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鄂尔多斯地区石炭—二叠系沉积体系及层序地层学研究
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摘要
鄂尔多斯地区位于华北地台西部,处于东西构造域的交接部位,是我国重要的煤、石油、天然气聚集场所之一。受加里东和海西构造运动、海平面升降、沉积物供给等他生旋回因素和沉积过程中自旋回机制的双重影响,其晚古生代石炭一二叠系沉积体系类型多样,本文通过露头观测与井下地质相结合,岩芯观察与测井资料相结合,单井分析与地震信息、地球化学相结合的研究思路和方法,区分出了障壁海岸沉积体系、浅海陆棚沉积体系、碳酸盐台地沉积体系和冲积扇、河流、湖泊、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲等九种类型的沉积体系,并详细地分析了各自的沉积特征及形成机制。
     从上石炭统至下二叠统太原组沉积期,以中央古隆起为分隔,东西差异明显,西部受祁连海的影响,以裂陷海湾沉积为主,东部以陆表海沉积为主。早二叠世东西部海水汇合,本区统一于华北陆表海中,形成潮坪、浅海陆棚、障壁岛、泻湖、浅水三角洲交互的含煤沉积,早二叠世晚期至中二叠世陆表海萎缩,本区演变为近海内陆坳陷充填,形成冲积扇、河流、三角洲、湖泊沉积,晚二叠世陆表海消亡,本区转化为内陆坳陷,形成以曲流河、湖泊为主的河湖充填。
     在沉积体系分析的基础上,考虑到地质作用过程中的全球性、旋回性、可对比以及砂体预测的实用性等等方面,本文采用当代层序地层学理论和方法,利用风化剥蚀面、冲刷面、岩性岩相突变或结构转换面、构造机制转换面、水道下切谷席状砂等等层序界面识别标志,在研究区西缘识别出26个层序界面,25个层序,除西缘外鄂尔多斯本部广大地区共划分出15个层序,其中层序界面1—层序界面15具Ⅰ型界面的性质,层序界面16为Ⅱ型层序边界;层序1—层序6具二元体系域结构,即由海进体系域和高位体系域组成,层序7—层序15具有三元体系域结构特征,由低位体系域、水进体系域和高位体系域三个部分组成。
     区内沉积相带和地层层序明显受控于构造、气候等多种因素的交叉影响。在研究区整个石炭一二叠系气候由潮湿演变为干旱,地壳一直处于频繁振荡阶段,除在晚二叠世边缘有断裂活动,并伴随有火山喷发外,主要表现为由弱到强的螺旋式缓慢升降运动。其中在层序1和层序6形成期(本溪期—太原期),气候是影响其发育的主要因素,气候环境的变迁与该时期两极冰盖的变化密切相关,当时研究区处于炎热潮湿、生物繁盛、化学风化作用强烈的热带—亚热带环境,气候的变化并导致了海平面的升降旋回,形成了灰岩—砂泥互层—煤层的沉积旋回。区内植物生长繁盛、煤层发育,常见铝土矿和菱铁矿,地层处于酸性介质环境下,层序7和层序8(山西期)气候与前期相比变化不大,构造的升降运动对层序影响程度较深,北部伊盟地区隆升,致使海水退出本区,在层序底部可见明显的冲刷面和一些水道下切谷充填沉积。层序9和层序10的形成受气候和构造的影响非常明显,在层序底部可见明显水道下切谷充填沉积,同时由于气候干旱,层序中粗粒沉积增多,植物化石少见;形成层序11和层序12的这段时间,气候较以前更炎热干燥,但构造抬升不明显,沉积过程中的自旋回作用是影响层序形成的主导因素,层序中低位体系域下切谷席状砂很少见,层序中以泥质沉积为主,砂层很少。中二叠世末,海西运动进一步加强,构造运动对层序的影响很大,因此在层序13底部形成厚度较大的砂体,砂体底部河道下切谷发育,为进积—加积层序。层序14和层序15的形成主要受沉积过程中自旋回作用的影响,层序以进积—退积型特征为主,砂体薄,粒度细,气候炎热干燥植物化石也少见。
     研究区的沉积物主要靠北部内蒙古陆提供,另外秦祁古陆也在三叠世为南部提供部分物源,物源区的母岩特征对区内的岩石类型、矿物组成起着主要的控制作用。
Ordos which located in the western of Huabei area and intersection point of west and east structual domain is an important gas and coal sinks in china. There are many kinds of sedimentary context of permo-carboniferous in Ordos under the influence of the allocyclicity factor and the autocyclicity factor. Based on analysing of outcrops, core, log data, seismic information, geo chemical information, etc, nine types sedimentary context which include barrier coast facies, neritic shelf facies, carbonate plateau facies, fan, fluvial, lacustrine, fan delta, braided delte and meander delta faciss be distinguished. Each sedimentary context characteristic and their genetic be analysed carefully.
    There is a big difference between west sedimentary province and east sedimentary province, which be divided by central uplift belt from Benxi group of upper carboniferous to Taiyuan group of lower permian. Chasmic bay facies maily developed in the western under the influence of Qilian sea. The eastern of study region be developed epicontinental neritic facies. Seawater coming from the western and the eastern began junction and became a part of Huabei epicontinental in early permian, which be developed tidal flae, neritic shelf, barrier, lagoonal and shoaly delta deposit where coal be often found. The epicontinental slowly began dying away from the late period of early permian to middle permian and then formed paralic inland sag deposition which consists of fan, fluvial, delta and lacustrine facies. The sedimentary deposit evolved to inland sag deposition which include meander and lacustrine.
    Based on analysing all kinds of sedimentary deposit and using the theory and methods of sequence stratigraphy, 26 sequence boundaries be recognized in the west margin. 15 sequences be divided except the west edge, among them, sequences boundary 1-15 are a pecuiar type I sequence boundary, and sequences boundary 16 is a type II sequence boundary according to the marked bed including plane of deflation, scour, the plane of lithological saltation, structural transformation, down-cutting channel sheet sund and so on. Sequence 1-6 have two-component systems structure which consists of transgressive systems tract and highstand systems tract. Sequence 7-15 have three-component systems structure which consists of lowstand systems tract, transgressive systems tract and highstand systems tract.
    Sedimentary deposition and sequence of strata be mainly influenced by many factors including structure active, climate and so on. Climate changed from humid, to arid and crust had always elevated and subsided freguently in permo-carboniferous . Except fracture active and volcanic outbreak of later permian in the margin of study region, the structural active show the characteristic of helicism elevation and subsidence changing from strength to weakness. Climate is a main factor of influencing sequence 1-6 forming. Climate change correlated closely with glacier sheet change in geographical pole. During that time, the study region belongs to tropical climate and subtropical climate area which have the characteristic of hot, humid living beings prosperous, and strong chemical weathering. Because climate change leads to elevation and subsidence of sea-level and form the kind sedimentary cycle of sand, mud and coal. Bauxite and rhombohedraliron ore be often found in the bed which be in acidic medium environment besides them. The forming of sequence 7 and sequence 8 be mainly controlled by structural active that shows elevation of the northern in Yimeng region and seawater receding from the area, so that the scour and down-cutting channel often be sight in the bottom of the sequence. Down-catting channel is very developed in the bottom of sequences because of elevation and coarse sediment
    
    
    
    become more and the plant fossil become less because of hot and arid climate. Autocyclicity is main factor that influence sequence 11 and sequence 12 forming. Down-cutting channel deposit and sand body is very less in the lowstand systems tract, and argillaceous sediment becom
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