碳酸盐岩气藏损害描述及应用研究
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摘要
碳酸盐岩是极为重要的储集岩,占世界沉积岩总面积的20%。碳酸盐岩中油气储量占世界总储量的50%。与碎屑岩储层损害机理的认识及深入程度相比,对碳酸盐岩储层的研究还远远的不够,这也是与其重要地位极不相称的。早期对碳酸盐岩储层损害研究主要是集中在如何防漏堵漏方面。同时碳酸盐岩由于矿物成分相对简单,粘土矿物含量又少,因此长期以来人们认为碳酸盐岩储层不存在流体敏感性或者弱到可以忽略的程度。正是由于传统认识上的局限性限制了碳酸盐岩储层损害机理研究的进一步发展。
川东北区块碳酸盐岩储层类型丰富,纵向上储层物性相差大,天然裂缝较为发育,非均质性强。部分层位含一定量粘土矿物,地层中夹膏盐层,同时气藏中高含硫化氢,地层中有沥青及硫沉积,是研究碳酸盐岩气藏的理想场所。论文主要针对气藏雷口坡组,嘉陵江组,飞仙关组,长兴组等层位,开展了大量的室内实验,利用现代岩样分析及测试手段,从流体敏感性,应力敏感,水相圈闭,毛管自吸,储层矿物界面性质等方面系统地描述了碳酸盐岩气藏损害,揭示了碳酸盐岩气藏损害自身的独特性,提出了一些新的理论和认识,进一步完善了碳酸盐岩气藏损害描述及相应的保护技术。
研究表明,气层存在一定程度的流体敏感性,敏感程度甚至会出现强的趋势,如碱敏,水敏等。石膏的存在增强了流体的敏感性。同时提出了碱与白云石发应生成水镁石造成碱敏损害的新认识。
碳酸盐岩孔隙类型复杂,裂缝系统发育。本文研究了不同孔隙类型储层的应力敏感行为,用应力敏感系数的新方法评价了敏感程度,并分析了敏感机理。同时从岩石力学特征方面对比研究了致密碳酸盐岩和致密砂岩的应力敏感性。研究表明,碳酸盐岩基块岩样应力敏感程度为弱,其形变属于弹性变形。裂缝的存在大大地增强了应力敏感性,其形变属于塑性变形的范畴。其中人工造缝岩样的敏感程度要强于天然裂缝。致密碳酸盐岩的应力敏感性要弱于致密砂岩。这是由于致密碳酸盐岩的胶结程度要强于致密砂岩,且岩石中岩屑、粘土矿物等塑性易变形物质较少。另一个重要原因是致密砂岩微裂缝较发育。
密闭取芯初始含水饱和度分析表明,其初始含水饱和度远远低于束缚水饱和度,即气藏具有超低含水饱和度的现象。因此在钻完井、增产改造等作业过程中,一旦水基工作液滤液接触气层就会在过剩的毛管力作用下自吸进入气层,严重降低了气相渗透率,从而造成水相圈闭损害。通过实验探索研究了碳酸盐岩毛管自吸规律,表明岩样渗透率越高,其自吸速度越快。同时探讨了储层物性和孔隙结构、初始含水饱和度等对毛管自吸作用的影响。
高含硫气藏在开发过程中,随着地层温度和压力的下降,硫化氢气体中的硫元素就会以固态硫的形式沉积下来,堵塞孔喉,造成储层损害。本文探讨了硫沉积损害的影响因素,包括气井流速,气藏含硫量,储层物性等。同时研究了高含硫气藏储层矿物界面
Carbonate is a kind of important reservoir rock. Although the carbonate is 20 percent of sedimentary rock, the reserve of carbonate is 50 percent of total reserve in the world. The research on formation damage in carbonate reservoir is far from enough, which is not suitable with its importance, comparing with the depth of understanding on damage mechanism in clastic rock. The research on formation damage in carbonate reservoir is focus on preventing and resisting fluid loss in early period. For a long time, the fluid sensitivity of carbonate has been regarded as weakness, or non-existing, because of the relatively simple mineral and the little proportion of clay mineral. It is the limited comprehension on damage mechanism that restricts the further research on carbonate formation damage.The characteristics of carbonate reservoir in Northeast of Sichuan include abundant types of formation, considerable difference of vertical physical property, numerous natural fractures and strong heterogeneity. The area is the ideal site to study carbonate gas reservoir, because of amount of clay mineral in some horizon, a few salt limes, high content of hydrogen sulphide in gas reservoir, some asphalt and sulphur deposition in formation. The damage mechanism of carbonate gas reservoir is systematically described, based on Leikoupo, Jialingjiang, Feixianguan and Changxing groups. The results of the latest research on the damage mechanism in carbonate gas reservoir are concerned by collecting large numbers of literatures. The object of research is carbonate gas reservoir in Northeast of Sichuan, Sichuan Basin. The damage of carbonate gas reservoir is systemically described by lots of laboratory experiments and using core analysis and test measure in advance, from these aspects of fluid sensitivity, stress sensitivity, aqueous phase trapping, capillary imbibition and the interface of reserve mineral.Meanwhile, the peculiar characteristic of damage is revealed, the new understands and theories are presented, the damage description and damage control technique are more consummated and the fetters of thought on damage mechanism are liberated. The reservoir exists a curtain sensitivity such as strong alkali and water sensitivity .The sensitivity of fluid is strengthened for the salt lime existing. Meanwhile, the new mechanism of alkaline damage is presented that alkaline reacts with dolomite to form the brucite.For complicated interstitial space and fracture system in carbonate formation, the stress sensitivity behavior of pore spaces is investigated, the degree of sensitivity is evaluated by the new method of stress sensitivity coefficient and damage mechanism is discussed. Also the stress sensitivities are studied by contrasted carbonate rock with clastic rock, based on the
character of rock mechanics. The result of investigation indicates the stress sensitivity of carbonate matrix core is weak, and the deformation belongs to elastic deformation, which is caused by early cementation and later dolomitization that cumbers the carbonate rock to be compacted further. The stress sensitivity of fracture is severe, which deformation belongs to plastic deformation, the stress sensitivity of man-made fracture is more severe than that of natural fracture. The stress sensitivity of tight sandstone is more severe than that of tight carbonate rock, because that the cementation degree of tight sandstone is weak than that of tight carbonate and there are plastic materials easy to distortion in tight sandstone, such as debris, clay mineral, and so on. The other important cause is that quite many micro-fractures grow in tight sandstone.The water saturation of sealed cores shows that the initial water saturation is far from the irreducible water saturation ,which is abnormal low water saturation in carbonate gas reservoirs, During the operations of drilling, completion and simulation, once the water-base working fluid contacts the gas reservoirs ,the fluid can spontaneous imbibition to gas formation, under the extra capillary pressure, reduce the permeability of gas phase severely, that is aqueous phase trapping. Through the experiments of capillary spontaneous imbibition, the law of capillary spontaneous imbibition is discussed, how physical property, pore geometry and initial water saturation affect spontaneous imbibition is analyzed. The result shows that the higher physical property, the faster the rate of spontaneous imbibiton.For exploiting the gas reservoir with high content of sulphur, the techniques of drilling, completion and exploitation face on austere challenge and the special demands on drilling fluids performance and formation damage control technique is brought forward. In the process of exploitation, with the formation temperature and pressure decreasing, sulphur element that dissolved in hydrogen sulphide is deposited to solid state, then blocks pore and throat, thus causes formation damage. It is proved that the effect factors of sulphur deposition include velocity of gas well, sulphur content and formation physical property, and so on. The interface characteristic of formation mineral in the gas reservoir with sulphur is investigated. That calcium sulfide covered on the mineral with film shape is revealed by XRD and spectral analysis. The film of calcium sulfide can affect the wettability and strengthen the fluid sensitivity, such as acid sensitivity, salinity sensitivity, and so on. The complex problems in the process of drilling, completion and exploitation in gas reservoir with high content are analyzed, the effects that damage of sulphur deposition affected by sulphur saturation, velocity of gas production and physical property are discussed. Meanwhile the countermeasure of formation damage control technique in gas reservoir with high content ispresented.The law of pressure changing in the process of removal of temporary filter cake is
discussed. The result of experiment indicates that the break pressure existing during the removal of filter cake, only when the pressure of removal is bigger than the break pressure, the filter cake can be removed. The temporary plugging technique is improved further. Finally, the necessary of temporary plugging technique applied on this area is discussed. The degree of temporary plugging is used to confirm the buildup time of temporary filter cake. Meanwhile, based on large numbers of experiment results, the drill-in fluid system using temporary plugging technique adapt to the area and the anticipated effect is attained in the field application.
川东北区块碳酸盐岩储层类型丰富,纵向上储层物性相差大,天然裂缝较为发育,非均质性强。部分层位含一定量粘土矿物,地层中夹膏盐层,同时气藏中高含硫化氢,地层中有沥青及硫沉积,是研究碳酸盐岩气藏的理想场所。论文主要针对气藏雷口坡组,嘉陵江组,飞仙关组,长兴组等层位,开展了大量的室内实验,利用现代岩样分析及测试手段,从流体敏感性,应力敏感,水相圈闭,毛管自吸,储层矿物界面性质等方面系统地描述了碳酸盐岩气藏损害,揭示了碳酸盐岩气藏损害自身的独特性,提出了一些新的理论和认识,进一步完善了碳酸盐岩气藏损害描述及相应的保护技术。
研究表明,气层存在一定程度的流体敏感性,敏感程度甚至会出现强的趋势,如碱敏,水敏等。石膏的存在增强了流体的敏感性。同时提出了碱与白云石发应生成水镁石造成碱敏损害的新认识。
碳酸盐岩孔隙类型复杂,裂缝系统发育。本文研究了不同孔隙类型储层的应力敏感行为,用应力敏感系数的新方法评价了敏感程度,并分析了敏感机理。同时从岩石力学特征方面对比研究了致密碳酸盐岩和致密砂岩的应力敏感性。研究表明,碳酸盐岩基块岩样应力敏感程度为弱,其形变属于弹性变形。裂缝的存在大大地增强了应力敏感性,其形变属于塑性变形的范畴。其中人工造缝岩样的敏感程度要强于天然裂缝。致密碳酸盐岩的应力敏感性要弱于致密砂岩。这是由于致密碳酸盐岩的胶结程度要强于致密砂岩,且岩石中岩屑、粘土矿物等塑性易变形物质较少。另一个重要原因是致密砂岩微裂缝较发育。
密闭取芯初始含水饱和度分析表明,其初始含水饱和度远远低于束缚水饱和度,即气藏具有超低含水饱和度的现象。因此在钻完井、增产改造等作业过程中,一旦水基工作液滤液接触气层就会在过剩的毛管力作用下自吸进入气层,严重降低了气相渗透率,从而造成水相圈闭损害。通过实验探索研究了碳酸盐岩毛管自吸规律,表明岩样渗透率越高,其自吸速度越快。同时探讨了储层物性和孔隙结构、初始含水饱和度等对毛管自吸作用的影响。
高含硫气藏在开发过程中,随着地层温度和压力的下降,硫化氢气体中的硫元素就会以固态硫的形式沉积下来,堵塞孔喉,造成储层损害。本文探讨了硫沉积损害的影响因素,包括气井流速,气藏含硫量,储层物性等。同时研究了高含硫气藏储层矿物界面
Carbonate is a kind of important reservoir rock. Although the carbonate is 20 percent of sedimentary rock, the reserve of carbonate is 50 percent of total reserve in the world. The research on formation damage in carbonate reservoir is far from enough, which is not suitable with its importance, comparing with the depth of understanding on damage mechanism in clastic rock. The research on formation damage in carbonate reservoir is focus on preventing and resisting fluid loss in early period. For a long time, the fluid sensitivity of carbonate has been regarded as weakness, or non-existing, because of the relatively simple mineral and the little proportion of clay mineral. It is the limited comprehension on damage mechanism that restricts the further research on carbonate formation damage.The characteristics of carbonate reservoir in Northeast of Sichuan include abundant types of formation, considerable difference of vertical physical property, numerous natural fractures and strong heterogeneity. The area is the ideal site to study carbonate gas reservoir, because of amount of clay mineral in some horizon, a few salt limes, high content of hydrogen sulphide in gas reservoir, some asphalt and sulphur deposition in formation. The damage mechanism of carbonate gas reservoir is systematically described, based on Leikoupo, Jialingjiang, Feixianguan and Changxing groups. The results of the latest research on the damage mechanism in carbonate gas reservoir are concerned by collecting large numbers of literatures. The object of research is carbonate gas reservoir in Northeast of Sichuan, Sichuan Basin. The damage of carbonate gas reservoir is systemically described by lots of laboratory experiments and using core analysis and test measure in advance, from these aspects of fluid sensitivity, stress sensitivity, aqueous phase trapping, capillary imbibition and the interface of reserve mineral.Meanwhile, the peculiar characteristic of damage is revealed, the new understands and theories are presented, the damage description and damage control technique are more consummated and the fetters of thought on damage mechanism are liberated. The reservoir exists a curtain sensitivity such as strong alkali and water sensitivity .The sensitivity of fluid is strengthened for the salt lime existing. Meanwhile, the new mechanism of alkaline damage is presented that alkaline reacts with dolomite to form the brucite.For complicated interstitial space and fracture system in carbonate formation, the stress sensitivity behavior of pore spaces is investigated, the degree of sensitivity is evaluated by the new method of stress sensitivity coefficient and damage mechanism is discussed. Also the stress sensitivities are studied by contrasted carbonate rock with clastic rock, based on the
character of rock mechanics. The result of investigation indicates the stress sensitivity of carbonate matrix core is weak, and the deformation belongs to elastic deformation, which is caused by early cementation and later dolomitization that cumbers the carbonate rock to be compacted further. The stress sensitivity of fracture is severe, which deformation belongs to plastic deformation, the stress sensitivity of man-made fracture is more severe than that of natural fracture. The stress sensitivity of tight sandstone is more severe than that of tight carbonate rock, because that the cementation degree of tight sandstone is weak than that of tight carbonate and there are plastic materials easy to distortion in tight sandstone, such as debris, clay mineral, and so on. The other important cause is that quite many micro-fractures grow in tight sandstone.The water saturation of sealed cores shows that the initial water saturation is far from the irreducible water saturation ,which is abnormal low water saturation in carbonate gas reservoirs, During the operations of drilling, completion and simulation, once the water-base working fluid contacts the gas reservoirs ,the fluid can spontaneous imbibition to gas formation, under the extra capillary pressure, reduce the permeability of gas phase severely, that is aqueous phase trapping. Through the experiments of capillary spontaneous imbibition, the law of capillary spontaneous imbibition is discussed, how physical property, pore geometry and initial water saturation affect spontaneous imbibition is analyzed. The result shows that the higher physical property, the faster the rate of spontaneous imbibiton.For exploiting the gas reservoir with high content of sulphur, the techniques of drilling, completion and exploitation face on austere challenge and the special demands on drilling fluids performance and formation damage control technique is brought forward. In the process of exploitation, with the formation temperature and pressure decreasing, sulphur element that dissolved in hydrogen sulphide is deposited to solid state, then blocks pore and throat, thus causes formation damage. It is proved that the effect factors of sulphur deposition include velocity of gas well, sulphur content and formation physical property, and so on. The interface characteristic of formation mineral in the gas reservoir with sulphur is investigated. That calcium sulfide covered on the mineral with film shape is revealed by XRD and spectral analysis. The film of calcium sulfide can affect the wettability and strengthen the fluid sensitivity, such as acid sensitivity, salinity sensitivity, and so on. The complex problems in the process of drilling, completion and exploitation in gas reservoir with high content are analyzed, the effects that damage of sulphur deposition affected by sulphur saturation, velocity of gas production and physical property are discussed. Meanwhile the countermeasure of formation damage control technique in gas reservoir with high content ispresented.The law of pressure changing in the process of removal of temporary filter cake is
discussed. The result of experiment indicates that the break pressure existing during the removal of filter cake, only when the pressure of removal is bigger than the break pressure, the filter cake can be removed. The temporary plugging technique is improved further. Finally, the necessary of temporary plugging technique applied on this area is discussed. The degree of temporary plugging is used to confirm the buildup time of temporary filter cake. Meanwhile, based on large numbers of experiment results, the drill-in fluid system using temporary plugging technique adapt to the area and the anticipated effect is attained in the field application.
引文
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