喀斯特地下水文系统物质循环的地球化学特征
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摘要
博士论文工作主要开展了喀斯特地区(贵阳市和遵义市)地下水文系统的水地球化学特征变化、喀斯特水文系统的水—岩作用、喀斯特地区人为活动对地下水的影响、喀斯特地区“三水”传输、转化以及相互作用过程特征的研究。研究成果发现:喀斯特地区地表和地下水中溶解态Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)离子占离子总数的80%以上,主要与喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩(石灰岩和白云岩)的化学风化作用有关;地下水和地表水中硫酸盐离子含量较高,δ~(34)S值和化学成分分析结果认为硫酸盐离子主要来源于含水岩层中石膏矿物的溶解、硫化物的氧化以及大气酸雨和城市生活排污输入;由硫化物氧化形成的硫酸以及酸雨参与了岩石的风化过程;地表/地下水中的K~+,Na~+,Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-具有明显的人为活动输入特征,三氮和SO_4~(2-)已成为两市城镇地下水污染的主要指标,稳定同位素与化学组分变化结合可以很好示踪喀斯特地区地下水中污染物的来源和循环;岩溶地下水对地表水季节性地球化学组成变化的响应明显,说明喀斯特地区地下水与地表水之间的交换比较活跃,地下水极易收到地表污染物的污染。上述结论揭示了人类活动对研究区域水文地球化学环境的影响、地表/地下水环境的质量现状、认识到喀斯特地区物质的水文地球化学循环的各种控制因素,为今后喀斯特地区地下水资源的管理和保护提供了重要的基础科学依据。
This research studies the general geochemical characteristics of karstic surface/ground water systems of Guiyang and Zunyi cities, SW China, with main purposes to characterize exchange between surface water-ground water, water-rock interaction, and to understand human impact on karstic ground water system. The chemical and isotopic analyses of the river/stream and ground water show that the water chemistry of the studied water is dominated by Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), HCO_3~-, SO_4~(2-), which totally accounting for more 80% of total ions. This chemical compositional feature should be ascribed to dissolution mainly of carbonate rocks (or minerals) and sulfate evaporite in the aquifers. Most of water samples contain high SO_4~(2-) concentrations, isotope compositional variations of which indicate multiple origins of sulfur: main origins of sulfur include dissolution of gypsum, oxidation of sulfide minerals and input of acid rain as well as of municipal sewage. Analyses on stoichiometry and isotope signatures of the studied river/stream and ground water show that the sulfuric acid has been involved in dissolution of the rocks. The inputs by human activities are characterized by high concentrations of K~+, Na~+, Cl~-, SO_4~(2-), NO_3~- ions, human input features of which are also supported by the stable isotope compositions. The SO_4~(2-), NO_3~- may be the indicators for contamination of the ground water systems. Through comparison of geochemical compositions of the surface and ground water, it is shown that the ground water system shows quick responses in geochemistry to the surface water, suggesting that karstic ground water system is susceptible for human impact. In addition to enhancing our understanding of geochemical characteristics and their controlling factors and mechanisms of karstic ground water system, these results described above can be important scientific information for reasonable use and management of karstic ground water resources.
This research studies the general geochemical characteristics of karstic surface/ground water systems of Guiyang and Zunyi cities, SW China, with main purposes to characterize exchange between surface water-ground water, water-rock interaction, and to understand human impact on karstic ground water system. The chemical and isotopic analyses of the river/stream and ground water show that the water chemistry of the studied water is dominated by Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), HCO_3~-, SO_4~(2-), which totally accounting for more 80% of total ions. This chemical compositional feature should be ascribed to dissolution mainly of carbonate rocks (or minerals) and sulfate evaporite in the aquifers. Most of water samples contain high SO_4~(2-) concentrations, isotope compositional variations of which indicate multiple origins of sulfur: main origins of sulfur include dissolution of gypsum, oxidation of sulfide minerals and input of acid rain as well as of municipal sewage. Analyses on stoichiometry and isotope signatures of the studied river/stream and ground water show that the sulfuric acid has been involved in dissolution of the rocks. The inputs by human activities are characterized by high concentrations of K~+, Na~+, Cl~-, SO_4~(2-), NO_3~- ions, human input features of which are also supported by the stable isotope compositions. The SO_4~(2-), NO_3~- may be the indicators for contamination of the ground water systems. Through comparison of geochemical compositions of the surface and ground water, it is shown that the ground water system shows quick responses in geochemistry to the surface water, suggesting that karstic ground water system is susceptible for human impact. In addition to enhancing our understanding of geochemical characteristics and their controlling factors and mechanisms of karstic ground water system, these results described above can be important scientific information for reasonable use and management of karstic ground water resources.
引文
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