CO_2增加对森林生态系统影响研究综述．福建林学院学报，1996，16(2)：177-182
[4] Harrington J. Climate change and Canadian forest. In: Proceeding of the second north American conference on preparing for climate change. Washing.D.C. Climate institute 1989:297-302
[5] Krapfenbouer A. Forecasting of future forest. Osterrei chische forestrytung, 1993, 104(5):8-12
[6] Fuhrer E. Effect of climate change on forest of hungary. Osterrei chisehe forestrytung, 1992, 103(9): 25-27
[7] Whitehead D. Response of Newzealand forest to climate change. Forest science. 1992,22,(1):39-53
[8] 张新时．全球变化对我国植被影响趋势预测．王志宝主编：森林与环境-中国高级专家研计会论文集．中国林业出版社，1993：79-83
[9] 周涛，史培军，孙睿等．气候变化对净生态系统生产力的影响．地理学报，2004，59(3)：357-365
[10] 王清奎，汪思龙，冯宗炜等．土壤活性有机质及其与土壤质量的关系．生态学报，2005，25(3)：513-520
[11] Luxmoore, R. J. CO_2 and photomass. Biosci. 1981,31:626
[12] 张林波，曹洪法，高吉喜等．大气CO_2浓度升高对土壤微生物的影响．生态学杂志，1998，17(4)：33-38
[13] 黄耀，中国陆地和近海生态系统碳收支研究．中国科学，2002，2：104-107
[14] 高众勇，陈立奇，王伟强．南大洋硕循环研究进展．地学前缘，2002，9(2)：263-270
[15] IPCC.Climate Change 2001-Synthesis Report: Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 2001
[16] 于贵瑞．全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环和碳蓄积．北京：气象出版社，2003
[17] Bolin.B.Change of land biota and their importance for carbon cycle. Science, 1977, 196:613-616
[18] Broecker.w.s, et al. Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science, 1979,206:409-418
[19] 王永辰．二氧化碳含量变化对海水碳酸盐系统的影响．青岛海洋大学学报，1995，25(3)：331-338
[20] 方精云，刘国华．中国陆地生态系统碳库．现代生态学热点问题研究．北京：中国科学技术出版社 1996：251～267
[21] 王效科，冯宗炜．森林生态系统生物碳储存量的研究历史．王如松主编．现代生态学的热点问题研究．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2001：335-347
[22] 毛子军．森林生态系统碳平衡估测方法及其研究进展．植物生态学报．2002，26(6)：731-738
[23] Kauppi.P.E, K.Mielikainen & K.Kuusela. Biomass and carbon budget of European forests, 1971-1990. Science, 1992, 256:70-74
[24] Sedjo R A. Temperate forest ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. Ambio, 1992, 21:274-277
[25] Dixon R.K., S.Brown, R.A.Houghton, A.M.Solomon, et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystem. Science, 1994,263:185-190
[26] 刘国华，傅伯杰，方精云．中国森林碳动态及其对全球碳平衡的贡献．生态学报．2000，20(5)：733-781
[27] 沈承德，易惟熙，刘东生．CO_2全球循环及其同位素示踪研究．第四纪研究．1995，1：53-63[28] Keeling C D, J F S Chin, T P Whorf. Increased activity of northern vegetation in inferred from atmospheric CO_2 measurements. Nature, 1996,382:146-149
[29] Prentice I C, W Cramer, S P Harrison et al. A global biome model based on plant physicalogy and dominantee, soil property and climate. Journal of Biogeography, 1992,19:117-134
[30] Prentice K. C. Bioclimatic distribution of vegetation for general circulation model studies. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1990,98:11811-11830
[31] 赵茂盛，Ronald P. Neilson，延晓冬．气候变化对中国植被可能影响的模拟．地理学报，2002，57(1)：28-38
[32] 张娜，于贵瑞，赵士洞等．长白山自然保护区生态系统碳平衡研究．环境科学．2003，24(1)：24-32
[33] Wofsy S.C., M.L.MGoulden, J.M.Munger, et al. Next exchange of CO_2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science, 260:1314-1317
[34] R.Valentini(Ed). Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, Springer,2003
[35] 刘允芬，等．千烟洲人工针叶林CO_2通量季节变化及其环境因子的影响．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-9
[36] Aubinet M, Heinesch B, Estimation of the carbon sequestration by a heterogeneous forest:night flux correction, heterogeneity of the site and interanual variability.Global Change Biol, 2002, (810) 53-107
[37] Dennis Baldocchi. Assessing the eddy eovaricance technique for evaluating evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:past, present and future. Global Change Biology, 2003, (9). 479-492
[38] 周玉荣，于振良，赵士洞．我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量和碳平衡．植物生态学报，2000，24(5)：518～522
[39] 周广胜，王玉辉．陆地生态系统类型转变与碳循环．植物生态学报，2002，26(2)250-254
[40] 冯宗炜，王效科，吴刚．中国森林生态系统的生物量和生产力．北京：科学出版社，1999年
[41] 王绍强，刘纪远．土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状．地球科学进展，2002，17(4)：528-534
[42] 陈灵芝等，中国森林生态系统养分循环．北京：气象出版社，1997
[43] 聂道平，徐德应，等．全球碳循环与森林关系的研究—问题与进展．世界林业研究，1997，(5)33-48
[44] 桑卫国，马克平．暖温带落叶阔叶林碳循环的初步估算．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)543-548
[45] 刘强，刘嘉麒，等．温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展．地球科学进展，2000，15(4)453-460
[46] Amthor J S and members of the Ecosystem Working Group. Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Global Change: a research strategy. 1998
[47] 殷永元，王桂新．全球气候变化评估方法及其应用．高等教育出版社，2004
[48] R Valentini(Ed.). Flux of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, 2002:Springer
[49] 王文杰，祖元刚等．森林生态系统CO_2通量的研究方法及研究进展．生态学杂志，2003：22(5)：102-107
[50] 黄耀．地气系统碳氮交换—从实验到模型．气象出版社，2003
[51] 李绚丽，谈哲敏．大气圈碳循环的模拟研究进展气象科学，20(3)：400-412
[52] 宫鹏，史培军等．对地观测技术与地球系统科学．北京：科学出版社，1996
[53] 周广胜，邢雪荣，王辉民．植被在全球气候变化中的作用．植物学通报，1995，12，190-194
[54] 陈世苹，白永飞．韩新国．稳定性碳同位素技术在生态学研究中的应用．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)：549-560
[55] W F Dabberdt, D H Lenschow. Atmosphere-surface Exchange Measurements.Science,New Series,Volume 260, Issue 5113(Jun.4,1993) 1472-1481
[56] Eva Falge,Dennis Baldocchi. Gap filling Stratgies for Long Term Energy Flux Data Sets.Agricultural and Forest Meterorogy 107(2001) 71-77
[57] Jiquan Chen,Matthias Falk, etc.Biophysical controls of carbon flows in three successional Douglas-firs??Stands based on eddy-covariance measurements, Tree Physiology, 2002 Heron Publishing-Victoria, Canada, 22,169-177
[58] Tianshan Zha, Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on needle growth, respiration and carbohydrate status in field-grown Scots pines during the needle expansion period, Plant Biology,2001,21,1279-1287
[59] 李绚丽．谈哲敏．大气圈碳循环的模拟研究进展．气象科学，20(3)：400-412
[60] 陈世苹，白永飞，韩新国．稳定性碳同位素技术在生态学研究中的应用．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)549-560
[61] 宫鹏，史培军等．对地观测技术与地球系统科学．北京：科学出版社，1996年
[62] Kimberley D.Brosofske, Harvesting effects on microclimatic gradients from small streams to uplands in Washington, Ecological Application,(1997),7(4), 1188-1200
[63] R.H.Waring, etc. Use of a physiological process model with forestry yield table to set limits on annual carbon balance, Tree Physiology,2002,22,179-188
[64] 温学发等．复杂地形条件下森林植被湍流通量测定的分析．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-10
[65] 王效科，白艳莹，欧阳志云等．全球碳循环中的失汇及其形成原因．生态学报，2002，22(1)，94-103
[66] PIAO shi long, FANG jing yun, CHEN an ping. Seasonal dynamoics of terrestrical net primary production in response to climate changes in China. Ccta Botanica Sinica, 2003,45(3),269-275
[67] 吴刚，冯宗炜．中国寒温带、温带落叶松林群落生物量的研究概述．东北林业大学学报，1995，23(1)，95-101
[68] 方精云，陈字平．中国森林植被碳库的动态变化及其意义．植被学报，2001，43(9)：967-973
[69] 方晰，田大伦，项文化等．第二代杉木中幼林生态系统碳动态与平衡．中南林学院学报，2002，22(1)：1-6
[70] 何宗明，李丽红，王义祥等．33年生福建柏人工林碳库与碳吸存．山地学报，2003，21(3)：298-303
[71] 江泽慧．构建中国森林生态网络体系的系统思考．林业经济，2001，10：3-6
[72] 国家林业局森林资源管理司．全国森林资源统计，2000
[73] 周广胜．全球碳循环，北京：气象出版社，2003年
[74] 张兰生，方修琦等．全球变化．高等教育出版社，2000
[75] 于贵瑞，温学发等．中国亚热带和温带典型森林生态系统呼吸的季节模式及环境响应特征．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-11
[76] Feffrey M.Klopatek. Belowground carbon pools and processes in different age stands of Douglas-fir, Tree Physiology 22,197-204
[77] K.D.Brosofske, Understory vegetation and site factors: implications for a mangaged Wisconsin landscape,Forest Ecology and Management,(2001)146,75-87
[78] Goran Wallin,etc, Carbon dioxide exchange in Norway spruce at the shoot, tree and ecosystem scale, Tree Physiology,2001,21,969-976
[79] Mark.H.Garnett, etc, Terrestrial organic carbon storage in a British moorland, Global Change Biology,2001,7,375-388
[80] K.L.Manies,etc. Carbon dynamics within agricultural and native sites in the loess region of western Iowa, Global Change Biology,2001,7,545-555
[81] J.E.Janiseh, Successional changes in live and dead wood carbon stores: implications for net ecosystem productivity, Tree Physiology,2002,22,77-89
[82] 宋霞、刘允芬，徐小锋．箱法和涡度相关法测碳通量的比较研究．江西科学，2003，21(3)：206-210
[83] 郭家选，梅旭荣，卢志光等．测定农田蒸散的涡度相关技术．中国农业科学，2004，37(8)：172-176[84] Jiquan Chen, Relations of climate and radial increment of western hemlock in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in southern Washington,Northwest Science,2000,74(1)57-68
[85] Jiquan Chen, Growing-season microclimatic gradients from clearcut edges into old-grown Douglas-fir forests, Ecological Application, 1995,5(1),74-85
[86] J.A.Businger. Evaluation of the accuracy with which dry drposition can be measured with current micrometeorological techniques. Journal of climate and applied meteorology, 1986,25,1100-1124
[87] John D. Albertson, Gabriel G.Katul, Patricia Wiberg, et al. Relative importance of local and regional controls on coupled water, carbon, and energy flux. Advances in Water Resources, 2001,24,1103-1118
[88] Dennis D. Baldocchi. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:present and future. Global Change Biology, 2003, 9, 479-492
[89] W. F. Dabberdt, D.H.Lenschow, T.W.Horst, et al. Atmosphere-surface exchange measurements. Science, 1993,260(5113): 1472-1481
[90] 朱治林，等．非平坦下垫面涡度相关通量的校正方法及其在ChinaFLUX中的应用．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-9
[91] 李正泉，等．中国通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价．中国科学D辑．地球科学，2004，34(增刊Ⅱ)：1-11
[92] 刘和平，桑建国，刘树华．森林冠层边界层湍流传输的观测和数值模拟．气象学报，1999，57(6)：715-728
[93] 彭镇华，江泽慧．迎接21世纪生态环境新时代——论中国森林生态网络系统工程．安徽农业大学学报，1998，25(2)，101—108
[94] 秦建华、姜志林，森林在大气碳平衡中的作用，世界林业研究，1997，4，18-25
[95] 罗勇．美国全球变化研究现状．气象，2000，25(1)：3-8
[96] 殷永元，王桂新．全球气候变化评估方法及其应用．高等教育出版社，2004
[97] 陈跃琴、李金龙，一维全球碳循环模式研究．环境科学研究，2002，15(4)，60-64
[98] 刘强、刘嘉麒、贺怀宇，温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展．地球科学进展，2000，15(4)，453—460
[99] 桑卫国、马克平，暖温带落叶阔叶林碳循环的初步估算．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)，543-548
[100] 刘昌明，孙睿．水循环的生态学方面：土壤-植被-大气系统水分通量平衡研究进展．水科学进展，1999，10(3)：251-259
[101] 全球变化与中国水循环前沿科学问题-香山科学会议第187次学术讨论会．地球科学进展，2002，17(4)：628-630
[102] 张娜，于贵瑞，于振良等．基于3S的自然植被光能利用率的时空分布特征的模拟．植物生态学报，2003，27(3)：325-336
[103] 洪刚，李万彪，朱元竞等．卫星遥感估算淮河流域区域通量通量的方法研究．北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，37(5)：693-700
[104] Philip J. R. Plant water relations:some physical aspects. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1996, 17:245-268
[105] 康绍忠，刘晓明，熊运章．土壤-植物-大气连续体水分传输理论及其应用．水利电力出版社，1994
[106] 刘国纬．水文循环的大气过程．科学出版社，1997
[107] J.R.Eheringer, Stable isotopes and carbon cycle processes in forests and grasslands, Plant Biology,2002-4,181-189
[108] Dennis Baldocchi, Eva Falge, Lianhong Gu, et al. Fiuxnet:a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001,82(11):2415-2434
[109] Brown K.W. Calculations of evaportranspiration from crop surface temperature.??Agric.Meteorol. 1974,14:199-209
[110] Passioura J.B., Munns R., Hydraulic resistance of plants. Plant Physiol,1984,11:345-350
[111] Lynn B. H., Carlson T. N., Astomatal resistance model illustrating plant vs.external control of transpiration. Agric. And Meteorol. 1990,52:5-43
[112] 刘苏峡，莫兴国．水文循环研究中亟待加强的薄弱环节．中国科学基金，2000，4：229-243
[113] Van den Honert T.H. Water transport in plants as a catenary processs. Discussions of the Faraday Society. 1948,3:146-153
[114] Jones H. G. Plants and microclimate-A quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983
[115] Zur D.C.,Rithie J.T. Relative importance of soil resistance and plant resistance in root water absorption. Soil Sci., 1976,40:293-297
[116] 崔一峰，刘国纬．我国大陆各区域在面-大气系统水分平衡计算．水文，1990(4)：22-28
[117] 崔玉琴．东北地区上空水汽平衡状况及其源地．地理科学，1995，15(1)：80-87
[118] 刘春蓁．关于水循环研究的若干问题．水文，1989，2：50-54
[119] Derek Eamus, Daily and seasonal patterns of carbon and water fluxes above a north Australian savanna, Tree Physiology,2001,21,977-988
[120] Roger M. Gifford, Plant respiration in productivity models: conceptualisation, representation and issues for global terrestrial carbon-cycle research, Functional Plant Biology,2003,30,171-186
[121] 彭镇华．长江中下游滩地杨树栽培与利用．中国林业出版社，2002
[122] 周金星，彭镇华．森林生态工程的建设对水资源的影响．世界林业研究，2002，15(2)，54-60
[123] 彭镇华，江泽慧．长江中下游低丘滩地综合治理与开发研究．中国林业出版社，1996
[124] 高健，彭镇华．滩地杨树光合生理生态的研究．林业科学研究，2000，13(2)，147-152
[125] 张旭东，彭镇华．长江干流季节性水淹滩地杨树生长规律研究．生物数学学报，1999，14(3)，322-326
[126] 彭镇华，江泽慧．中国新林种抑螺防病林研究．中国林业出版社，1995
[127] 孙启祥，彭镇华．长江滩地杨树人工林生物量的研究．林业科技通讯，1997，4-6
[128] 刘强，刘嘉麒等，温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展，地球科学进展，2000，15(4)453-460
[129] Kaimal J C, Haugen D A. Some errors in the measurement of Reynolds stress. J App Meteorol, 1969,8:460-462
[130] Wilczak J M, Oneley S P, Stage S A. Sonic anemomenter tilt correction algorithms. Boundary Layer Meteoology, 2001,99:127-150
[131] Finnigan J J. A comm.ent on the paper by Lee(1998):On micrometerorolgieal observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric For Meteorol, 1999,97:55-64
[132] Massman W J, Lee X, Eddy covariance corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002,113,121-144
[133] Wilson K B, Hanson P J, Baldocchi D D. Factors controlling evaporation and energy balance partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle. Agrie For Meteorol, 2000,102:83-103
[134] McCaughey J H. Energy balance storage terms in a mature mixed forest at Petawawa, Ontario-a case study. Bound-Lay Meteorol, 1985,31:89-101
[135] 赵晓松，关德新，吴家兵等．长白山阔叶红松林通量观测的footprint及源区分布．北京林业大学学报，2005，27(3)：17-23
[136] Schmid H P. Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes[J]. Boundary-Lay Meteorol, 1994,67:293-318
[137] Flesch T K. The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models[J]. Boundary-Lay Meteorol, 1996,78:399-404[138] Eva F, Dennis B, Richard O, et al. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107:43-69
[139] 王绍强、周成虎、地克让，中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析．地理学报，2000，55(3)：533-544
[140] 苏永中、赵哈林，土壤有机碳储量、影响因素及其环境效应有研究进展．中国沙漠，2002，22(3)：220-228
[141] 郑淑颖、管东生，人类活动对全球碳循环的影响．热带地理，2001，21(4)：369-373
[142] 金峰、杨浩，土壤有机碳储量及影响因素研究进展．土壤，2000，1：11-17
[143] 赵文智、程国栋，人类土地利用的主要生态后果及其缓解对策．中国沙漠，2000，，2(4)：369-374
[144] 张文菊、童成立，湿地碳循环过程与计算机模拟研究．西北植物学报，2003，23(6)：1045—1055
[145] 李海涛、沈文清，湿地生态系统的碳循环研究进展．江西科学，2003，21(3)：160-166
[146] 阮宏华、姜志林，苏南丘陵主要森林类型碳循环研究—含量与分布规律．生态学杂志，1997，16(6)：17-21
[147] S. Euskirchen, etc, Soil respiration at dominant patch types within a managed northern Wisconsin Landscape, Esosystems,(2003)6:595-607
[148] Evelyn S.Krull,etc, Importance of mechanisms and processes of the stabilization of soil organic matter for modelling carbon turnover, Functional Plant Biology,2003,30:207-222
[149] L.B.Guo,etc, Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis,Global Change Biology(2002)8:345-360
[150] Ross E. McMurtrie, Increased understanding of nutrient immobilization in soil organic matter is critical for predicting the carbon sink strength of forest ecosystems over the next 100 years,Tree Physiology,21:831-839
[151] MELODY B.BURKINS, Organic carbon cycling in Taylor Valley, Antarctica: quantifying soil respiration, Global Change Biology,(2001)7:113-125
[152] B.A.Hungate, Evapotranspiration and soil water content in a scrub-oak woodland under carbon dioxide enrichment, Global Change Biology,(2002)8:289-298
[153] Ming Xu, Scale-dependent relationships between landscape structure and mieroclimate,Plant Ecology,2004,173:39-57
[154] Daolan Zheng, ete, Effects of silvicultural treatments on summer forest microclimate in southeastern Missouri Ozarks,Climate Research,2000,15:45-59
[155] Scorr D.Bridgham, Ecosystem control over temperature and energy flux in northern peatlands, Ecological Application, 1999,9(4):1345-1358
[156] E.C.Kilawe. Abobeground biomass equations for determination of carbon storage in plantations forests in Kilombero District, Morogoro-Tanzania,International Forestry Review,2001,3(4):317-32
[157] Andrew E.Suyker, ete. Year-round observation of the net ecosystem exchang of carbon dioxide in a native tallgrass prairie, Global Change Biology,2001,7:279-289
[158] Graeme.J.Jall. Strategies to estimate national forest carbon stokes from inventory data: the 1990 New Zealand baseline, Global Change Biology, 2001,7:389-403
[159] Armikki, Makela, Derivation of stem taper from the pipe theory in a carbon balance framework, Tree Physiology,2002,22:891-905
[160] Alexander Knohl, etc. Carbon dioxide exchange of a Russian boreal forest after disturbance by wind throw, Cnang Biology,2002,8:231-246
[161] T.J.Benjamin. Carbon, water and nutrient flux in Maya homegardens in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Agroforestry Systems,2001,53:103-111[162] B.E.Law. Carbon storage and fluxes in ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages, Global Change Biology,2001,7:755-777
[163] Dmitri G.,ete, An empirical model of carbon fluxes in Russian tundra, Global Change Biology,2001,7:147-161
[164] 谢贤群．农田生态系统水分循环与作物水分关系研究．中国农业生态学，2001，9(1)：9-12
[165] 谢森传．农田水分循环中的蒸发蒸腾计算．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，38(1)：107-110
[166] 牛书丽，蒋高明，高雷鸣等．浑善达克水地不同植物功能型光合作用和水分利用特征的比较．2005，25(4)：699-704
[167] 黄国宏，肖笃宁，李玉祥等．芦苇湿地温室气体甲烷(CH_4)排放研究．生态学报，2001，21(9)：1494-1497
[168] 孙刚，祝廷成．芦苇光合作用与蒸腾作用的日进程．生物学杂志，1999，16(3)：24-26
[169] 胡顺军，康绍忠，宋郁东等．塔里木盆地潜水蒸发规律与计算方法研究．农业工程学报，2004，20(2)：49-53
[170] Robert B. Jackson, Esteban G. Jobbagy, Roni Avissar, et al. Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequesteration. Science, 310:1944-1947
[171] 方精云，朴世龙，贺金生．近20年来中国植被活动在增强．中国科学(C辑)，33(6)：554-567
[172] 胡顺军，康绍忠，宋郁东等．利用地下水动态观测资料估算芦苇耗水是．灌溉排水学报，2003，22(3)：19-21
[173] 许振柱，周广胜．农业水分利用率及其对环境和管理的响应．植物生态学报，2003，18(3)：294-303