安徽和县香泉独立铊矿床的成矿作用研究
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摘要
“分散元素不仅能发生富集而且能超常富集,并可以形成独立矿床”这一认识已被人们所接受,分散元素成矿作用、特别是分散元素独立成矿作用的研究尤其引起研究者的关注。香泉独立铊矿床的地质地球化学特征明显不同于世界上已发现和研究的铊矿床,对该矿床的研究对深化分散元素成矿作用尤其是铊元素的成矿作用研究具有重要意义。
本文在细致的野外地质研究工作基础上,采集代表性的岩、矿石样品,用运显微镜观察、化学分析和高精度电子探针等方法研究铊在不同矿物中的赋存状态;对不同成矿阶段矿物中的流体包裹体进行显微测温和包裹体成分测定工作,厘定流体演化的物理化学条件;系统测定不同蚀变、矿化阶段的岩、矿石样品的氢、氧、碳、硅、硫、铅等同位素及微量元素组成,示踪、分析和确定成矿作用过程和蚀变、矿化流体的来源、成分、性质及变化;利用先进的热液矿物Sm-Nd法定年确定矿床年龄,并在上述工作结果的基础上,构筑成矿流体系统的演化模型和矿床成因模式,建立区域铊矿床的预测、勘查与评价的重要信息和指标。
香泉铊矿床的赋矿地层为下奥陶系统仑山组Oll,主要控矿构造为晓山—小龙王山—大龙王山背斜和两条逆断层F_1,F_2,蚀变强度总体上较弱,主要蚀变类型有萤石化、重晶石化、硅化、碳酸盐化和褐铁矿化等。铊矿床主要由一个矿体组成,该矿体总体上为似层状和透镜状,分布与地层走向一致,矿体沿倾向延伸较小,一般为30～40米,最宽不超过100米,沿走向延伸较长,超过1000米,平均厚度约10～15米,根据矿体形态和矿石品位初步估算铊的金属储量为150t。铊矿床中主要矿石矿物为黄铁矿,矿床中95%以上的铊都赋存在黄铁矿中。矿石的主要结构构造有浸染状构造、块状构造、角砾状构造、条带状和细层状构造、胶球体和同心圈层状构造、鲕粒(豆状)结构和生物结构等,不同结构构造的铊矿石均是由胶黄铁矿集合体和粘土硅酸盐矿物构成,而组成这些集合体的胶黄铁矿没有明显差别。矿床的形成经历了海底热水沉积成矿期和低温热液改造成矿期,其中以海底热水沉积成矿期为主,热液改造成矿期又可以进一步划分为早、晚两个成矿阶段,其中以早阶段为主。
香泉铊矿床中未产出或尚未发现大于微米级的独立铊矿物。胶黄铁矿是主要的载铊矿物,胶黄铁矿中铊与砷成正相关性,而与铁成负相关性,而微量元素铜、铅、锌、钴和镍的硒含量极低,和铊没有明显的相关性。铊以两种形态赋存于黄铁矿中,大部分铊以类质
The conclusion "Disperse element can highly be enriched to form independent deposit" has been accepted and the study of mineralization process of disperse element has aroused great interesting of many researchers. As the geology and geochemistry characteristics of Xiangquan thallium deposit are quite different from other thallium deposits even found in the world, the study of this deposit will improve the research of minerlization process of disperse element.Typical sample are selected after careful detail field study. Microscope observation, chemical analysis and high precise electron probe are adopted to analyze occurring forms of thallium in different minerals;fluid inclusion study in fluorite of different stages are used to calculate the physical-chemical parameter;the hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, silicon, sulfur and lead isotope of samples of deferent stages are measured to determine the origin, composition and character of ore forming fluid;and the age of deposit is determined by precise Sm-Nd isotope isochrone. At last, we put forward evolution model of fluid metallogenic system, set up the metallogenic model of thallium deposit, and provide the important information and indexes of prediction, exploration and estimation of regional thallium deposit.The host stratum of Xiangquan thallium deposit is Ordovician sub-series of Lunshan Group and the main ore-control structure is Xiaoshan-Xiaolongshan-Dalongshan anticline and two reversed faults (F_1 and F_2). The alteration is weak as a whole and the main alteration types are fluoritization, baritization, quartzification, carbonation and limonitization, etc. The thallium deposit are mainly consisted by one ore body, which is bedded-like, lens-shaped, extends paralleling the strata and is about 1000 m long, 50m wide and between 10 to 15 m thick. The total reverse of thallium is about 150t. The main ore mineral is pyrite and more than 95 percent thallium occurs in pyrites. The main structures and textures of ores are disseminated texture, breccia structure, massive structure, striped structure, microlayere-shaped structure, oolitic(pisolitic) texture, colloid concentric ring texture and organic texture, etc. All thallium ores are composed of framboidal pyrite aggregates and clay silicate minerals. Although the framboidal pyrite aggregates appear different, the framboidal pyrites are quite same. The deposit formed during submarine hydrothermal sediment metallogenic period and low temperature fluid alteration metallogenic period, and the former is central. Low temperature fluid alteration metallogenic period can be further divided into two ore-forming stages and the early stage is primary.No independent thallium mineral bigger than one micron has been found in the deposit so far. Framboidal pyrite is the main thallium-containing mineral. The content of thallium in framboidal pyrite is positive correlation with arsenic and negative correlation with iron. The content of trace element such as copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel has no obvious correlation with thallium. Thallium occurs in two forms;most of thallium enters pyrite crystal lattice in the form of isomorph and the rest occur as thallium mineral particle. Very fine grained (n×10 to n×
lOOnm) thallium minerals have been observed in thallium-rich framboidal pyrite, but because the thallium minerals are too small that its exact content can not been determined by electric probe directly. Due to the semi-quantitative analysis, we speculate molecular formula of thallium minerals are TIL (Tl,Fe)(As,I^ Tl(As,l) and (Tl,Fe)l. Meanwhile, sub Nano-thallium mineral has also been found in framboidal pyrite. Those thallium minerals mainly distribute along the micro-fracture in pyrite, reflecting the alteration of low temperature fluid which enrich the thallium in pyrite to form thallium minerals.The study of major element, trace element, REE and sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, lead and silicon isotope of framboidal pyrite, fluorite and different alteration rocks show that the framboidal pyrites were the product of thallium rich hot water in the seafloor;the fluid of low temperature alteration metallogenic period did not carry in thallium and the thallium disperse during the decomposing of pyrite. The tow stages fluid are all meteoric source and has no direct relationship with magma, but evolution of the two stages fluid are different. The study of fluid inclusion in fluorite show that the two stage fluid are all Ca2+-Na+-K+-F type, the early stage fluid's temperature is 220°C~280°C, gathering between 240~260°C, the salinity is between 0.5 to 6.0%.NaCleq gathering between 2.8~~5.0wt%.NaCleq, and the mineralization degree, deoxidize parameter, fO2 and Eh value are 81, 0.220, -51.36 and -0.12, respectively. The late stage fluid's temperature is 130°C~210°C, gathering between 160~180°C, the salinity is between 0.8~6.5%.NaCleq gathering between 2.2~~3.7wt%.NaCleq, and the mineralization degree, deoxidize parameter, fo and Eh value are 65,0.211, -41.50 and -0.22, respectively.Fluorite samples of two stages have been collected for Sm-Nd isotope analyses. The early and late stage fluorites isochrone ages are 131.7±2.7Ma and 79.3±9.4Ma, respectively. This indicates that the Xiangquan thallium early stage hydrothermal mineralizing event occurred during the late Yanshanian period(131.7±2.7Ma). It is well known that the mineral deposits of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River metallogenic belt mostly formed during the Mesozoic Yanshanian period. The discovery of the Xiangquan thallium deposit may indicate the epithermal metallogenic event may have relationship with hydrothermal metallogenic even. The age of late stage fluorites indicates that there is another fluid activity at the end of late Yanshanian period(79.3±9.4Ma).According to the geological and geochemical characteristics of Xiangquan thallium deposit, the metallogenic model has been set up and the concept of independent thallium deposits has been re-defined. We define indepentdent thallium deposit as "the deposit scale is big in which thallium is highly enriched, while the economic value of other element are minor or less important, thallium occur as thallium minerals or in the sulfur minerals".
本文在细致的野外地质研究工作基础上,采集代表性的岩、矿石样品,用运显微镜观察、化学分析和高精度电子探针等方法研究铊在不同矿物中的赋存状态;对不同成矿阶段矿物中的流体包裹体进行显微测温和包裹体成分测定工作,厘定流体演化的物理化学条件;系统测定不同蚀变、矿化阶段的岩、矿石样品的氢、氧、碳、硅、硫、铅等同位素及微量元素组成,示踪、分析和确定成矿作用过程和蚀变、矿化流体的来源、成分、性质及变化;利用先进的热液矿物Sm-Nd法定年确定矿床年龄,并在上述工作结果的基础上,构筑成矿流体系统的演化模型和矿床成因模式,建立区域铊矿床的预测、勘查与评价的重要信息和指标。
香泉铊矿床的赋矿地层为下奥陶系统仑山组Oll,主要控矿构造为晓山—小龙王山—大龙王山背斜和两条逆断层F_1,F_2,蚀变强度总体上较弱,主要蚀变类型有萤石化、重晶石化、硅化、碳酸盐化和褐铁矿化等。铊矿床主要由一个矿体组成,该矿体总体上为似层状和透镜状,分布与地层走向一致,矿体沿倾向延伸较小,一般为30～40米,最宽不超过100米,沿走向延伸较长,超过1000米,平均厚度约10～15米,根据矿体形态和矿石品位初步估算铊的金属储量为150t。铊矿床中主要矿石矿物为黄铁矿,矿床中95%以上的铊都赋存在黄铁矿中。矿石的主要结构构造有浸染状构造、块状构造、角砾状构造、条带状和细层状构造、胶球体和同心圈层状构造、鲕粒(豆状)结构和生物结构等,不同结构构造的铊矿石均是由胶黄铁矿集合体和粘土硅酸盐矿物构成,而组成这些集合体的胶黄铁矿没有明显差别。矿床的形成经历了海底热水沉积成矿期和低温热液改造成矿期,其中以海底热水沉积成矿期为主,热液改造成矿期又可以进一步划分为早、晚两个成矿阶段,其中以早阶段为主。
香泉铊矿床中未产出或尚未发现大于微米级的独立铊矿物。胶黄铁矿是主要的载铊矿物,胶黄铁矿中铊与砷成正相关性,而与铁成负相关性,而微量元素铜、铅、锌、钴和镍的硒含量极低,和铊没有明显的相关性。铊以两种形态赋存于黄铁矿中,大部分铊以类质
The conclusion "Disperse element can highly be enriched to form independent deposit" has been accepted and the study of mineralization process of disperse element has aroused great interesting of many researchers. As the geology and geochemistry characteristics of Xiangquan thallium deposit are quite different from other thallium deposits even found in the world, the study of this deposit will improve the research of minerlization process of disperse element.Typical sample are selected after careful detail field study. Microscope observation, chemical analysis and high precise electron probe are adopted to analyze occurring forms of thallium in different minerals;fluid inclusion study in fluorite of different stages are used to calculate the physical-chemical parameter;the hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, silicon, sulfur and lead isotope of samples of deferent stages are measured to determine the origin, composition and character of ore forming fluid;and the age of deposit is determined by precise Sm-Nd isotope isochrone. At last, we put forward evolution model of fluid metallogenic system, set up the metallogenic model of thallium deposit, and provide the important information and indexes of prediction, exploration and estimation of regional thallium deposit.The host stratum of Xiangquan thallium deposit is Ordovician sub-series of Lunshan Group and the main ore-control structure is Xiaoshan-Xiaolongshan-Dalongshan anticline and two reversed faults (F_1 and F_2). The alteration is weak as a whole and the main alteration types are fluoritization, baritization, quartzification, carbonation and limonitization, etc. The thallium deposit are mainly consisted by one ore body, which is bedded-like, lens-shaped, extends paralleling the strata and is about 1000 m long, 50m wide and between 10 to 15 m thick. The total reverse of thallium is about 150t. The main ore mineral is pyrite and more than 95 percent thallium occurs in pyrites. The main structures and textures of ores are disseminated texture, breccia structure, massive structure, striped structure, microlayere-shaped structure, oolitic(pisolitic) texture, colloid concentric ring texture and organic texture, etc. All thallium ores are composed of framboidal pyrite aggregates and clay silicate minerals. Although the framboidal pyrite aggregates appear different, the framboidal pyrites are quite same. The deposit formed during submarine hydrothermal sediment metallogenic period and low temperature fluid alteration metallogenic period, and the former is central. Low temperature fluid alteration metallogenic period can be further divided into two ore-forming stages and the early stage is primary.No independent thallium mineral bigger than one micron has been found in the deposit so far. Framboidal pyrite is the main thallium-containing mineral. The content of thallium in framboidal pyrite is positive correlation with arsenic and negative correlation with iron. The content of trace element such as copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel has no obvious correlation with thallium. Thallium occurs in two forms;most of thallium enters pyrite crystal lattice in the form of isomorph and the rest occur as thallium mineral particle. Very fine grained (n×10 to n×
lOOnm) thallium minerals have been observed in thallium-rich framboidal pyrite, but because the thallium minerals are too small that its exact content can not been determined by electric probe directly. Due to the semi-quantitative analysis, we speculate molecular formula of thallium minerals are TIL (Tl,Fe)(As,I^ Tl(As,l) and (Tl,Fe)l. Meanwhile, sub Nano-thallium mineral has also been found in framboidal pyrite. Those thallium minerals mainly distribute along the micro-fracture in pyrite, reflecting the alteration of low temperature fluid which enrich the thallium in pyrite to form thallium minerals.The study of major element, trace element, REE and sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, lead and silicon isotope of framboidal pyrite, fluorite and different alteration rocks show that the framboidal pyrites were the product of thallium rich hot water in the seafloor;the fluid of low temperature alteration metallogenic period did not carry in thallium and the thallium disperse during the decomposing of pyrite. The tow stages fluid are all meteoric source and has no direct relationship with magma, but evolution of the two stages fluid are different. The study of fluid inclusion in fluorite show that the two stage fluid are all Ca2+-Na+-K+-F type, the early stage fluid's temperature is 220°C~280°C, gathering between 240~260°C, the salinity is between 0.5 to 6.0%.NaCleq gathering between 2.8~~5.0wt%.NaCleq, and the mineralization degree, deoxidize parameter, fO2 and Eh value are 81, 0.220, -51.36 and -0.12, respectively. The late stage fluid's temperature is 130°C~210°C, gathering between 160~180°C, the salinity is between 0.8~6.5%.NaCleq gathering between 2.2~~3.7wt%.NaCleq, and the mineralization degree, deoxidize parameter, fo and Eh value are 65,0.211, -41.50 and -0.22, respectively.Fluorite samples of two stages have been collected for Sm-Nd isotope analyses. The early and late stage fluorites isochrone ages are 131.7±2.7Ma and 79.3±9.4Ma, respectively. This indicates that the Xiangquan thallium early stage hydrothermal mineralizing event occurred during the late Yanshanian period(131.7±2.7Ma). It is well known that the mineral deposits of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River metallogenic belt mostly formed during the Mesozoic Yanshanian period. The discovery of the Xiangquan thallium deposit may indicate the epithermal metallogenic event may have relationship with hydrothermal metallogenic even. The age of late stage fluorites indicates that there is another fluid activity at the end of late Yanshanian period(79.3±9.4Ma).According to the geological and geochemical characteristics of Xiangquan thallium deposit, the metallogenic model has been set up and the concept of independent thallium deposits has been re-defined. We define indepentdent thallium deposit as "the deposit scale is big in which thallium is highly enriched, while the economic value of other element are minor or less important, thallium occur as thallium minerals or in the sulfur minerals".
引文
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