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贫困地区农户的人力资本投资:对湖南西部的研究
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摘要
对贫困地区农村人口进行人力资本投资在构建社会主义和谐社会的伟大事业中具有极为重要的战略意义。因为贫困是产生社会不和谐的重要原因,贫困人口的人文发展则是消除贫困的根本途径,而推动人文发展的主要办法之一就是进行人力资本投资。
     论文首先从国家、地区和农户三个层次对人力资本与农民收入差异之间的关系进行探讨。研究结果表明,人力资本差距是造成农民收入差异的重要原因,人力资本缺乏是导致贫困的重要根源。为了揭示人力资本投资对贫困地区农民增收的具体作用,论文进一步利用生产函数和明塞尔方程对湖南西部进行实证分析,得出了与预期相一致的结论:即使在贫困地区农村,人力资本投资对于农户收入也具有显著的促进作用,其中以劳动力迁移和教育所起的作用最为重要。
     尽管人力资本投资对贫困地区农民收入具有明显的促进作用,但横向比较的结果表明,贫困地区农户的人力资本投资水平异常低下,无论是同城镇家庭还是非贫困地区农户相比都存在较大的差距。在人力资本投资结构上,贫困地区农户用于交通(迁移)方面的支出比例要远远落后于其他类型的家庭,表明贫困地区农村劳动力相对而言更缺少流动。此外,论文还对贫困地区农户人力资本投资的规律性进行了归纳和总结。
     接下来,论文进一步分析了贫困地区农户人力资本投资不足的原因。分析表明,除了收入水平的硬约束之外,贫困地区农户的人力资本投资意愿也是不足的。在教育投资方面,贫困地区农村依然存在“读书无用论”的观点,而这种观点的形成有着深刻的经济原因,是农户基于对教育投资成本与收益之比较而得出的理性判断。在贫困地区,农村劳动力的迁移动机也不强烈,这同样是受到对迁移投资的成本收益双重悲观预期的影响。
     与师资队伍建设、教育收费和经费投入困境等问题已经引起人们的普遍关注有所不同,贫困地区中小学招生市场所面临的困境却极少为人们所注意到。在贫困地区,一方面农村小学处于欲罢不能、欲办还休的两难境地,生均办学成本始终处于高位运行的态势。另一方面,高中教育虽然总体上表现出快速发展的势头,但是却被引入了非均衡发展的歧途,两极分化现象日趋严重。处于困境之中的教育发展环境也直接影响着贫困地区农户对人力资本投资的预期。
     此外,在人力资本严重缺乏的同时,贫困地区现有人力资本的配置和利用却明显不合理,绝大部分只能固守在狭小的产业和空间范围内,这也在一定程度上影响着农户进行人力资本投资的积极性。这种局面的形成固然有着深刻的制度根源,但贫困地区固有的传统农业特征以及文化上的落后性所产生的影响也不可小视。
     在当前有限的收入水平之下,如果能采取切实可行的措施进一步激发农户的人力资本投资意愿,鼓励农户把更多的资金用于进行人力资本投资,那么仍将对贫困地区农村人力资本状况带来实质性的改善。而激发贫困地区农户人力资本投资意愿的关键在于要改变农户对人力资本投资的预期。
Human capital investment in rural population of the poor regions will play a very important role in setting up the socialist harmonious society. The poverty is the main reason making the society out of social harmony and there exists a close relationship between human capital investment and poverty alleviation, so basically, the human capital investment should be increased greatly.In this paper, firstly, the relationship between the human capital investment and the difference of fanner's income from the side of country, region and farmer is analyzed, and the results show that the gap of the human capital in different areas is one of the most important reasons resulting in the difference of farmer income and the scarcity of the human capital leads to the poverty. In order to discover the effect which the human capital investment takes on the growth of farmer income in the poverty-stricken areas, the west region of Hunan Province is empirically analyzed by using of the Production Function and Mincer Equation, and the result as follows: Even in the countryside of the poverty-stricken areas, the human capital investment takes a positive effect on fanner's income, meanwhile, it must be pointed out that the migration of labor force and education plays key role in the growth of farmer's income.In spite of the human capital investment taking a positive effect on the farmer's income, the results show that not only the level of the human capital investment of the farmer in the poverty-stricken areas is very low, but also there is a great gap of the human capital investment between the urban families and the rural families. On the human capital investment structure, the percentage of expenditure on the transportation of the farmer in the poverty-stricken areas is far lower than that of the other families, which means that the level of labor mobility in these areas is relatively low .In addition, in this paper, the law of the fanner's human capital investment in the poverty-stricken areas is summarized. Next, the reason that farmer's human capital investment in the poverty-stricken areas is scarce is analyzed, and the result indicates that farmer's willingness to investment in human capital is also not strong besides the hard constraint of the income level. On education investment, the point of view of schooling is useless " still exists in some of the poverty-stricken areas, which results from economically thinking, that is, farmer's behavior is based on a rational judgment by comparing the cost of education investment with the benefits. In the poverty-stricken areas, the pessimistic expectation both on the cost and the benefits of the investment in the migration keeps the migration motivation of the rural labor force weak.The education development in the poverty-stricken areas is so difficult that the farmer's human capital investment is influenced. People pay more attention to the faculty construction, education charge and financial support than to concern on the difficulty in the market of student recruitment of the primary and middle schools. On one hand, in these areas, the primary school education is in the dilemma because of its high operation cost, on the other hand, generally, the senior school education has developed fast for recent years, however, it has been led to unbalanced development, and the problem of polarization is becoming serious .Besides lack of human capital, that farmer's human capital is not
    allocated and exploited properly most of which is confined in a narrow industry and space affects the farmer's enthusiasm in investment of human capital .Though the problem mainly come from institution, the effect on which the innate traditional agricultural characteristics and the undeveloped culture takes should be not ignored.Under the current income level, if some measures are taken to stimulate the farmer's willingness of the human capital investment and to encourage them to spend much more money in the investment, the situation of human capital in poor regions will be substantially improved. How to stimulate the
引文
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