东南景天对镉的耐性生理机制及其对土壤镉的提取与修复作用的研究
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摘要
本研究通过水培,盆栽和大田等系列试验,从植物个体对镉的生长反应与富集特性,镉在植物细胞中的分布特征,以及镉胁迫下植物的生理生化反应三方面,探讨了矿山生态型东南景天对镉的耐性机制,同时对这种植物提取土壤镉的调控途径进行了一些探索,以期为该植物今后应用于修复重金属污染土壤的实践提供更多的理论和技术支持。现将本研究的主要结果总结如下:
1.水培条件下,非矿山生态型耐受环境Cd胁迫的临界浓度是100μmolL~(-1),而矿山生态型东南景天在100μmolL~(-1)Cd供应水平下生物量最大,其忍耐环境Cd的临界浓度是400μmlL~(-1)。随着供Cd水平的提高,两种生态型东南景天各部分的Cd含量均升高。非矿山生态型叶和茎中的Cd含量在1000μmolL~(-1)Cd水平下达到最大,分别为493和934mgkg~(-1),而矿山生态型在400μmolL~(-1)的供Cd水平下达到峰值,分别为4933和3874 mgkg~(-1)。两种生态型植物根中Cd含量均在1000μmolL~(-1)Cd水平下达到最大,分别为6546和2890mgkg~(-1)。在相同供Cd水平下,非矿山生态型东南景天各部分的Cd含量次序为:根>茎>叶;而矿山生态型在0.0～800μmolL~(-1)Cd供应水平范围内,表现为叶>茎>根的次序。两种生态型植物各部分Cd含量相比较,矿山生态型叶和茎中的Cd含量远大于非矿山生态型,在25～600μmolL~(-1)的Cd供应水平范围内,叶中的Cd含量之差约为10倍,茎中的Cd含量之差为3～6倍;但非矿山生态型根中的Cd含量高于矿山生态型1～2倍。矿山生态型根对Cd的最大吸收速率(I_~(max))为1936 nmolgRW~(-1)h~(-1),向地上部的最大转运速率(T_(max))为294 nmolgRW~(-1)h~(-1),分别是非矿山生态型的5倍和13倍。在1.0μmol L~(-1)的供Cd水平下,非矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd含量在处理后的D_4达到峰值,分别为56和63 mgkg~(-1);矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd的含量于D_8达到峰值,分别为1058和820mgkg~(-1)。在100μmolL~(-1)的供Cd水平下,非矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd含量的迅速增长期为8d和12d,以后都是缓慢增长期直到D_(28),此时地上部Cd含量达到最大值,在叶中为295 mgkg~(-1),在茎中为595 mgkg~(-1)。矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd的含量迅速期为16d和20d,然后进入缓慢增长期直到D_(28)。在叶中,D_(20)的Cd含量达到3848mgkg~(-1),为最大Cd含量(4072mgkg~(-1),D_(28))的92%;在茎中,D_(16)的Cd含量达到2639mgkg~(-1),为最大Cd含量(3043mgkg~(-1),D_(28))的84%。这些结果表明,东南景天矿山生态型不仅具有更强的耐受环境高浓度镉胁迫的能力,而且具有更强的吸收和向地上部转运镉的能力。但两种生态型植物对镉吸收和转运都有饱和效应。
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment due to its high mobility, easy accumulation and toxicity at low concentration in organisms. Moreover, soil Cd pollution in agricultural ecosystem becomes more and more serious due to improper agriculture management and industrial wasters discharge. A number of hazardous effects on plant is evoked by Cd. Furthermore, human health may be endangered, as Cd is easily transferred to drinking water and food from Cd contaminated soils. Phytoremediation emerged as an alternative technique to remove toxic metals from soil, which offers the benefits of being in site, cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. The successful implementation of phytoremediation depends on the identification of suitable plant species that are not only capable of growing on soils containing high levels of metals, but also accumulating much more higher concentrations of metals in their shoots than normal species. These plants are termed hyperaccumulator. Up to now, more than 450 species of hyperaccumulators belonging to 45 families have been identified. But Cd-hyperaccumulator has been hardly found yet. S. alfredii Hance growing in a Pb/Zn mine area has also been identified as a Zn-hyperaccumulator native to China. It also has characteristics of large biomass, fast growth, asexual propagation and perennial. So it is an ideal plant could be applied for practice of phytoremediation. However, physiological mechanisms for Cd tolerance and uptake ability from contaminated soils by S. alfredii Hance are yet unclear. The objectives of this study were to examine the abilities of S. alfredii Hance to tolerate Cd and the effectiveness of phytoextrcation from the contaminated soils. The major results obtained were summarized as follows:1. In solution culture, the threshold for growth response to external Cd was 100 μmolL~(-1) for the non-mined ecotype plants (NME) and 400μmolL~(-1) for the mined ecotype plants of Sedum alfredii Hance (ME). For ME the dry matter yield reached maximum at 100μmolL~(-1) Cd. Cadmium concentrations in varied parts increased with increasing external Cd supply levels either for NME or for ME. Root Cd concentrations in NME were higher than that in ME, with maximum being 5646 mg kg~(-1) for NME and 2889 mg kg~(-1) for ME at 1000 μmol L~(-1) Cd. On the contrary, shoot Cd concentrations of the NME were far lower than that of ME. Maximum shoot Cd
concentrations were 533 mg kg~(-1) in leaves and 935 mg kg~(-1) in stems at 1000 μmol L~(-1) Cd for NME, whereas, 4933 and 3874 mg kg~(-1) at 400 μmol L~(-1) Cd for ME, respectively. The rates of Cd influx into roots (IR) and transport to shoots (TR) were greater in ME than in NME, with 5-fold for the maximum IR (I_(max)) and 13-fold for the maximum TR (T_(max)) in NME, respectively. Meanwhile, Cadmium concentrations in the shoots of both NME and ME increased with advancing Cd treatment time. At 100μmolL~(-1) Cd, concentrations of Cd in leaves and stems of NME sharply increased within initial 8 and 12 days, and those in the ME increased dramatically until D20 and D16, respectively. However, leaf and stem Cd concentrations reached their maximum values on D4 for NME and D8 for ME, respectively, when the plants were exposed to 1.0 μmol L~(-1) Cd. Cadmium accumulation by plant shoots was obvious higher in ME than in NME at varied Cd supply levels or Cd treatment time. The maximum Cd taken up by the shoots was 1032 μg plant~(-1) in concentration-dependent uptake and 1699μg plant~(-1) in time-course uptake for ME, with 15-fold and 18-fold higher than those for NME, respectively. The ratios of shoot/root for Cd taken up were 12-39 at varied Cd supply levels and 13-24 in varied treatment time for ME, more than 10 times greater than those for NME. In addition, Cd distribution in leaves, stems and roots of ME was greatly different form those of NME. The percentage of Cd distribution in shoots was more than 79 percent at varied Cd supply levels, or 83 percent in varied treatment time for ME, either higher than tha
1.水培条件下,非矿山生态型耐受环境Cd胁迫的临界浓度是100μmolL~(-1),而矿山生态型东南景天在100μmolL~(-1)Cd供应水平下生物量最大,其忍耐环境Cd的临界浓度是400μmlL~(-1)。随着供Cd水平的提高,两种生态型东南景天各部分的Cd含量均升高。非矿山生态型叶和茎中的Cd含量在1000μmolL~(-1)Cd水平下达到最大,分别为493和934mgkg~(-1),而矿山生态型在400μmolL~(-1)的供Cd水平下达到峰值,分别为4933和3874 mgkg~(-1)。两种生态型植物根中Cd含量均在1000μmolL~(-1)Cd水平下达到最大,分别为6546和2890mgkg~(-1)。在相同供Cd水平下,非矿山生态型东南景天各部分的Cd含量次序为:根>茎>叶;而矿山生态型在0.0～800μmolL~(-1)Cd供应水平范围内,表现为叶>茎>根的次序。两种生态型植物各部分Cd含量相比较,矿山生态型叶和茎中的Cd含量远大于非矿山生态型,在25～600μmolL~(-1)的Cd供应水平范围内,叶中的Cd含量之差约为10倍,茎中的Cd含量之差为3～6倍;但非矿山生态型根中的Cd含量高于矿山生态型1～2倍。矿山生态型根对Cd的最大吸收速率(I_~(max))为1936 nmolgRW~(-1)h~(-1),向地上部的最大转运速率(T_(max))为294 nmolgRW~(-1)h~(-1),分别是非矿山生态型的5倍和13倍。在1.0μmol L~(-1)的供Cd水平下,非矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd含量在处理后的D_4达到峰值,分别为56和63 mgkg~(-1);矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd的含量于D_8达到峰值,分别为1058和820mgkg~(-1)。在100μmolL~(-1)的供Cd水平下,非矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd含量的迅速增长期为8d和12d,以后都是缓慢增长期直到D_(28),此时地上部Cd含量达到最大值,在叶中为295 mgkg~(-1),在茎中为595 mgkg~(-1)。矿山生态型叶和茎中Cd的含量迅速期为16d和20d,然后进入缓慢增长期直到D_(28)。在叶中,D_(20)的Cd含量达到3848mgkg~(-1),为最大Cd含量(4072mgkg~(-1),D_(28))的92%;在茎中,D_(16)的Cd含量达到2639mgkg~(-1),为最大Cd含量(3043mgkg~(-1),D_(28))的84%。这些结果表明,东南景天矿山生态型不仅具有更强的耐受环境高浓度镉胁迫的能力,而且具有更强的吸收和向地上部转运镉的能力。但两种生态型植物对镉吸收和转运都有饱和效应。
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment due to its high mobility, easy accumulation and toxicity at low concentration in organisms. Moreover, soil Cd pollution in agricultural ecosystem becomes more and more serious due to improper agriculture management and industrial wasters discharge. A number of hazardous effects on plant is evoked by Cd. Furthermore, human health may be endangered, as Cd is easily transferred to drinking water and food from Cd contaminated soils. Phytoremediation emerged as an alternative technique to remove toxic metals from soil, which offers the benefits of being in site, cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. The successful implementation of phytoremediation depends on the identification of suitable plant species that are not only capable of growing on soils containing high levels of metals, but also accumulating much more higher concentrations of metals in their shoots than normal species. These plants are termed hyperaccumulator. Up to now, more than 450 species of hyperaccumulators belonging to 45 families have been identified. But Cd-hyperaccumulator has been hardly found yet. S. alfredii Hance growing in a Pb/Zn mine area has also been identified as a Zn-hyperaccumulator native to China. It also has characteristics of large biomass, fast growth, asexual propagation and perennial. So it is an ideal plant could be applied for practice of phytoremediation. However, physiological mechanisms for Cd tolerance and uptake ability from contaminated soils by S. alfredii Hance are yet unclear. The objectives of this study were to examine the abilities of S. alfredii Hance to tolerate Cd and the effectiveness of phytoextrcation from the contaminated soils. The major results obtained were summarized as follows:1. In solution culture, the threshold for growth response to external Cd was 100 μmolL~(-1) for the non-mined ecotype plants (NME) and 400μmolL~(-1) for the mined ecotype plants of Sedum alfredii Hance (ME). For ME the dry matter yield reached maximum at 100μmolL~(-1) Cd. Cadmium concentrations in varied parts increased with increasing external Cd supply levels either for NME or for ME. Root Cd concentrations in NME were higher than that in ME, with maximum being 5646 mg kg~(-1) for NME and 2889 mg kg~(-1) for ME at 1000 μmol L~(-1) Cd. On the contrary, shoot Cd concentrations of the NME were far lower than that of ME. Maximum shoot Cd
concentrations were 533 mg kg~(-1) in leaves and 935 mg kg~(-1) in stems at 1000 μmol L~(-1) Cd for NME, whereas, 4933 and 3874 mg kg~(-1) at 400 μmol L~(-1) Cd for ME, respectively. The rates of Cd influx into roots (IR) and transport to shoots (TR) were greater in ME than in NME, with 5-fold for the maximum IR (I_(max)) and 13-fold for the maximum TR (T_(max)) in NME, respectively. Meanwhile, Cadmium concentrations in the shoots of both NME and ME increased with advancing Cd treatment time. At 100μmolL~(-1) Cd, concentrations of Cd in leaves and stems of NME sharply increased within initial 8 and 12 days, and those in the ME increased dramatically until D20 and D16, respectively. However, leaf and stem Cd concentrations reached their maximum values on D4 for NME and D8 for ME, respectively, when the plants were exposed to 1.0 μmol L~(-1) Cd. Cadmium accumulation by plant shoots was obvious higher in ME than in NME at varied Cd supply levels or Cd treatment time. The maximum Cd taken up by the shoots was 1032 μg plant~(-1) in concentration-dependent uptake and 1699μg plant~(-1) in time-course uptake for ME, with 15-fold and 18-fold higher than those for NME, respectively. The ratios of shoot/root for Cd taken up were 12-39 at varied Cd supply levels and 13-24 in varied treatment time for ME, more than 10 times greater than those for NME. In addition, Cd distribution in leaves, stems and roots of ME was greatly different form those of NME. The percentage of Cd distribution in shoots was more than 79 percent at varied Cd supply levels, or 83 percent in varied treatment time for ME, either higher than tha
引文
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