炼铜闪速炉熔炼过程的数值分析与优化
|
摘要
铜闪速熔炼是一种多操作变量、多种过程强耦合的炼铜工艺，在该熔炼过程中，一方面各种原料的物相成份、燃料的化学成份、操作参数都处于变动状态，另一方面，气体或熔体流动、发热和吸热、同相与异相之间的传热以及化学反应等过程都彼此互为条件，互相强烈影响。随着铜闪速熔炼过程指标要求的提高，对铜闪速熔炼过程进行数值分析与优化就显得日趋重要。对铜闪速熔炼过程进行数值分析与优化的具体目的就是提高产量，降低烟尘率与燃料消耗。
本文通过对铜闪速熔炼系统与过程的详细研究，针对铜闪速炉内部的冶金过程的特点，利用计算流体力学、计算传热学与计算燃烧学的知识，建立了对铜闪速炉内的气流流动、传热、燃烧、传质和精矿颗粒的轨迹、温度、化学反应以及它与气体的传热、传质进行分析的数学模型，并利用商业软件为基础，开发出了铜闪速熔炼仿真系统。
在开发铜闪速熔炼仿真系统过程中，作者对二维铜闪速炉进行了仿真计算，得到了反应塔内部温度、浓度和颗粒轨迹趋势图，并对不同位置、不同粒径颗粒在反应塔内部运动中的温度变化进行了分析，还指出了不同颗粒粒径、位置分布对颗粒温度的影响，同时对计算过程中提高收敛速率提出了多种策略。
本文对我国引进的第一台闪速炉——贵溪冶炼厂铜闪速炉进行了仿真分析，通过仿真，得到了一系列的可以用来指导生产的数据，指出了铜闪速炉烧顶的原因，还得到了颗粒分散情况以及对颗粒温度、氧化的影响以及颗粒对壁面的影响；同时，通过仿真计算对比了110t·h~(-1)与125t·h~(-1)精矿量在高温区范围上的不同以及对生产的影响，确保了安全高效的将生产能力从110t·h~(-1)提高到125t·h~(-1)，并降低了闪速炉的烟尘率。
本文还对金隆公司铜闪速炉的现行工况进行了仿真分析与现场测试，测试结果与仿真结果相符，验证了模型的可靠性。同时，针对金隆公司提出的将精矿处理量从65t·h~(-1)提高80t·h~(-1)进行了预测，并提出了最佳的工艺风中氧气浓度、分散风速度与中央氧气比例等操作参数。
Copper flash smelting is a complicated process with strong coupling multiple operation parameters. In this process, the material composition of ore, chemical composition of fuel and the operation parameters are changed with time, on the other hand, there are causations and influences among the flowing gas and melt, heat absorption and generation, heat transfer and chemical reaction in single phase or multiple phases. With the development of flash smelting, it shows more and more importance of the numerical analysis and optimization of flash furnace. The purpose of the analysis and optimization is to improve the productivity, decrease the dust generation ratio and the fuel consumption.
Through detailed research on copper flash smelting system and process, according to the characteristics of the metallurgy process in copper flash furnace, with the knowledge of computational fluid dynamics, computational combustion, numerical heat transfer, a model including fluid flow, heat transfer, combustion, mass transfer and the track, temperature and chemical reaction of concentration was set up, and a flash furnace simulation system based on commercial software CFX was developed.
Simulation has been done for copper flash furnace with a 2-D during developing the simulation system of copper flash furnace. The results including temperature, concentrate and particle track are obtained. The temperature of particles with different diameters and position distributions are analyzed and the influences of particle are obtained. At the same time, multiple strategies have been put forward in order to increase the speed of convergence.
Guixi flash furnace, the first copper flash furnace in China, was simulated and a serial of data are obtained which can be used to instruct the operation. From these data, the reason of the flash furnace roof damage, the influence of particle distribution, particle temperature, oxidations are analyzed. At the same time, concentration flow rate 110 t-h"1 and 125 t-h'1 be compared and the influence of different high temperature zone was obtained. It ensures the safe production and decreases the dust generation ratio.
With the help of simulation system of copper flash furnace, Jinlong flash furnace is also simulated. Via the simulation and factory test, the system is proved to be reliable. At same time, a forecast was done for increasing the product capacity from 65 t-h"1 to 80 t-h"1 concentration and the best operating parameters such as oxygen concentrate of process air, velocity of distribution air and proportion of oxygen in central oxygen were resulted.
本文通过对铜闪速熔炼系统与过程的详细研究，针对铜闪速炉内部的冶金过程的特点，利用计算流体力学、计算传热学与计算燃烧学的知识，建立了对铜闪速炉内的气流流动、传热、燃烧、传质和精矿颗粒的轨迹、温度、化学反应以及它与气体的传热、传质进行分析的数学模型，并利用商业软件为基础，开发出了铜闪速熔炼仿真系统。
在开发铜闪速熔炼仿真系统过程中，作者对二维铜闪速炉进行了仿真计算，得到了反应塔内部温度、浓度和颗粒轨迹趋势图，并对不同位置、不同粒径颗粒在反应塔内部运动中的温度变化进行了分析，还指出了不同颗粒粒径、位置分布对颗粒温度的影响，同时对计算过程中提高收敛速率提出了多种策略。
本文对我国引进的第一台闪速炉——贵溪冶炼厂铜闪速炉进行了仿真分析，通过仿真，得到了一系列的可以用来指导生产的数据，指出了铜闪速炉烧顶的原因，还得到了颗粒分散情况以及对颗粒温度、氧化的影响以及颗粒对壁面的影响；同时，通过仿真计算对比了110t·h~(-1)与125t·h~(-1)精矿量在高温区范围上的不同以及对生产的影响，确保了安全高效的将生产能力从110t·h~(-1)提高到125t·h~(-1)，并降低了闪速炉的烟尘率。
本文还对金隆公司铜闪速炉的现行工况进行了仿真分析与现场测试，测试结果与仿真结果相符，验证了模型的可靠性。同时，针对金隆公司提出的将精矿处理量从65t·h~(-1)提高80t·h~(-1)进行了预测，并提出了最佳的工艺风中氧气浓度、分散风速度与中央氧气比例等操作参数。
Copper flash smelting is a complicated process with strong coupling multiple operation parameters. In this process, the material composition of ore, chemical composition of fuel and the operation parameters are changed with time, on the other hand, there are causations and influences among the flowing gas and melt, heat absorption and generation, heat transfer and chemical reaction in single phase or multiple phases. With the development of flash smelting, it shows more and more importance of the numerical analysis and optimization of flash furnace. The purpose of the analysis and optimization is to improve the productivity, decrease the dust generation ratio and the fuel consumption.
Through detailed research on copper flash smelting system and process, according to the characteristics of the metallurgy process in copper flash furnace, with the knowledge of computational fluid dynamics, computational combustion, numerical heat transfer, a model including fluid flow, heat transfer, combustion, mass transfer and the track, temperature and chemical reaction of concentration was set up, and a flash furnace simulation system based on commercial software CFX was developed.
Simulation has been done for copper flash furnace with a 2-D during developing the simulation system of copper flash furnace. The results including temperature, concentrate and particle track are obtained. The temperature of particles with different diameters and position distributions are analyzed and the influences of particle are obtained. At the same time, multiple strategies have been put forward in order to increase the speed of convergence.
Guixi flash furnace, the first copper flash furnace in China, was simulated and a serial of data are obtained which can be used to instruct the operation. From these data, the reason of the flash furnace roof damage, the influence of particle distribution, particle temperature, oxidations are analyzed. At the same time, concentration flow rate 110 t-h"1 and 125 t-h'1 be compared and the influence of different high temperature zone was obtained. It ensures the safe production and decreases the dust generation ratio.
With the help of simulation system of copper flash furnace, Jinlong flash furnace is also simulated. Via the simulation and factory test, the system is proved to be reliable. At same time, a forecast was done for increasing the product capacity from 65 t-h"1 to 80 t-h"1 concentration and the best operating parameters such as oxygen concentrate of process air, velocity of distribution air and proportion of oxygen in central oxygen were resulted.
引文
1 王中奎，中国铜的生产与消费，世界有色金属，1997(1)：49～54
2 梅炽，冶金传递过程原理，长沙：中南工业大学出版社，1987
3 张先棹，冶金传输原理，北京：冶金工业出版社，1988
4 鞭岩，冶金反应工程学，蔡志鹏译，北京：北京科学出版社，1981
5 盖格，冶金中的传热和传质现象，魏季和译，北京：冶金工业出版社，1981
6 肖兴国，冶金反应工程学基础，北京：冶金工业出版社，1997
7 韩其勇，冶金过程动力学。北京：冶金工业出版社，1986
8 N.J.Thernelis, Transport and Chemical Rate Phenomena, New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers SA, 1995
9 R.Srdhar et al., Thermodynamic Considerations in Copper Pyrometallurgy, JOM, 1997 (4): 48～52
10 R.Sridhar et al. Copper Losses and Thermodynamic Considerations in Copper Smeltion[A].Metallurgical And Materials B[J]. Vol.28B,1997 (4): 191～200
11 朱祖泽，马克毅，铜冶金学，昆明：云南科技出版社，1995
12 刘纯鹏，铜冶金物理化学，上海：上海科学技术出版社，1990
13 曲英，冶金反应工程学导论，北京：冶金工业出版社，1986
14 萧泽强，钢的精炼过程数学物理模拟，北京：冶金工业出版社，1998
15 贺有多，传输理论和计算，北京：冶金工业出版社，1998
16 蔡开科，钢的连铸过程数学模型，北京：冶金工业出版社，1999
17 李宝宽，炼钢中的计算流体力学，北京：冶金工业出版社，1998
18 舍克里，冶金中的流体流动现象，彭一川，徐匡迪译，北京：冶金工业出版社，1985
19 Gosman A D Pun W M,Runchal A K, Spalding DB, Wolfshtein M, Heat and Mass Transfer in Recirculating Flows. London:Academic Press Inc. Ltd., 1969
20 Patankar S V, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. New York:Mcgraw-Hill, 1980
21 Jiao Q., Wu L. and Themelis N.J.,, Mathematical modeling of flash converting of copper matte[A],Szekely J. et al., ed., Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations[C], Warrendale,The Metallurgical Society, 1986:835-858
22 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y, Prediction of the behavior of the particle-laden gas jet as related to the flash-smelting process[A], Szekely J. et al., ed., Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations[C], Warrendale, The Metallurgical Society, 1986:69-499
23 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of the combined turbulent transport phenomena,Chemical reactions and the thermal radiation in a flash-furnace shaft[A], Szekely J. et al., ed.,Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations[C], Warrendale, The Metallurgical Society, 1987:799-834
24 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: part Ⅰ. Model development and verification with laboratory and pilot plant measurements of chalcopyrite concentrate smelting, Met. Trans. B, 21B, 1990:945-958
25 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: part Ⅱ. Quantitative analysis of radiative heat transfer, Met. Trans. B, 21B, 1990:959-966
26 Seo K.W. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: Part Ⅲ: Volatilization of minor elements, Met. Trans. B, 22B, 1991:791-799
27 Jorgensen F.R.A. and Eliot B.J., Flash furnace reaction Shaft evaluation through simulation,AUSIMM int. Conf. on Extractive Met. of Gold and base Metals, Kalgoorlie, 1992:387-394
28 Koh P.T. and Taylor R.N., Mathematical modeling of heat transfer in Flash smelting burners,AUSIMM Int. Conf. on Extractive Met. of Gold and Base Metals, Kalgoorlie, 1992:407-411
29 Koh P.T., Numerical Simulation of Two-phase flow in flash smelting burners, Australian Chem. Eng.Conf., Canberra, 1992:487-494
30 Koh P.T, Jorgensen F.R.A., Modeling particulate flow and combustion in a flash smelter, Australian Chem. Eng. Conf., Perth, 1994:499-506
31 Jorgensen F.R.A. et al., Modeling the burners and reaction shaft of a flash smelting furnace, 1994,NATO Advanced research workshop on flash reaction processes.
32 Ahokainen T. and Jokilaakso A., Modeling of gas particle reactions in copper flash smelting, The int. Conf. on modeling and simulation in Metallurgical Eng, and Mat. Science, Beijing, 1996:498-503
33 李贻煌，陈汉春．闪速炉富氧熔炼试生产[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．24．1991(4)：3-5
34 谢朝礼．对贵溪冶炼厂闪速炉富氧熔炼能力的探讨[A]．江西铜业工程[J]．1992(2)：60-66
35 蒋建兴．闪速炉沉淀池侧墙检修[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．19．1990(3)：2-4
36 鲁兴华．铜闪速炉渣线区使用耐火砖的探讨[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．44．1998(1)：1-2
37 于熙广．金隆闪速炉精矿干燥电收尘器的引进消化及改进[A]．有色冶炼[J]．Vol．28．1999(4)：22-24
38 俞鹰．金隆公司铜转炉投产以来的问题分[A]．有色冶炼[J]．Vol．28．1999(3)：18-21
39 王晓华．金隆闪速炉炉体结构设计特点与运行实践[A]，有色冶炼[J]．Vol．28．1999(5)：8-11
40 周俊，赵荣升．金隆闪速炉精矿喷嘴运行实践[A]．矿冶[J]．Vol．9．2000(1)：
41 王晓华．中央喷射型精矿结构、原理与运行实践[A]．铜陵有色金属[J]．Vol．8．1999(2)：41-45
42 Risto Saarinen. Flash Smelting Data[A].M.Murtoaro. Proceedings of the Fifth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Finland: Outokumpu OY. 1986:373～387
43 陈汉春．世界闪速熔炼的现状和进展[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．40．1996(2)：5-13
44 任鸿九，王立川．有色金属提取冶金手册——铜镍．北京：冶金工业出版社．2000
45 J D McCain, David M Jones. Startup and Operation of Magma's Outokumpu Flash Furnace[A]. E Nieminen. Proceedings of the Sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Brazil. 1990: 183～201
46 Pablo Conzalez M, Ricardo Bonifaz S , Rodrigo Subiabre V . Startup Experience at Chagres Smelter[A]. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress, U.S.A. 1996:27～44
47 David B George, Ray J Gottling, Chris J Newman. Modernization of Kennecott Utah Copper Smelter[A]. W J Chen, C Diaz, Proceedings of Copper 95-Cobre 95 International Conference[C],The Metallurgical Society of CIM, Vol.4 1995:41～52
48 S V Venkatesh, A K Sharma, K C D Khandelwal. Dahej Smelter Complex-An Overview [A]. E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A. 1996:45～56
49 W G Davenport, E H Partelpoeg. Flash Smelting Analysis, Control and Optimization. Pegamon Press, 1987 1991(2)：1-12
50 刘英刚．因科闪速熔炼[A]．铜陵有色金属[J]。1996(6)：32-38
51 家守伸正，尾岛康夫，近藤康裕．对闪速炉内部反应粒子的显微镜观察[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．24．1991(4)：40-47
52 N Kemori，W T Denholm，H Kurokawa．铜闪速熔炼炉内的反应机理[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．22．1991(2):1-12
53 T Kimura,N Keneri,K Hondoh．住友东予冶炼厂闪速熔炼炉的新进展[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．34，35.1994(2，3)：1-6
54 重有色金属冶炼设计手册编委会，重有色金属冶炼设计手册：铜镍卷．北京：冶金工业出版社，1996.10 147～177
55 Masatoshi Tomita. 20 years of Operation of Flash Furnaces at Saganoseki Smelter and Refinery[A].E Nierninen. Proceedings of the Sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Chile. 1990:61～88
56 刘英刚，奥托昆普闪速熔炼的精矿喷嘴[A]，铜陵有色金属[J]，1994(12)：43-48
57 J Czernechi, Z Samieszk. Application of Oxygen in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Copper Production in Poland[A]. George Kachaniwsky. Proceedings of The International Symoposium of the Impact of Oxygen on the Productivity of Non-ferrous Metallurgical Process[C]. 135-150
58 A F San Miguel Jr, S C Raborar. PASAR Modernization Program[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress, Republic of Korea. 1993:107～124
59 T Kimura, N Kernori, K. Hondoh. New Development for the Flash Smelting Furnace at Sumitomo Toyo Smelter[A].E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C],Republic of Korea. 1993:285～301
60 Y Oia, T Iwamoto. Developments in the Tatnano FSFE in the Decade[A].E Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A.. 1996:143～154
61 Joaquim Menezes. New Central Jet Burner-Caraiha Metais[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress, Australia. 1999
62 Michael Kopke. Expansion Project of the Smelter Plant of Norddeutsche Affinerie AG[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Australia. 1999
63 P Barrios, J L Bonano. The Modernization of the Atlantic Copper HUELVA Copper Smelter[A]. E.Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress. U.S.A. 1996:67～78
64 Patricio Barrios. Recent Operating Practices at HUELVA Flash Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress,Australia[C]. 1999
65 Fernado J T Marinho，Carlos A D de Mattor，Lauro T S Fabri．卡拉依巴金属公司闪速炉精矿及油喷嘴的改进[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．34,35．1994(2,3)：78-80
66 Femado Jose T Marinho，Jose Umberto B Moreira．卡拉依巴冶炼厂闪速炉的中央喷吹分散型精矿喷嘴[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．30,31．1993(2,3)：65-67
67 Erik Andersin, Yrio Anjala, Markku Lahtinen. Options in Copper Flash Smelter Expansion and Modernization [A]. E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A. 1996:373～391
68 Y Anjala, J Asteljoki and P Hanniala. The Role of Oxygen in the Outokumpu Flash Smelting Process [A]. George Kachaniwsky. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Impact of Oxygen on the Productivity of Non-ferrous Metallurgical Process[C]. 1985:87～105
69 OSamu Fujii, Masao Shima. Using of Oxygen to Flash Smelting[A]. Metall. ReviewofMMU[J],1984; 1(1): 160～172
70 M. Manumoto, H. Inoue and K. Chiba. Improvements and Modifications of Kosaka Smelter in the Last Decade. In: E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress,Republic of Korea. Finland: Cutokumpu OY, 1993:61～73
71 M Shima,K Yaoita．铜闪速冶炼工艺发展探讨[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．33,34．1994(2,3)：42-46
72 J Ahumada, C Caballero. Main Modifications and Improvements in the Flash Camplex of Chuquicatnata Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress, Australia, June 1999
73 Chikashi Suenaga, Productivity Increase in Flash Smelting Furnace Operation at Saganoseki Smelter and Refmery[A]. E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A. 1996: 125-133
74 Eduardo Fernandez N. Evaluation of the Second Campaign Results at La Caridad Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress, Australia, June 1999
75 D P George-Kennedy. Developments in Direct-to-Blister Flash Smelting of High Grade Concentrates at Olympic Darn[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Republic of Korea. 1993: 179-188
76 张法平等译．伊达哥冶炼厂[A].有色冶炼设计与研究[J]. 1993, 14 (4) : 10-17
77 日本有色冶炼技术及能源研究委员会编．有色金属冶炼技术与节能．金锡根译．北京：冶金工业出版社, 1992: 247-253
78 Rifat KONT, Ahmet OZDEN. Developments in the Samsun Copper Smelter of Karadeniz Bakir Isletmeleri A S [A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Australia, 1999: 6-11
79 Simon C Raborar, Manuel G Variacion. Improvement in PASAR's Flash Furnace Cooling System[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A..1996: 339-349
80 Yoshihiko Maeda, Yasuhiko Temmaya and Shigeki Susuki. Current Operation and Waste Treatment at Kosaka Smelter[A]. E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Brazil, Chile. 1990:31-43
81 L Helle, I KOJO, A.Grohn, P.Hanniala. Improvements in Outokumpu Flash Smelting Process and Equipment[A]. E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Republic of Korea. 1993: 91-106
82 Jozef Czernecki, zbigniew Smiessek. Development of the Single-Stage Copper Production Method From Chalcosine Concentrates in a Flash Fumace[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. U.S.A. 1996: 359-372
83 MEXICANA DE COBRE S A DE C V . Development of the Second Campaign at EL TAJO Smelter[A]. E.Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Republic of Korea. 1993: 75-89
84 Yushiro Hirai. Recent Operation of the Flash Smelting Furnace at Saganoseki Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Australia, June 1999
85 Waste heat boiler-operations and related problems[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. 1993: 327-344
86 Pekka, Hanniala, Ilkka V KOJO. Utilization of Outokumpu flash technology to meet environmental requirements[A]. A Camli, G S Debby, M Molina, W J Thoburn. Proceedings of COPPER 95-COBRE 95 International Conference[C], Vol.11-Mineral Processing and Environment. The Metallurgical Society of CIM, 1995: 305-318
87 D W Rich. Slag Chemistry of the Direct to Blister Flash Smelter at Olympic Dam[A]. E Nieminen. Proceedings of The sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Chile. 1990:45-59
88 Markku Kyto. Theoretical Aspects on Flash Converting and Direct Blister Copper Production[A]. E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Rebublic of Korea. 1993:189-252
89 S Plucinshi, J Gargul. Direct Smelting of Copper Concentrates to Bliister in the Flash Smelting Furnace of Glogow Copper Smelter[A]. M Murotoare. Proceedings of the Fifth Internal Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Finland, Poland. 1986:161-180
90 Arthur Hunt, Steven K Day. Start-up Operation of the 2# Direct-to-Blister Flash Furnace at Olympic Dim[A]. the Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Australia. 1999 6-11
91 Fiveland W A and Wessel R A. Numerical Model for Predicting Performance of Three-Dimensional Pulverised-Fuel Fired Furnaces[A]. J. of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power[J]. 1988. 110
92 Benesch W, Kremer H, Mathematical Modelling of Fluid Flow and Mixing in Tangentially Fired Furnaces[A]. 20th Symp. (Int.) on Comb. IC]. the Combustion Institute. 1984:549-557
93 Truelove J S, The Modeling of Flow and Combustion in Swirled, Pulverised Coal Burners[A]. 20th Symp.(Int.) on Comb.[C] the Combustion Institute. 1984:523-528
94 Gosman A D, Lockwood F C, Megahed I E A and Shah N G.. The Prediction of the Flow, Reaction and Heat Transfer in the Combustion Chamber of a Glass Furnace[A]. AIAA 18th Aerospace Science Meeting[C], Pasadena, CA, 1980
95 Abbas A S and Lockwood F C. Prediction of Power Station Combustors[A]. 21th Symp.(Int.) on Comb. [C]. the Combustion Institute. 1986:285-292,
96 Launder B E and Spalding D B. Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press, 1972
97 Gorner K and Inset W. Prediction of Three-Dimensional Flows in Veility Baler Furnaces and Comparison with Experiment[A]. Comb. Sci and Tech.[J]. Vol. 58, 1988:43-57
98 CFX4.2: Server Manual. AEA Technology Plc. Harwell. 1997
99 王应时，范维澄，周力行，徐旭常．燃烧过程数值计算．北京：科学出版社，1986
100 范维澄，陈义良，冯茂玲．计算燃烧学．合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1987
101 范维澄，万跃鹏．流动及燃烧的模型与计算．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1992
102 岑可法，樊建人．工程气固多相流动的理论及计算．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990
103 周力行著，陈文芳，林文漪译．湍流气粒两相流动和燃烧的理论与数值模拟．北京：科学出版社，1994
104 Hem Sharnker Ray. Kinetics of Metallurgical Reactions. New Delhi: Oxford&IBH Publishing Co..1993
105 梅炽．有色冶金炉窑仿真与优化．北京：冶金工业出版社．2001
106 Smith R E. Software systems for surface modeling and grid generation[A]. NASA—CP—3143 [C],1992
107 张涵信，乔忠德等第一届全国计算网格生成方法研讨会论文集．1997
108 Thompson Joe F. General structured grid generation systems[A]. AGARD-CP-464[C], 1989
109 Thompson joe F., Steger J L. Three dimensional grid generation for complex configurations recent progress[A]. AGARD-AG-309[C],1988
110 Thompson Joe F. Application of mesh generation to complex 3D configurations[A]. AGARD—CP—64[C],1989
111 Steger J L. Technical evolution report on the fluid dynamics panel spedalists' meeting on application of mesh generation to complex 3D configurations[A]. ACARD-AR-268[C], 1991
112 JB R Adams, K A Davis, G A Eltringham. Application of a reacting CFD model to drip tube kinetics and flash smelter combustion[A]. The Fourth International Conference Copper99-Cobre 99[C]. Phoenix. 1999
2 梅炽，冶金传递过程原理，长沙：中南工业大学出版社，1987
3 张先棹，冶金传输原理，北京：冶金工业出版社，1988
4 鞭岩，冶金反应工程学，蔡志鹏译，北京：北京科学出版社，1981
5 盖格，冶金中的传热和传质现象，魏季和译，北京：冶金工业出版社，1981
6 肖兴国，冶金反应工程学基础，北京：冶金工业出版社，1997
7 韩其勇，冶金过程动力学。北京：冶金工业出版社，1986
8 N.J.Thernelis, Transport and Chemical Rate Phenomena, New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers SA, 1995
9 R.Srdhar et al., Thermodynamic Considerations in Copper Pyrometallurgy, JOM, 1997 (4): 48～52
10 R.Sridhar et al. Copper Losses and Thermodynamic Considerations in Copper Smeltion[A].Metallurgical And Materials B[J]. Vol.28B,1997 (4): 191～200
11 朱祖泽，马克毅，铜冶金学，昆明：云南科技出版社，1995
12 刘纯鹏，铜冶金物理化学，上海：上海科学技术出版社，1990
13 曲英，冶金反应工程学导论，北京：冶金工业出版社，1986
14 萧泽强，钢的精炼过程数学物理模拟，北京：冶金工业出版社，1998
15 贺有多，传输理论和计算，北京：冶金工业出版社，1998
16 蔡开科，钢的连铸过程数学模型，北京：冶金工业出版社，1999
17 李宝宽，炼钢中的计算流体力学，北京：冶金工业出版社，1998
18 舍克里，冶金中的流体流动现象，彭一川，徐匡迪译，北京：冶金工业出版社，1985
19 Gosman A D Pun W M,Runchal A K, Spalding DB, Wolfshtein M, Heat and Mass Transfer in Recirculating Flows. London:Academic Press Inc. Ltd., 1969
20 Patankar S V, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. New York:Mcgraw-Hill, 1980
21 Jiao Q., Wu L. and Themelis N.J.,, Mathematical modeling of flash converting of copper matte[A],Szekely J. et al., ed., Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations[C], Warrendale,The Metallurgical Society, 1986:835-858
22 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y, Prediction of the behavior of the particle-laden gas jet as related to the flash-smelting process[A], Szekely J. et al., ed., Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations[C], Warrendale, The Metallurgical Society, 1986:69-499
23 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of the combined turbulent transport phenomena,Chemical reactions and the thermal radiation in a flash-furnace shaft[A], Szekely J. et al., ed.,Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations[C], Warrendale, The Metallurgical Society, 1987:799-834
24 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: part Ⅰ. Model development and verification with laboratory and pilot plant measurements of chalcopyrite concentrate smelting, Met. Trans. B, 21B, 1990:945-958
25 Hahn Y.B. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: part Ⅱ. Quantitative analysis of radiative heat transfer, Met. Trans. B, 21B, 1990:959-966
26 Seo K.W. and Sohn H.Y., Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: Part Ⅲ: Volatilization of minor elements, Met. Trans. B, 22B, 1991:791-799
27 Jorgensen F.R.A. and Eliot B.J., Flash furnace reaction Shaft evaluation through simulation,AUSIMM int. Conf. on Extractive Met. of Gold and base Metals, Kalgoorlie, 1992:387-394
28 Koh P.T. and Taylor R.N., Mathematical modeling of heat transfer in Flash smelting burners,AUSIMM Int. Conf. on Extractive Met. of Gold and Base Metals, Kalgoorlie, 1992:407-411
29 Koh P.T., Numerical Simulation of Two-phase flow in flash smelting burners, Australian Chem. Eng.Conf., Canberra, 1992:487-494
30 Koh P.T, Jorgensen F.R.A., Modeling particulate flow and combustion in a flash smelter, Australian Chem. Eng. Conf., Perth, 1994:499-506
31 Jorgensen F.R.A. et al., Modeling the burners and reaction shaft of a flash smelting furnace, 1994,NATO Advanced research workshop on flash reaction processes.
32 Ahokainen T. and Jokilaakso A., Modeling of gas particle reactions in copper flash smelting, The int. Conf. on modeling and simulation in Metallurgical Eng, and Mat. Science, Beijing, 1996:498-503
33 李贻煌，陈汉春．闪速炉富氧熔炼试生产[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．24．1991(4)：3-5
34 谢朝礼．对贵溪冶炼厂闪速炉富氧熔炼能力的探讨[A]．江西铜业工程[J]．1992(2)：60-66
35 蒋建兴．闪速炉沉淀池侧墙检修[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．19．1990(3)：2-4
36 鲁兴华．铜闪速炉渣线区使用耐火砖的探讨[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．44．1998(1)：1-2
37 于熙广．金隆闪速炉精矿干燥电收尘器的引进消化及改进[A]．有色冶炼[J]．Vol．28．1999(4)：22-24
38 俞鹰．金隆公司铜转炉投产以来的问题分[A]．有色冶炼[J]．Vol．28．1999(3)：18-21
39 王晓华．金隆闪速炉炉体结构设计特点与运行实践[A]，有色冶炼[J]．Vol．28．1999(5)：8-11
40 周俊，赵荣升．金隆闪速炉精矿喷嘴运行实践[A]．矿冶[J]．Vol．9．2000(1)：
41 王晓华．中央喷射型精矿结构、原理与运行实践[A]．铜陵有色金属[J]．Vol．8．1999(2)：41-45
42 Risto Saarinen. Flash Smelting Data[A].M.Murtoaro. Proceedings of the Fifth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Finland: Outokumpu OY. 1986:373～387
43 陈汉春．世界闪速熔炼的现状和进展[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．40．1996(2)：5-13
44 任鸿九，王立川．有色金属提取冶金手册——铜镍．北京：冶金工业出版社．2000
45 J D McCain, David M Jones. Startup and Operation of Magma's Outokumpu Flash Furnace[A]. E Nieminen. Proceedings of the Sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Brazil. 1990: 183～201
46 Pablo Conzalez M, Ricardo Bonifaz S , Rodrigo Subiabre V . Startup Experience at Chagres Smelter[A]. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress, U.S.A. 1996:27～44
47 David B George, Ray J Gottling, Chris J Newman. Modernization of Kennecott Utah Copper Smelter[A]. W J Chen, C Diaz, Proceedings of Copper 95-Cobre 95 International Conference[C],The Metallurgical Society of CIM, Vol.4 1995:41～52
48 S V Venkatesh, A K Sharma, K C D Khandelwal. Dahej Smelter Complex-An Overview [A]. E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A. 1996:45～56
49 W G Davenport, E H Partelpoeg. Flash Smelting Analysis, Control and Optimization. Pegamon Press, 1987 1991(2)：1-12
50 刘英刚．因科闪速熔炼[A]．铜陵有色金属[J]。1996(6)：32-38
51 家守伸正，尾岛康夫，近藤康裕．对闪速炉内部反应粒子的显微镜观察[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．24．1991(4)：40-47
52 N Kemori，W T Denholm，H Kurokawa．铜闪速熔炼炉内的反应机理[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．22．1991(2):1-12
53 T Kimura,N Keneri,K Hondoh．住友东予冶炼厂闪速熔炼炉的新进展[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．34，35.1994(2，3)：1-6
54 重有色金属冶炼设计手册编委会，重有色金属冶炼设计手册：铜镍卷．北京：冶金工业出版社，1996.10 147～177
55 Masatoshi Tomita. 20 years of Operation of Flash Furnaces at Saganoseki Smelter and Refinery[A].E Nierninen. Proceedings of the Sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Chile. 1990:61～88
56 刘英刚，奥托昆普闪速熔炼的精矿喷嘴[A]，铜陵有色金属[J]，1994(12)：43-48
57 J Czernechi, Z Samieszk. Application of Oxygen in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Copper Production in Poland[A]. George Kachaniwsky. Proceedings of The International Symoposium of the Impact of Oxygen on the Productivity of Non-ferrous Metallurgical Process[C]. 135-150
58 A F San Miguel Jr, S C Raborar. PASAR Modernization Program[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress, Republic of Korea. 1993:107～124
59 T Kimura, N Kernori, K. Hondoh. New Development for the Flash Smelting Furnace at Sumitomo Toyo Smelter[A].E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C],Republic of Korea. 1993:285～301
60 Y Oia, T Iwamoto. Developments in the Tatnano FSFE in the Decade[A].E Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A.. 1996:143～154
61 Joaquim Menezes. New Central Jet Burner-Caraiha Metais[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress, Australia. 1999
62 Michael Kopke. Expansion Project of the Smelter Plant of Norddeutsche Affinerie AG[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Australia. 1999
63 P Barrios, J L Bonano. The Modernization of the Atlantic Copper HUELVA Copper Smelter[A]. E.Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress. U.S.A. 1996:67～78
64 Patricio Barrios. Recent Operating Practices at HUELVA Flash Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress,Australia[C]. 1999
65 Fernado J T Marinho，Carlos A D de Mattor，Lauro T S Fabri．卡拉依巴金属公司闪速炉精矿及油喷嘴的改进[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．34,35．1994(2,3)：78-80
66 Femado Jose T Marinho，Jose Umberto B Moreira．卡拉依巴冶炼厂闪速炉的中央喷吹分散型精矿喷嘴[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．30,31．1993(2,3)：65-67
67 Erik Andersin, Yrio Anjala, Markku Lahtinen. Options in Copper Flash Smelter Expansion and Modernization [A]. E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A. 1996:373～391
68 Y Anjala, J Asteljoki and P Hanniala. The Role of Oxygen in the Outokumpu Flash Smelting Process [A]. George Kachaniwsky. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Impact of Oxygen on the Productivity of Non-ferrous Metallurgical Process[C]. 1985:87～105
69 OSamu Fujii, Masao Shima. Using of Oxygen to Flash Smelting[A]. Metall. ReviewofMMU[J],1984; 1(1): 160～172
70 M. Manumoto, H. Inoue and K. Chiba. Improvements and Modifications of Kosaka Smelter in the Last Decade. In: E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress,Republic of Korea. Finland: Cutokumpu OY, 1993:61～73
71 M Shima,K Yaoita．铜闪速冶炼工艺发展探讨[A]．闪速炼铜[J]．Vol．33,34．1994(2,3)：42-46
72 J Ahumada, C Caballero. Main Modifications and Improvements in the Flash Camplex of Chuquicatnata Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress, Australia, June 1999
73 Chikashi Suenaga, Productivity Increase in Flash Smelting Furnace Operation at Saganoseki Smelter and Refmery[A]. E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A. 1996: 125-133
74 Eduardo Fernandez N. Evaluation of the Second Campaign Results at La Caridad Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress, Australia, June 1999
75 D P George-Kennedy. Developments in Direct-to-Blister Flash Smelting of High Grade Concentrates at Olympic Darn[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Republic of Korea. 1993: 179-188
76 张法平等译．伊达哥冶炼厂[A].有色冶炼设计与研究[J]. 1993, 14 (4) : 10-17
77 日本有色冶炼技术及能源研究委员会编．有色金属冶炼技术与节能．金锡根译．北京：冶金工业出版社, 1992: 247-253
78 Rifat KONT, Ahmet OZDEN. Developments in the Samsun Copper Smelter of Karadeniz Bakir Isletmeleri A S [A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Australia, 1999: 6-11
79 Simon C Raborar, Manuel G Variacion. Improvement in PASAR's Flash Furnace Cooling System[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], U.S.A..1996: 339-349
80 Yoshihiko Maeda, Yasuhiko Temmaya and Shigeki Susuki. Current Operation and Waste Treatment at Kosaka Smelter[A]. E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Brazil, Chile. 1990:31-43
81 L Helle, I KOJO, A.Grohn, P.Hanniala. Improvements in Outokumpu Flash Smelting Process and Equipment[A]. E.Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Republic of Korea. 1993: 91-106
82 Jozef Czernecki, zbigniew Smiessek. Development of the Single-Stage Copper Production Method From Chalcosine Concentrates in a Flash Fumace[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Eighth International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. U.S.A. 1996: 359-372
83 MEXICANA DE COBRE S A DE C V . Development of the Second Campaign at EL TAJO Smelter[A]. E.Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Republic of Korea. 1993: 75-89
84 Yushiro Hirai. Recent Operation of the Flash Smelting Furnace at Saganoseki Smelter[A]. The Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Australia, June 1999
85 Waste heat boiler-operations and related problems[A]. E. Nierninen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. 1993: 327-344
86 Pekka, Hanniala, Ilkka V KOJO. Utilization of Outokumpu flash technology to meet environmental requirements[A]. A Camli, G S Debby, M Molina, W J Thoburn. Proceedings of COPPER 95-COBRE 95 International Conference[C], Vol.11-Mineral Processing and Environment. The Metallurgical Society of CIM, 1995: 305-318
87 D W Rich. Slag Chemistry of the Direct to Blister Flash Smelter at Olympic Dam[A]. E Nieminen. Proceedings of The sixth International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Chile. 1990:45-59
88 Markku Kyto. Theoretical Aspects on Flash Converting and Direct Blister Copper Production[A]. E. Nieminen. Proceedings of the Seventh International Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Rebublic of Korea. 1993:189-252
89 S Plucinshi, J Gargul. Direct Smelting of Copper Concentrates to Bliister in the Flash Smelting Furnace of Glogow Copper Smelter[A]. M Murotoare. Proceedings of the Fifth Internal Flash Smelting Congress[C]. Finland, Poland. 1986:161-180
90 Arthur Hunt, Steven K Day. Start-up Operation of the 2# Direct-to-Blister Flash Furnace at Olympic Dim[A]. the Ninth International Flash Smelting Congress[C], Australia. 1999 6-11
91 Fiveland W A and Wessel R A. Numerical Model for Predicting Performance of Three-Dimensional Pulverised-Fuel Fired Furnaces[A]. J. of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power[J]. 1988. 110
92 Benesch W, Kremer H, Mathematical Modelling of Fluid Flow and Mixing in Tangentially Fired Furnaces[A]. 20th Symp. (Int.) on Comb. IC]. the Combustion Institute. 1984:549-557
93 Truelove J S, The Modeling of Flow and Combustion in Swirled, Pulverised Coal Burners[A]. 20th Symp.(Int.) on Comb.[C] the Combustion Institute. 1984:523-528
94 Gosman A D, Lockwood F C, Megahed I E A and Shah N G.. The Prediction of the Flow, Reaction and Heat Transfer in the Combustion Chamber of a Glass Furnace[A]. AIAA 18th Aerospace Science Meeting[C], Pasadena, CA, 1980
95 Abbas A S and Lockwood F C. Prediction of Power Station Combustors[A]. 21th Symp.(Int.) on Comb. [C]. the Combustion Institute. 1986:285-292,
96 Launder B E and Spalding D B. Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press, 1972
97 Gorner K and Inset W. Prediction of Three-Dimensional Flows in Veility Baler Furnaces and Comparison with Experiment[A]. Comb. Sci and Tech.[J]. Vol. 58, 1988:43-57
98 CFX4.2: Server Manual. AEA Technology Plc. Harwell. 1997
99 王应时，范维澄，周力行，徐旭常．燃烧过程数值计算．北京：科学出版社，1986
100 范维澄，陈义良，冯茂玲．计算燃烧学．合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1987
101 范维澄，万跃鹏．流动及燃烧的模型与计算．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1992
102 岑可法，樊建人．工程气固多相流动的理论及计算．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990
103 周力行著，陈文芳，林文漪译．湍流气粒两相流动和燃烧的理论与数值模拟．北京：科学出版社，1994
104 Hem Sharnker Ray. Kinetics of Metallurgical Reactions. New Delhi: Oxford&IBH Publishing Co..1993
105 梅炽．有色冶金炉窑仿真与优化．北京：冶金工业出版社．2001
106 Smith R E. Software systems for surface modeling and grid generation[A]. NASA—CP—3143 [C],1992
107 张涵信，乔忠德等第一届全国计算网格生成方法研讨会论文集．1997
108 Thompson Joe F. General structured grid generation systems[A]. AGARD-CP-464[C], 1989
109 Thompson joe F., Steger J L. Three dimensional grid generation for complex configurations recent progress[A]. AGARD-AG-309[C],1988
110 Thompson Joe F. Application of mesh generation to complex 3D configurations[A]. AGARD—CP—64[C],1989
111 Steger J L. Technical evolution report on the fluid dynamics panel spedalists' meeting on application of mesh generation to complex 3D configurations[A]. ACARD-AR-268[C], 1991
112 JB R Adams, K A Davis, G A Eltringham. Application of a reacting CFD model to drip tube kinetics and flash smelter combustion[A]. The Fourth International Conference Copper99-Cobre 99[C]. Phoenix. 1999
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |