考虑渗流影响的基坑工程性状研究
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摘要
在地下水位较高的地区开挖基坑时,由于坑内外水头差的存在并随时间变化,土体中将发生非稳定渗流。大量的基坑工程实践表明,渗流作用的影响十分显著。但目前有关研究尚不多见。本文从解析法和有限元法两方面着手,较全面深入地研究了地下水渗流对基坑工程性状的影响。主要研究工作如下:
1.基于解析法和土力学原理,分别给出了基坑单步开挖和分步开挖情况下的负孔压计算公式,详细分析了两种情况下负孔压消散对围护结构侧压力及坑底回弹变形的影响。结果表明,负孔压的消散不利于基坑工程的稳定。
2.推导了基坑内外地下水稳定渗流时的水头计算公式,并研究了渗流对作用在围护结构上的水压力和土压力的影响以及对坑底回弹变形的影响。研究表明,渗流作用是否有利于围护结构的稳定与坑内外各土层的厚度、渗透系数和有效应力强度指标等因素有关;渗流使得坑底的有效应力减小,并进而引起坑底土层的回弹变形量增大。
3.以Biot固结理论为基础,研制了考虑土骨架变形与孔压消散耦合作用的三维有限元分析程序3DBCPE3.0。该程序还可以考虑开挖过程中坑内外水头差变化及坑外渗流自由面变化等复杂情况。
4.分析研究了考虑孔压消散与变形耦合作用的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应,讨论了土的渗透系数和施工工期等因素对孔压分布和基坑变形的影响,并比较了二维与三维有限元分析结果的区别,表明二维分析的结果是偏于保守的。
5.研究了考虑坑内外水头差变化时的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应,并与不考虑坑内外水头差变化的情况进行了对比。结果表明,当考虑坑内外水头差变化时,基坑内外土中的超静孔压均发生显著变化;围护结构的水平位移、周围地表沉降及坑底隆起变形也都明显增大。因此,不考虑坑内外水头差变化的分析是偏不安全的。
6.进一步研究了考虑坑外渗流自由面随时间变化的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应。分析了渗流自由面的变化规律,讨论了渗透系数变化对渗流自由面及基坑变形的影响,并与不考虑渗流自由面变化时的结果进行比较。结果表明,当土体的渗透系数较小时,坑外渗流自由面变化较小,可以不考虑其影响。最后,对某基坑工程实例进行了三维有限元分析,并与实测结果进行了对比,进一步验证了本文程序3DBCPE3.0的有效性。
本文对基坑工程中渗流的影响所进行的上述工作,特别是对非稳定渗流影响的研究,以及给出的开挖卸载引起的负孔压解析解和研制的能考虑坑外渗流自由面变化的三维有限元分析程序,为基坑工程的设计和施工提供了更为合理有效的技术支撑。
The excavation in the zone of high groundwater table will induce unsteady seepage due to the difference and variation of water head between the inside and the outside of a foundation pit. It has been shown by a great amount of practical excavations that the influence of the seepage on the behavior of foundation pit is significant. However, there is little relevant study made so far. In this dissertation, the seepage influence of groundwater on the behavior of foundation pit involved with excavation was systematically and thoroughly studied both by analytical method and by FEM. The main original work and results are as follows:1. Based on analytical method and soil mechanics principle, analytical formulas for calculating negative excess pore water pressure induced by single-stage excavation and multi-stage one were obtained respectively, and the influence of negative pore pressure dissipation on the lateral pressure acting on retaining structure and the heave of pit base was analyzed in detail. It was indicated that the dissipation of negative pore pressure is harmful to the stability of a foundation pit during excavation.2. Analytical formulas for calculating the water head in active and passive zones of a foundation pit were derived under the assumption that groundwater seepage was one-dimensional and steady. The influence of seepage on the pore water pressure and earth pressure acting on retaining structure and the heave of pit base was investigated. The results showed that whether seepage is favorable to the stability of retaining structure is concerned with the thickness, the permeability coefficient, the effective stress strength index of soil stratum. It was also demonstrated that seepage causes the decrease of vertical effective, stress and thus the increase of heave in soil mass beneath pit base.3. Based on Biot's consolidation theory, computer program 3DBCPE3.0 was developed by 3-D FEM that can be used to perform the coupled analysis of soil mass deformation and pore pressure dissipation. In this program, more complicate conditions such as variation of water head difference between the inside and the outside of a foundation pit and variation of seepage free surface outside of pit can be taken into consideration.4. The time and spatial effects of excavation considering the coupling of pore pressure dissipation and deformation were investigated. The influence of soil permeability and construction period was then discussed. The results of the three-dimensional analysis were compared with the ones of two-dimensional analysis, which showed that the result obtained from two-dimensional FEM analysis is in overestimated side.5. The time and spatial effects of excavation considering the variation of water head difference between the inside and the outside of a foundation pit were then investigated. By comparing the analysis results considering the variation of water head difference with the ones without considering it, the conclusions were drawn that the pore pressure distribution is distinctly different from the latter and the horizontal displacement of retaining structure, the ground surface settlement as well as the pit base heave are all larger than the latter. So the
result without considering the variation of water head difference is in unsafe side.6. The time and spatial effects of excavation considering variation of seepage free surface outside of foundation pit were further investigated. The variation of seepage free surface with time was analyzed, and the influence of soil permeability on seepage free surface and deformation was then discussed. The comparisons between the results considering variation of seepage free surface and the ones without considering the variation showed that when soil permeability is low, the variation of seepage free surface is so small that its influence on the behavior of excavation is negligible. Finally, an exact excavation case with field measurements was analyzed using the program developed and the horizontal displacements of retaining structure at
1.基于解析法和土力学原理,分别给出了基坑单步开挖和分步开挖情况下的负孔压计算公式,详细分析了两种情况下负孔压消散对围护结构侧压力及坑底回弹变形的影响。结果表明,负孔压的消散不利于基坑工程的稳定。
2.推导了基坑内外地下水稳定渗流时的水头计算公式,并研究了渗流对作用在围护结构上的水压力和土压力的影响以及对坑底回弹变形的影响。研究表明,渗流作用是否有利于围护结构的稳定与坑内外各土层的厚度、渗透系数和有效应力强度指标等因素有关;渗流使得坑底的有效应力减小,并进而引起坑底土层的回弹变形量增大。
3.以Biot固结理论为基础,研制了考虑土骨架变形与孔压消散耦合作用的三维有限元分析程序3DBCPE3.0。该程序还可以考虑开挖过程中坑内外水头差变化及坑外渗流自由面变化等复杂情况。
4.分析研究了考虑孔压消散与变形耦合作用的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应,讨论了土的渗透系数和施工工期等因素对孔压分布和基坑变形的影响,并比较了二维与三维有限元分析结果的区别,表明二维分析的结果是偏于保守的。
5.研究了考虑坑内外水头差变化时的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应,并与不考虑坑内外水头差变化的情况进行了对比。结果表明,当考虑坑内外水头差变化时,基坑内外土中的超静孔压均发生显著变化;围护结构的水平位移、周围地表沉降及坑底隆起变形也都明显增大。因此,不考虑坑内外水头差变化的分析是偏不安全的。
6.进一步研究了考虑坑外渗流自由面随时间变化的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应。分析了渗流自由面的变化规律,讨论了渗透系数变化对渗流自由面及基坑变形的影响,并与不考虑渗流自由面变化时的结果进行比较。结果表明,当土体的渗透系数较小时,坑外渗流自由面变化较小,可以不考虑其影响。最后,对某基坑工程实例进行了三维有限元分析,并与实测结果进行了对比,进一步验证了本文程序3DBCPE3.0的有效性。
本文对基坑工程中渗流的影响所进行的上述工作,特别是对非稳定渗流影响的研究,以及给出的开挖卸载引起的负孔压解析解和研制的能考虑坑外渗流自由面变化的三维有限元分析程序,为基坑工程的设计和施工提供了更为合理有效的技术支撑。
The excavation in the zone of high groundwater table will induce unsteady seepage due to the difference and variation of water head between the inside and the outside of a foundation pit. It has been shown by a great amount of practical excavations that the influence of the seepage on the behavior of foundation pit is significant. However, there is little relevant study made so far. In this dissertation, the seepage influence of groundwater on the behavior of foundation pit involved with excavation was systematically and thoroughly studied both by analytical method and by FEM. The main original work and results are as follows:1. Based on analytical method and soil mechanics principle, analytical formulas for calculating negative excess pore water pressure induced by single-stage excavation and multi-stage one were obtained respectively, and the influence of negative pore pressure dissipation on the lateral pressure acting on retaining structure and the heave of pit base was analyzed in detail. It was indicated that the dissipation of negative pore pressure is harmful to the stability of a foundation pit during excavation.2. Analytical formulas for calculating the water head in active and passive zones of a foundation pit were derived under the assumption that groundwater seepage was one-dimensional and steady. The influence of seepage on the pore water pressure and earth pressure acting on retaining structure and the heave of pit base was investigated. The results showed that whether seepage is favorable to the stability of retaining structure is concerned with the thickness, the permeability coefficient, the effective stress strength index of soil stratum. It was also demonstrated that seepage causes the decrease of vertical effective, stress and thus the increase of heave in soil mass beneath pit base.3. Based on Biot's consolidation theory, computer program 3DBCPE3.0 was developed by 3-D FEM that can be used to perform the coupled analysis of soil mass deformation and pore pressure dissipation. In this program, more complicate conditions such as variation of water head difference between the inside and the outside of a foundation pit and variation of seepage free surface outside of pit can be taken into consideration.4. The time and spatial effects of excavation considering the coupling of pore pressure dissipation and deformation were investigated. The influence of soil permeability and construction period was then discussed. The results of the three-dimensional analysis were compared with the ones of two-dimensional analysis, which showed that the result obtained from two-dimensional FEM analysis is in overestimated side.5. The time and spatial effects of excavation considering the variation of water head difference between the inside and the outside of a foundation pit were then investigated. By comparing the analysis results considering the variation of water head difference with the ones without considering it, the conclusions were drawn that the pore pressure distribution is distinctly different from the latter and the horizontal displacement of retaining structure, the ground surface settlement as well as the pit base heave are all larger than the latter. So the
result without considering the variation of water head difference is in unsafe side.6. The time and spatial effects of excavation considering variation of seepage free surface outside of foundation pit were further investigated. The variation of seepage free surface with time was analyzed, and the influence of soil permeability on seepage free surface and deformation was then discussed. The comparisons between the results considering variation of seepage free surface and the ones without considering the variation showed that when soil permeability is low, the variation of seepage free surface is so small that its influence on the behavior of excavation is negligible. Finally, an exact excavation case with field measurements was analyzed using the program developed and the horizontal displacements of retaining structure at
引文
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