地震层析成像与地幔对流研究
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摘要
上世纪九十年代出现的新一代地震层析成像模型大大促进了地球动力学研究，它展现出了地球特别是地幔结构的三维图像。地幔精细结构和横向不均匀性正是地幔化学与热动力学过程的演化表现，可以利用该结构去追溯、探讨全球构造演化历史，从而深化对地球演化过程的理解。但是层析成像模型仅仅给出速度分布图像，没有解决地幔对流规模问题，为了更进一步了解地球内部动力学过程，利用地震层析成像精细三维速度结构来研究地幔流的流动趋势以及速度大小具有重要的意义。本文首次采用最新全球地幔高分辨率体波速度结构对中国及邻区地幔对流形式及产生的地球动力学影响进行全面、深入地研究，对计算结果进行综合、全面分析，并与其它手段研究的结果进行比较，得到以下几点认识：
1．由于在上下地幔的过渡带以及核幔边界都是热边界层，我们的粘度模型new03在600-660km深度有一个粘度减小带，在核幔边界有一个粘度减小带。
2．根据层析成像模型PMEAN、粘度模型new03，计算与地幔对流有关的表面观测量(地表流水平散度、大地水准面、动力学地表地形、核幔边界地形)，我们认为观测大地水准面和计算大地水准面大体趋势相似，即在印度尼西亚、南美、非洲为大地水准面高，在南美东北部、西伯利亚、印度洋和南极洲则为大地水准面低；观测动力学地表地形和计算动力学地表地形在大洋中脊都抬升，在古大陆地盾都下降；观测核幔边界地形和计算核幔边界地形在环太平洋俯冲带，核幔边界向下凹，在中太平洋及东太平洋中脊，核幔边界上隆，在印度洋中脊以及北大西洋中脊核幔边界上隆。
3．地幔垂直流动速度特点：
(1)全球以全地幔对流为主的地幔对流模式，大体上分为三个地幔下降流和三个地幔上升流。三个地幔下降流区域分别是：欧亚—澳大利亚，下降流随着深度加深范围逐渐减小，形成锥形下降，其中地中海—喜马拉雅—印度尼西亚的特提斯带在500-1000公里最明显，在2000km左右逐渐不明显；北美洲—南美洲近南北走向俯冲板片，这也是FARALLON板块向下俯冲的证据；南极洲下降流在下地幔表现得清晰可见。三个大规模地幔上升流是西印度洋—南部非洲；太平洋上升流，与太平洋洋中脊吻合；大西洋上升流，与大西洋洋中脊吻合。一般地幔上升流起源于核幔边界，主要表现在下地幔和上地幔下部，到上地幔顶部和岩石圈上部很多表现为热点。
(2)东亚和西太平洋边缘海近似为柱形上升流，这一上升流起源于2400km，上升到550km，柱尾在2000km以下呈盾形，直径大约为1000km左右，这个上升流是朱介寿等提出的东亚西太平洋存在巨型裂谷体系的深部表现；西伯利亚下降流，规模大，从地表下降到下地幔下部；以青藏高原为核心的特提斯俯冲带下降流，从上地幔中部300km到下地幔下部2000km都有表现。东亚西太平洋分为
三个区域地慢对流与地表的西太平洋构造域、亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域相吻
ZS
‘匀O
(3)综合研究结果，全球以及东亚西太平洋地慢对流模式倾向于全地慢对流
的对流模式。
本文得出全球及东亚地区地慢对流模式，从而了解地球内部物质与能量交换
的形式，对研究各圈层的相互关系及深部动力过程，了解我国大陆岩石圈形成及
演化、地表构造与深部结构的关系，探讨东亚及中亚地区以及西太平洋岩石圈及
软流圈的细结构和地慢各圈层的藕合关系有重要意义，为进一步研究资源、能源、
灾害和环境变迁提供一种非常重要的基础资料。
The delineation of global-scale three-dimension structure in the Earth's mantle has made rapid progress over the past a few years. Based on the newest third generational tomography, we can promote geodynamic largely. As the frame of mantle structure described by three-dimensional fine and lateral heterogeneity are the current representation of thermal-dynamic mantle evolvement and we can use it to cast back the evolvement history of mantle structure. The model of tomography can show the phenomena of slab diving and upwelling, so it is important to attain the trend and velocity of mantle flow based on tomography. In this paper, we describe a recently obtained model of 3-D compressible velocity of heterogeneity, called PMEAN, which shows striking examples of plume-like and whole mantle wide features characteristic of thermal convection flows. We take use of the newest highly-resolution tomography PMEAN and the data related to mantle convection, such as geiod, horizontal divergence of plate motion, dynamic topo
graphy and dynamic core-mantle boundary, we attain the pattern of mantle convection for whole global and east-Asia and western Pacific at last. Some important fruits and understanding are resulted from the imagines of vertical velocity of mantle flow for whole global and east-Asia and western Pacific.
1. In view of there being two thermal layers at transition between upper and lower mantle and near CMB, we modify our viscosity model which is lower in these two regions.
2. We find the trends between various calculated and observed mantle convection-related variable are roughly alike. Both type of geiod height are low at South America, Siberia, India Ocean and Antarctica, and high at Indonesia, Africa. As for dynamic topography, both show a clear pattern of elevated mid-ocean ridges and striking topographic depressions centraled on the ancient continental shields.
3. There are roughly three super cold mantle plume: one is from Eurasia to Australia, the range of downwelling is narrower with depth, Among the tethyan region of Mediterranean Sea to Himalayas to Indonesia is obverse in the depth of 500-1000km and disappears at about 2000km; the other is beneath North-America to South-America which is also agreed with the FRALLON slab diving into lower mantle; the third is Antarctica down-plume which is obvious in the lower mantle. The three upwelling warm plume are respectively Western Indian Ocean to South Africa, the Pacific warm plume and Atlantic super warm plume, all of these are consistent with the occurrence of ocean mid-ridge.
4. There is a upwelling plume beneath East-Asia and Western Pacific which is Earth's deep origin for huge rift valley here put forward by Pro. jieshou Zhu; Siberian clod downwelling is from surface dive to near CMB; the tethyan diving region centred in Qinghai-Tibet Platean is visible from 300km to 2000km. The three regions of Mantle convection beneath East-Asia and Western-Pacific is agree with Western-Pacific, Asia and tethyan structure regions.
5. The pattern of mantle convection in whole global and East-Asia is controlled by whole mantle wide convection.
Based on these, we can realize the exchanging form of matter and energy, and provide an important basis data for investigating nature, energy source, disaster and environment.
1．由于在上下地幔的过渡带以及核幔边界都是热边界层，我们的粘度模型new03在600-660km深度有一个粘度减小带，在核幔边界有一个粘度减小带。
2．根据层析成像模型PMEAN、粘度模型new03，计算与地幔对流有关的表面观测量(地表流水平散度、大地水准面、动力学地表地形、核幔边界地形)，我们认为观测大地水准面和计算大地水准面大体趋势相似，即在印度尼西亚、南美、非洲为大地水准面高，在南美东北部、西伯利亚、印度洋和南极洲则为大地水准面低；观测动力学地表地形和计算动力学地表地形在大洋中脊都抬升，在古大陆地盾都下降；观测核幔边界地形和计算核幔边界地形在环太平洋俯冲带，核幔边界向下凹，在中太平洋及东太平洋中脊，核幔边界上隆，在印度洋中脊以及北大西洋中脊核幔边界上隆。
3．地幔垂直流动速度特点：
(1)全球以全地幔对流为主的地幔对流模式，大体上分为三个地幔下降流和三个地幔上升流。三个地幔下降流区域分别是：欧亚—澳大利亚，下降流随着深度加深范围逐渐减小，形成锥形下降，其中地中海—喜马拉雅—印度尼西亚的特提斯带在500-1000公里最明显，在2000km左右逐渐不明显；北美洲—南美洲近南北走向俯冲板片，这也是FARALLON板块向下俯冲的证据；南极洲下降流在下地幔表现得清晰可见。三个大规模地幔上升流是西印度洋—南部非洲；太平洋上升流，与太平洋洋中脊吻合；大西洋上升流，与大西洋洋中脊吻合。一般地幔上升流起源于核幔边界，主要表现在下地幔和上地幔下部，到上地幔顶部和岩石圈上部很多表现为热点。
(2)东亚和西太平洋边缘海近似为柱形上升流，这一上升流起源于2400km，上升到550km，柱尾在2000km以下呈盾形，直径大约为1000km左右，这个上升流是朱介寿等提出的东亚西太平洋存在巨型裂谷体系的深部表现；西伯利亚下降流，规模大，从地表下降到下地幔下部；以青藏高原为核心的特提斯俯冲带下降流，从上地幔中部300km到下地幔下部2000km都有表现。东亚西太平洋分为
三个区域地慢对流与地表的西太平洋构造域、亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域相吻
ZS
‘匀O
(3)综合研究结果，全球以及东亚西太平洋地慢对流模式倾向于全地慢对流
的对流模式。
本文得出全球及东亚地区地慢对流模式，从而了解地球内部物质与能量交换
的形式，对研究各圈层的相互关系及深部动力过程，了解我国大陆岩石圈形成及
演化、地表构造与深部结构的关系，探讨东亚及中亚地区以及西太平洋岩石圈及
软流圈的细结构和地慢各圈层的藕合关系有重要意义，为进一步研究资源、能源、
灾害和环境变迁提供一种非常重要的基础资料。
The delineation of global-scale three-dimension structure in the Earth's mantle has made rapid progress over the past a few years. Based on the newest third generational tomography, we can promote geodynamic largely. As the frame of mantle structure described by three-dimensional fine and lateral heterogeneity are the current representation of thermal-dynamic mantle evolvement and we can use it to cast back the evolvement history of mantle structure. The model of tomography can show the phenomena of slab diving and upwelling, so it is important to attain the trend and velocity of mantle flow based on tomography. In this paper, we describe a recently obtained model of 3-D compressible velocity of heterogeneity, called PMEAN, which shows striking examples of plume-like and whole mantle wide features characteristic of thermal convection flows. We take use of the newest highly-resolution tomography PMEAN and the data related to mantle convection, such as geiod, horizontal divergence of plate motion, dynamic topo
graphy and dynamic core-mantle boundary, we attain the pattern of mantle convection for whole global and east-Asia and western Pacific at last. Some important fruits and understanding are resulted from the imagines of vertical velocity of mantle flow for whole global and east-Asia and western Pacific.
1. In view of there being two thermal layers at transition between upper and lower mantle and near CMB, we modify our viscosity model which is lower in these two regions.
2. We find the trends between various calculated and observed mantle convection-related variable are roughly alike. Both type of geiod height are low at South America, Siberia, India Ocean and Antarctica, and high at Indonesia, Africa. As for dynamic topography, both show a clear pattern of elevated mid-ocean ridges and striking topographic depressions centraled on the ancient continental shields.
3. There are roughly three super cold mantle plume: one is from Eurasia to Australia, the range of downwelling is narrower with depth, Among the tethyan region of Mediterranean Sea to Himalayas to Indonesia is obverse in the depth of 500-1000km and disappears at about 2000km; the other is beneath North-America to South-America which is also agreed with the FRALLON slab diving into lower mantle; the third is Antarctica down-plume which is obvious in the lower mantle. The three upwelling warm plume are respectively Western Indian Ocean to South Africa, the Pacific warm plume and Atlantic super warm plume, all of these are consistent with the occurrence of ocean mid-ridge.
4. There is a upwelling plume beneath East-Asia and Western Pacific which is Earth's deep origin for huge rift valley here put forward by Pro. jieshou Zhu; Siberian clod downwelling is from surface dive to near CMB; the tethyan diving region centred in Qinghai-Tibet Platean is visible from 300km to 2000km. The three regions of Mantle convection beneath East-Asia and Western-Pacific is agree with Western-Pacific, Asia and tethyan structure regions.
5. The pattern of mantle convection in whole global and East-Asia is controlled by whole mantle wide convection.
Based on these, we can realize the exchanging form of matter and energy, and provide an important basis data for investigating nature, energy source, disaster and environment.
引文
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